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Parasitic nematodes rely on host tissues for energy and nutrition, yet there remains a lack of detailed knowledge regarding their specific nutrient preferences. Recent advances have provided critical insights into their nutritional needs and metabolic dependencies, such as the intriguing discovery of cross-kingdom compartmentalization in vitamin B5 biosynthesis within certain parasitic nematodes. Leveraging these newfound insights into their nutritional vulnerabilities provides a promising avenue for developing effective management and control strategies, addressing the substantial challenges posed by these nematodes to both agriculture and public health. Nematodes, a diverse group of roundworms, exhibit a wide range of dietary habits, including parasitism of animals and plants. These parasites cause substantial economic losses in agriculture and pose significant health challenges to humans and animals. This review explores the unique adaptations of parasitic nematodes, emphasizing their nutritional requirements and metabolic dependencies. Recent research has identified cross-kingdom compartmentalization of vitamin B5 biosynthesis in some parasitic nematodes, shedding light on coevolutionary dynamics and potential targets for control strategies. Several open questions remain regarding the complexity of nematode nutrition, host manipulation, evolutionary adaptations, and the influence of environmental factors on their metabolic processes. Understanding these aspects offers promising avenues for targeted interventions to manage and control these economically and medically important parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Senescence due to exogenous and endogenous stresses triggers metabolic reprogramming and is associated with many pathologies, including cancer. In solid tumors, senescence promotes tumorigenesis, facilitates relapse, and changes the outcomes of anti-cancer therapies. Hence, cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating senescent pathways make attractive therapeutic targets. Cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to sustain the growth-arrested state of senescence. In the present study, we aimed to understand the metabolic reprogramming in MCF-7 breast tumor cells in response to two independent inducers of DNA damage-mediated senescence, including ionizing radiation and doxorubicin. Increased DNA double-strand breaks, as demonstrated by γH2AX staining, showed a senescence phenotype, with expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase accompanied by the upregulation of p21 and p16 in both groups. Further, untargeted analysis of the senescence-related extracellular metabolome profile of MCF-7 cells showed significantly reduced concentrations of carnitine and pantothenic acid and increased levels of S-adenosylhomocysteine in doxorubicin-treated cells, indicating the accumulation of ROS mediated DNA damage and impaired mitochondrial membrane potential. Similarly, a significant decline in the creatine level was observed in radiation-exposed cells, suggesting an increase in oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage. Our study, therefore, provides key effectors of the metabolic changes in doxorubicin and radiation-induced early senescence in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. • X-ray and doxorubicin increased the accumulation of ROS and mitochondrial dysfunction to maintain the senescence phenotype. • Extracellular metabolic profiling delineates dysregulation in critical effectors for sustaining the senescence phenotype. • Pathway enrichment analysis showed increased perturbation in various bioenergetic pathways related to oxidative stress. • These deregulated biochemical pathways may aid as important biosignatures for the robust improvement of treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geotrichum candidum is a dimorphic yeast used in cheese processing. To our knowledge, no major metabolites have been identified to date in G. candidum except for some amino acid and fatty acid metabolites. This has limited research on the commercial use of G. candidum. In this study, we aimed to analyze temporal changes in the intra- and extra-cellular metabolites of G. candidum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultured in YM medium as reference. As a result of metabolite analysis, it was observed that G. candidum tends to accumulate pentose phosphate pathway compounds, which are involved in nucleic acid synthesis, after 48 h of cultivation when compared to S. cerevisiae. In addition, G. candidum accumulated higher amounts of the antioxidant glutathione in the medium than did S. cerevisiae. In addition, G. candidum accumulated large amounts of B vitamins such as pantothenic acid and nicotinic acid in the medium. Finally, we examined the potential of G. candidum as a host for the production of useful compounds such as pantothenic acid. When cultured in medium supplemented with the pantothenic acid precursor β-alanine, G. candidum produced 12-fold higher amounts of pantothenic acid (30 μM) than that by S. cerevisiae. This study indicates that G. candidum accumulates various useful compounds that are dissimilar to those produced by S. cerevisiae. Furthermore, G. candidum has the potential to produce useful chemicals under appropriate culture conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

d -(−)-Pantolactone (DPL) is a key intermediate for the production of d -(+)-pantothenate (vitamin B5). Deracemization of d , l -pantolactone (D, L -PL) through oxidizing l -(+)-pantolactone (LPL) to ketopantoyl lactone (KPL) and subsequently reducing KPL to DPL is a promising route for synthesizing DPL. Herein, a newly mined l -pantolactone dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus hoagie (Rho LPLDH) was used for the oxidative dehydrogenation of LPL. To alleviate inclusion bodies formed by membrane-bound Rho LPLDH intracellular expression in E. coli , strategies involving chaperone assistance and decreasing induction temperature were used to achieve Rho LPLDH soluble expression. To enhance its activity, directed evolution and hydrophilicity-based engineering yielded increased catalytic activity and thermostability. 1 M LPL was efficiently converted to KPL by engineering strain CM5 co-expressing Rho LPLDHL254I/V241I/I156L/F224Q/N164K and chaperone. A "two stages in one-pot" method was employed in deracemization of 1 M D, L -PL with 91.2% yield. These results demonstrated that CM5 catalyst exhibits great potential in enzyme cascade deracemization for the production of DPL. • First heterologous soluble expression of l -pantolactone dehydrogenase (LPLDH). • Hydrophilicity-based engineering enhanced the activity and thermostability of LPLDH. • Catalyst CM5 was applied in deracemization of 1 M D, L -PL obtaining 91.2% DPL yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

D -Pantothenic acid (D -PA) is an essential vitamin with wide applications. However, the biotechnological production of D -PA is still not competitive with the chemical synthesis in terms of production cost. Ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase is a crucial enzyme in the D -PA synthetic pathway in Escherichia coli encoded by the panB gene. Here a hot spots study was applied to a ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase from Corynebacterium glutamicum (Cg KPHMT) to relieve the product inhibitory effect and thus improve the D -PA production. Compared with the wild type, the double-site variant Cg KPHMT-K25A/E189S showed 1.8 times higher enzyme activity and 2.1 times higher catalytic efficiency, 1.88 and 3.32 times higher inhibitory constant of α-ketoisovalerate and D -PA, respectively. The D -PA yield using E. coli W3110 adopted the double-site variant was 41.17 g·L−1 within 48 h, a 9.80 g·L−1 increase. Structural analysis of K25A/E189S revealed the expansion of the entry channel and the change of the electric charge from negative to uncharged due to the substitution from glutamic acid to serine at site 189. Our study emphasized the positive roles of ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase in D -PA production and paved the way by analyzing critical enzymes in the synthetic pathway of E. coli to increase the D -PA yield. [Display omitted] • A double-site variant of KPHMT with improved properties was obtained by hot spot based-engineering. • The double-site variant K25A/E189S was increased by 2.8-fold and 2.1-fold to the wild-type in EA and Kcat. • The inhibitory effect of ketoisovalerate and D -PA on variant K25A/E189S was partially relieved. • The D -PA yield was increased by 9.80 g/L by mutagenesis of KPHMT in E. coli in a 5-L scale fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is a frequent concern in the breeding of laying hens, and limit the healthy development of poultry. Dexamethasone (DXM) has been demonstrated to induce oxidative stress. Conversely, betaine is an alkaloid with a potent antioxidant activity. The study was designed to investigate the ameliorative effect of betaine on DXM-induced oxidative stress in laying hens. The results revealed that DXM treatment significantly decreased laying rate, shell strength, albumen height, Haugh unit, egg weight, folk weight and albumen weight, alongside increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in serum and liver (P < 0.05). In contrast, dietary betaine addition reversed those parameters mentioned above (P < 0.05). Hepatic RNA-seq analysis showed that there existed 110 up- and 88 down-regulated genes in DXM group when compared with the control. Meanwhile there were 117 upregulation and 169 downregulation genes in BT group when compared with DXM group. Besides, we found that dietary betaine addition significantly down-regulated cell adhesion molecules, glycerolipid metabolism and glycolysis gluconeogenesis pathways. In addition, a total of 44 and 94 differential metabolites were identified respectively from Con vs. DXM and DXM vs BT. More importantly, dietary betaine addition significantly increased the levels of pantothenic acid, gamma-Aminobutyric acid, equol and choline, all of which were related to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, gut microbiota analysis indicated that the Chao and Observed_species indexes were remarkably higher in BT group (P <0.05). Heatmap analysis revealed that Subdoligranulum, Prevotella, Blautia, YRC22, Bacteroides, Ruminococcus and Coprococcus were notably restored in BT group (P <0.05). Taken together, our findings collectively illustrate that dietary betaine addition could attenuate DXM-induced oxidative stress, improve egg quality and gut microbes of laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The effect and mechanism of LPY in the treatment of SSDHS were investigated at the level of endogenous small-molecule metabolites by metabolomics for the first time. • Totally 25 potential biomarkers for SSDHS were identified. Among them, 11 metabolites were reversed by LPY, which mainly involved in four metabolic pathways, including citrate cycle, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, ascorbate and histidine metabolism. • Network pharmacological and molecular docking were integrated with metabolomics to validate that LPY ameliorates SSDHS by regulating citrate cycle and histidine metabolism. Lianpu Drink (LPY) is a classic prescription for treating spleen-stomach damp-heat syndrome (SSDHS), known for its ability to clear heat and eliminate dampness. However, the underlying mechanisms of LPY in treating SSDHS remain unclear. This study aims to use non-target metabolomics to unravel the effects and mechanisms of LPY on SSDHS. A metabolomics technique based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was used to identify the endogenous small-molecule metabolites in the urine of SSDHS model rats and find the metabolites associated with the LPY treatment of SSDHS. Furthermore, a network pharmacological analysis and molecular docking experiments were used to screen and validate the key metabolic pathways regulated by LPY. LPY exerted therapeutic effects on SSDHS by increasing the levels of motilin and gastrin, reducing the rectal temperature, alleviating the pathological changes in gastric and colonic tissues, and regulating the metabolic pattern in SSDHS rats. A total of 25 different metabolites, including L-histidine, citric acid and isocitric acid, were identified as the potential biomarkers for SSDHS via metabolomics. Among them, 11 metabolites were substantially reversed by LPY, including L-histidine, citric acid, isocitric acid, pantothenic acid, homovanillic acid sulfate, hippuric acid, indole-3-carboxilic acid-O-sulphate, 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole glucuronide, 2-phenylethan-ol glucuronide, 3-hydroxydodecanedioic acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylethyleneglyclol sulfate. The results of network pharmacological analysis and molecular docking experiments validated that LPY ameliorated SSDHS by regulating the citrate cycle and histidine metabolism. We preliminarily investigated the effects and mechanisms of LPY on SSDHS at the level of endogenous small-molecule metabolites. Furthermore, this study provides a novel perspective for objectively evaluating the therapeutic effects, and exploring the mechanisms of Chinese medicinal formulas on SSDHS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B-group vitamins are important micronutrients for maintaining human health; nevertheless, B vitamin deficiency is a globally widespread issue. Thus, it is relevant to accurately assess the B-vitamin content in staple crop products such as wheat grains. Here, we developed a multi-enzyme extraction method allowing accurate quantification of seven B vitamins in wheat using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Free forms of thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7) and folates (B9) were determined with recoveries ranging from 81 to 118% and accuracy below 15% bias. The precision was below 20% relative standard deviation and the internal standards adequately compensated for matrix effects. The method was applied to determine the B vitamin stabilities in wheat grains stored at different temperatures and periods. The results provide an important basis in future studies aiming at understanding nutritional availability of B vitamins. • An enzymatic extraction method for B-group vitamins from wheat grains is presented. • An LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of B-group vitamins is validated. • All B vitamins are sensitive to high storage temperatures except for riboflavin (B2). • Storage at 60 °C increases the free-form content of niacin in wheat grains. • Folate is the most temperature-sensitive B vitamin during storage of wheat grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In aquaculture, hypoxia poses a significant threat to fish growth and survival. Despite this, there is limited research on the impact of pantothenic acid (PA) in enhancing the anti-hypoxia stress capability of fish. The primary objective of this study was to explore the effects and potential mechanisms of PA in alleviating hypoxia-induced liver injury in sub-adult grass carp. To achieve this, six experimental diets containing varying levels of PA (0.08, 11.95, 24.95, 37.95, 50.95, and 63.95 mg/kg) were formulated and administered to grass carp (initial weight 696.22 ± 2.45 g) for 63 days. Following the dietary intervention, the fish were segregated into hypoxia and control groups and treated for 96 h. The findings revealed that optimal PA levels could enhance the growth performance of sub-adult grass carp and ameliorate the adverse impacts of hypoxia. First, optimal PA levels reduced serum levels of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as mitigated hepatocyte vacuolization, improved liver and mitochondrial morphology, thereby alleviating hypoxia-induced liver injury. Furthermore, optimal PA levels were associated with increased contents of serum cortisol, glucose, liver glycogen, pyruvate, and the activities of Pantothenate kinase 2 (PanK2) and coenzyme A (CoA), while liver lactate content and LDH activity were reduced, indicating improvements in energy metabolism and PA utilization, potentially mediated by the down-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) mRNA level. Moreover, optimal PA levels decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, enhanced liver antioxidant capacity, down-regulated autophagy-related gene mRNA levels, and up-regulated autophagy receptor protein 62 (p62) protein level, suggesting a reduction in oxidative damage and autophagy. Finally, a rise in levels of mitochondrial quality control-related mRNAs such as mitofusin 1/2 (MFN1/2), dynamin-related protein-1 (DRP-1), and nuclear respiratory factor 1/2 (Nrf-1/2) was observed, together with increment in the protein levels of PTEN induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), BCL-2 interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) and FUN14 domain-containing protein 1 (FUNDC1). These alterations hinted at the role of PA in preserving mitochondrial homeostasis. In conclusion, PA exhibited a protective role against hypoxia-induced liver injury by enhancing liver energy metabolism, bolstering antioxidant defenses, suppressing autophagy, and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Through an assessment of percentage weight gain (PWG) and liver ROS level, the requirements of PA for promoting growth and resilience to hypoxia-induced liver injury in sub-adult grass carp were determined to be 37.44 mg/kg and 42.57 mg/kg, respectively. • Optimal dietary PA levels alleviated hypoxia-induced liver injury of fish. • Optimal dietary PA levels helped ensure normal energy metabolism of fish under hypoxia. • Optimal dietary PA levels reduced liver oxidative damage and autophagy level in fish. • Optimal dietary PA levels helped maintain mitochondrial dynamic homeostasis in fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vanins are ectoenzymes with pantetheinase activity and are involved in recycling pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) from pantetheine. Elevated levels of vanin have been linked with the development and severity of several diseases, including steatosis, diabetes, skin diseases, cancer, inflammatory diseases etc. Therefore, vanins have previously been used as a potential drug target to combat related diseases. In this study, we used a molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation-based approach to screen dual inhibitors of hVnn1 , and hVnn2 from a library of 120 chemical candidates. Molecular docking of drug candidates with hVnn1 , and hVnn2 using GOLD and MOE revealed that the chemical compound "methotrexate (CID: 126941)" has the highest binding affinity against both the target enzymes which was further validated through molecular dynamic simulation. Toxicity profiling of drug candidates evaluated using Lipinski's rule of five and Molsoft tool, and AdmetSar 2.0 confirms the drug suitability of methotrexate, therefore, suggesting its use as a potential therapeutic agent to inhibit the activity of vainin enzyme in related disease conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trace elements and vitamins, named together micronutrients (MNs), are essential for human metabolism. Recent research has shown the importance of MNs in common pathologies, with significant deficiencies impacting the outcome. This guideline aims to provide information for daily clinical nutrition practice regarding assessment of MN status, monitoring, and prescription. It proposes a consensus terminology, since many words are used imprecisely, resulting in confusion. This is particularly true for the words "deficiency", "repletion", "complement", and "supplement". The expert group attempted to apply the 2015 standard operating procedures (SOP) for ESPEN which focuses on disease. However, this approach could not be applied due to the multiple diseases requiring clinical nutrition resulting in one text for each MN, rather than for diseases. An extensive search of the literature was conducted in the databases Medline, PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and CINAHL. The search focused on physiological data, historical evidence (published before PubMed release in 1996), and observational and/or randomized trials. For each MN, the main functions, optimal analytical methods, impact of inflammation, potential toxicity, and provision during enteral or parenteral nutrition were addressed. The SOP wording was applied for strength of recommendations. There was a limited number of interventional trials, preventing meta-analysis and leading to a low level of evidence. The recommendations underwent a consensus process, which resulted in a percentage of agreement (%): strong consensus required of >90% of votes. Altogether the guideline proposes sets of recommendations for 26 MNs, resulting in 170 single recommendations. Critical MNs were identified with deficiencies being present in numerous acute and chronic diseases. Monitoring and management strategies are proposed. This guideline should enable addressing suboptimal and deficient status of a bundle of MNs in at-risk diseases. In particular, it offers practical advice on MN provision and monitoring during nutritional support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural production uses different types of fertilisation treatments, typically employing the combined application of organic fertiliser (OF) or organic–inorganic fertiliser (OIF) to improve soil quality. When coupled with cadmium (Cd), microplastics (MPs) affect plant growth and Cd accumulation in soils treated with different fertilisers. This study systematically examined the effects of polyurethane (PU) MPs coupled with Cd on the growth characteristics, root metabolite characteristics, rhizosphere bacterial community structure, and Cd bioavailability of maize under different long-term fertilisation treatments and soil types (red/cinnamon soil). The combined effects of PU MPs and Cd on maize growth differed across fertilisation treatments. Under OF, maize plants accumulated more Cd than under OIF. The accumulation of Cd in maize plants in red soil was twice that in cinnamon soil. Under OF, PU MPs promoted Cd activation by decreasing the soil pH, while root metabolites promoted Cd adsorption sites by synthesising specific amino acids, degrading aromatic compounds, and synthesising pantothenic acid and coenzyme A. Under OF, PU MPs can lower the soil pH to promote the activation of cadmium, while root metabolites promote root growth and increase cadmium adsorption sites by synthesizing specific amino acids, degrading aromatic compounds, and synthesizing pantothenic acid and coenzyme A, hereby promoting root Cd absorption. Under OIF, PU MPs act by influencing the biosynthesis of amino acids in root metabolites, enriching energy metabolism pathways, promoting the transport and translocation of mineral nutrients, thereby amplifying the "toxic effects" of Cd. This study provides new insights into the risk assessment of PU MPs and Cd coupling under different fertilisation treatments, and suggests that the prevention and control of combined PU MPs and Cd pollution in red soil under OF treatment should receive more attention in the future. [Display omitted] • PU and Cd combination effects on maize growth differ with fertilisation histories. • Cd accumulation is higher in plants with OF treatment than OIF treatment. • The activation and root metabolite pathway OF Cd under OF treatment are the key. • The root metabolite pathway under OIF treatment is the key. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We studied the thermodynamic properties of vitamin-B5 and cyclodextrins in water. • Volumetric and compressibility parameters were evaluated. • We observed a dominance of hydrophilic-hydrophilic interactions. • Activation energy supports the favourable solubilization process. • NMR results show evident inclusion complex formation. The pharmaceutical industry aims to enhance drug development processes by gaining a deeper understanding of the physiochemical properties of drug molecules. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the volumetric and compressibility properties of the drug, calcium-D-pantothenate (CDP) in aqueous solutions of cyclodextrins (β-CD/HP-β-CD). By measuring the density and speed of sound, we have evaluated various parameters, including apparent molar volume, compressibility, and their corresponding infinite dilution parameters. In addition to this, positive transfer parameters such as Δ tr V s , φ o and Δ tr K s , φ o of solute provide insights into solute-co-solute and solute–solvent interactions. Also, Hepler's constant offers valuable information on the structure-breaking characteristics of the studied drug in cyclodextrin medium. The decrease in molar conductance of the binary system after adding cyclodextrin supports our theoretical observation from volumetric and compressibility studies. Positive values of activation energy favor spontaneity and the solubilization process. Furthermore, the 1H NMR study demonstrates that the β-CD molecule interacts more strongly with CDP molecules as compared to HP-β-CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze the metabolites (blood, urine and feces) in normal rats after intragastric administration of the decoction of Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex (PAC) and to map the metabolic profile of PAC in vivo of rat; meanwhile, to evaluate the anti-rheumatoid arthritis (RA) effect of PAC by blood metabolomics technique and to explore its mechanism. Performing on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technology with a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH-C 18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm), the mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (gradient elution). Prior to and following the administration of the decoction of PAC, the samples of blood, urine, and fecal were collected from the rats, in the positive ion mode, pharmacogenic metabolites in each biological sample were identified according to the accurate mass, fragment ions, retention time, metabolic reaction type, comparison of reference substance and retrieval of Pub Med database; The adjuvant-type arthritis (AA) rat model was established, and blood metabonomics method was used to study the improvement effect of rheumatoid arthritis after drug intervention with PAC, and its mechanism was preliminarily explored through analysis of metabolic pathway. A total of 72 exogenous components were identified, including 17 prototype components and 55 metabolites; 14 biomarkers were screened by blood metabolomics techniques combined with multivariate statistical analysis, and PAC significantly improved symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis in rats, and the metabolic pathway analysis mainly involves 5 metabolic pathways. The components in the aqueous decoction of PAC mainly undergo phase I metabolic reactions in rats, such as oxidation, reduction, dehydrogenation, demethylation, and phase II metabolic reactions, such as acetylation, glucuronidation, methylation; PAC has anti-rheumatoid arthritis effects, and its mechanism of action may be related to biosynthesis of aminoacyl-tRNA, metabolism of phenylalanine, metabolism of tryptophan, degradation of valine, leucine and isoleucine and biosynthesis of pantothenic acid and coenzyme A, providing a scientific basis for the study of the pharmacodynamic substances and the action mechanism of PAC against RA. • UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was used to analyze the metabolites in rats from Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex decoction. • A total of 72 metabolites were identified. • The anti-rheumatoid arthritis effect of Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex in rats mainly involved five metabolic pathways. • This study provides an important reference for the drug development of rheumatoid arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional tea grading depends on subjective sensory assessment, lacking objectivity. This study employed comprehensive metabolomic analysis and sensory evaluation on 161 tea samples to identify potential grading-related metabolites. Amino acids, lipids and organic acids predominantly determined the superior quality of green, yellow, and white teas, respectively, while flavonoids adversely affected their quality. The identified metabolic markers were effectively utilized for predicting tea sensory scores. Specifically, methionine derivatives and glutamate dictated green tea's sweet and umami taste. Glycerophospholipids (PCs and PEs) were positively correlated with appearance, aroma, and taste in yellow tea, while glycerolipids (MGDGs, SQDGs, and DGDGs) had negative visual associations. Fumaric acid and succinic acid bolstered fresh and umami flavor white tea. These findings suggest metabolomics holds promise for precise tea grading, using identified compounds as potential quality markers. Moreover, the health benefits of premium teas were emphasized by key metabolites like NAD, pantothenic acid, and fumaric acid. • Metabolomics combined with sensory analysis successfully discriminated tea grades. • Metabolic markers were used to effectively predict sensory scores. • Met derivatives and Glu contributed to flavor quality of green tea. • Glycerophospholipids and nucleotides were positively related to yellow tea quality. • Fumaric acid and succinic acid were the indicator of premium white tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pantetheinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of pantetheine, releasing pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) and cysteamine as byproducts, which is associated with many physiological and pathological processes. In this work, a two-photon fluorescent probe PA-BAN for pantetheinase based on N-butyl-4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide fluorophore scaffold, was designed, synthesized, and developed for sensing the pantetheinase activity in various scenarios. In consideration of the catalytic characteristics and substrate preference of pantetheinase, we selected pantothenic acid (PA) as the recognition group and conjugated it to the fluorophore through amidation reaction. The fluorescence intensity of PA-BAN displayed an ideal linear correlation with the concentration of pantetheinase in vitro , with a detection limit of 0.18 ng/mL. PA-BAN also performed well for the visualizing of pantetheinase in live cells, zebrafish, and tissue slices. Moreover, given the pivotal role of pantetheinase in the host's resistance to malaria infection, PA-BAN was utilized to assess the serum pantetheinase activity of Plasmodium -infected mice. We observed a potential link between serum pantetheinase levels and infection severity, especially concerning cerebral malaria (CM) in the experiments of mice. Low serum pantetheinase levels potentially indicate high susceptibility to CM, making it serve as risk factor for individuals infected with malaria. Thus, the utility of PA-BAN in measuring serum pantetheinase levels could add to current diagnostic toolkit for malaria infection, contributing to a more comprehensive assessment of malaria infection. [Display omitted] • A two-photon fluorescent probe displaying notable sensitivity, selectivity, and ideal optical properties. • Fluorescence imaging capability in living cells, zebrafish, and deep tissue. • Addition to existing diagnostic toolkit for malaria infection, facilitating comprehensive assessment of the infection. • Potential association between serum pantetheinase levels and malaria infection severity, particularly cerebral malaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increase in the number of vehicles on the roads has made automobiles as the primary source of air pollution in metropolitan India, which has become the reason for concern. The goal of this work is to understand the degree of harm done to a common fruit, Psidium guajava , which was sampled from areas of Kolkata city that experience high amount of traffic (based on the air quality index). This study examined the effects of vehicular pollution by assessing a few biomarkers. The fruits sampled from Maidan and College Street (areas with higher AQI values) show poor amounts of nutrients, including vitamin C, vitamin B5, vitamin B6, and minerals, as shown by the biochemical test of plant health markers. Compared to the control values, Maidan samples exhibited notable reductions in Vitamin B5 (42.86%), vitamin B6 (47.21%), Ascorbic Acid (55.56%), Phosphorus (42.45%), and Potassium (39.24%) concentrations. Chlorophyll content was approximately 11.48% lower, while MDA concentration showed a substantial increase. The components of essential oil have been investigated by GC-MS analysis from samples of different regions. It has been found that in the samples of Maidan area, which is the most polluted region, the chromatogram peaks (for butanoic acid and heptanoic acid) show least height as compared to control and other areas as well. The study results demonstrate that the guava fruit's nutritional value gets compromised due to exposure to exhaust from vehicles and also emphasize the significant impact of environmental factors across diverse locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly a third of young US children take multivitamin/mineral (MVM) dietary supplements, yet it is unclear how formulations compare with requirements. Describe the number and amounts of micronutrients contained in MVMs for young children and compare suggested amounts on product labels to micronutrient requirements. Cross-sectional. All 288 MVMs on the market in the United States in the National Institutes of Health's Dietary Supplement Label Database in 2018 labeled for children 1 to <4 years old. Number of MVM products and amounts per day of micronutrients in each product suggested on labels compared with requirements represented by age-appropriate Daily Values (DV). Micronutrients of public health concern identified by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) 2015-2020 (DGA 2015) and DGA 2020-2025 (DGA 2020) or those of concern for exceeding the upper tolerable intake levels. Number of products and percent DV per day provided by each micronutrient in each product. The 288 MVMs contained a mean of 10.1 ± 2.27 vitamins and 4.59 ± 2.27 minerals. The most common were, in rank order, vitamins C, A, D, E, B 6 , B 12 ; zinc, biotin, pantothenic acid, iodine, and folic acid. For micronutrients denoted by the DGA 2015 and DGA 2020 of public health concern, 56% of the 281 products containing vitamin D, 4% of the 144 with calcium, and none of the 60 containing potassium provided at least half of the DV. The upper tolerable intake level was exceeded by 49% of 197 products with folic acid, 17% of 283 with vitamin A, and 14% of 264 with zinc. Most MVMs contained many of 16 other vitamins and minerals identified in national surveys as already abundant in children's diets. A reexamination of the amounts and types of micronutrients in MVMs might consider formulations that better fill critical gaps in intakes and avoid excess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin deficiencies are known to cause disorders in human beings. Siddique et al. discovered that vitamin B5 biosynthesis in cyst nematodes requires steps in their host plants. Disruption of an Arabidopsis thaliana 'susceptibility gene', which is involved in the production of vitamin B5 precursors, results in reduced parasitism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ketopantoate reductases (KPRs) catalyse NADPH-dependent reduction of ketopantoate to pantoate, the rate-limiting step of pantothenate biosynthetic pathway. In our recent study, we showed KPRs are under dynamic evolutionary selection and highlighted the possible role of ordered substrate binding kinetics for cofactor selection. To further delineate this at molecular level, here, we perform X-ray crystallographic and biophysical analyses of KPR in presence of non-canonical cofactor NAD+. In our structure, NAD+ was found to be highly dynamic in catalytic pocket of KPR, which could attain stable conformation only in presence of ketopantoate. Further, isothermal calorimetric (ITC) titrations showed that affinity of KPR for ketopantoate is higher in presence of NADP+ than in presence of NAD+ and lowest in absence of redox cofactors. In sum, our results clearly depict two modes of redox cofactor selections in KPRs, firstly by specific salt bridge interactions with unique phosphate moiety of NADP+ and secondly via ordered sequential heterotrophic cooperative binding of substrate ketopantoate. [Display omitted] • Crystal structure of KPR bound to non-canonical cofactor NAD+ & substrate KPL. • Salt bridges mediated by Arg residues R31, R35 & R131 crucial for NADP+ specificity. • Lower KPR-KPL affinity without cofactors portray another level in NADP+ selection. • Redox cofactor balance directs evolution & regulation of vitamin B 5 biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanin-1 is an amidohydrolase that catalyses the conversion of pantetheine into the amino-thiol cysteamine and pantothenic acid (coenzyme A precursor), which plays a vital role in multiple physiological and pathological processes. In this study, an enzyme-activated near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe (DDAV) has been constructed for sensitively detecting Vanin-1 activity in complicated biosamples on the basis of its catalytic characteristics. DDAV exhibited a high selectivity and sensitivity toward Vanin-1 and was successfully applied to the early diagnosis of kidney injury in cisplatin-induced kidney injury model. In addition, DDAV could serve as a visual tool for in situ imaging endogenous Vanin-1 in vivo. More importantly, Enterococcus faecalis 20247 which possessed high expression of Vanin-1 was screened out from intestinal bacteria using DDAV, provided useful guidance for the rational use of NSAIDs in clinic. Finally, oleuropein as a potent natural inhibitor for Vanin-1 was discovered from herbal medicines library using a high-throughput screening method using DDAV, which held great promise for clinical therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. A near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe (DDAV) was developed for in situ imaging Vanin-1 activity in biosamples, early kidney injury diagnosis, visual screening gut bacteria and high-throughput screening Vanin-1 inhibitors. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chemical ingredients and biologically active compounds of ethyl acetate (EAE), methanol (ME) and water (WE) extracts of Coronilla varia L. were determined. • WE exhibited the most protective activity of plasmid DNA against Fenton reagent. • Apigenin was detected in all extracts dominantly and thought to cause antiproliferative activity, apoptotic activity and inhibition of cell migration ability on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. • TERT-1 gene was down-regulated after being treated with EAE on MDA-MB-231 cells. Pharmacological studies have indicated that flavonoids are crucial compounds to eliminate drug resistance. In this report, the activity of ethyl acetate (EAE), methanol (ME) and water (WE) extracts of Coronilla varia L. on antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities, DNA protective effects, antiproliferative activities, apoptotic; autophagic and telomerase gene activity analysis in breast cancer cells and inhibitory effects on cell migration ability of malignant breast cancer cells were examined. In addition, HPLC-MS-MS was used for detection of chemical profiles of all extracts. Results showed that the highest concentration of the bioactive components was detected in EAE (50.86 mg GAE/g for phenolics and 25.66 mg RE/g for flavonoid). Also, EAE displayed significant antioxidant properties in radical scavenging and reducing power assays. Regarding enzyme inhibitory effects, EAE and ME were more active than WE. Some significant compounds such as, vitamin B5, riboflavin, citric acid, and isoflavonoid derivate – medicarpin, noscapine were detected only in WE. Apigenin was determined in all extracts. WE indicated the most shield effect on pDNA against oxidative damage. Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of extracts on breast cancer cells were calculated with MTT cell viability test. Bax gene was up-regulated and anti-apoptotic gene known as Bcl-2 was down-regulated on MDA-MB-231 cells after treated with WE. TERT-1 gene was down-regulated after treated with EAE and ME for MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, respectively. Cell migration ability of both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells was prevented with EAE and ME. A more effective treatment strategy can be applied by combining these extracts with commercial chemotherapy drugs which cause apoptosis and cell migration inhibition in vitro. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The respective roles of plant- and animal-sourced foods in sustainable healthy diets for humans remain unclear. Nutritional quality and the monetary cost of diets are key criteria among others for sustainable food production. Objective Linear programming (LP) was used to determine the composition of nutritionally adequate dietary patterns formulated at the lowest cost. The hypothesis tested was that animal-sourced foods would be included in least-cost diets due to their high density of particular essential nutrients. Methods The LP modeling work was based on eating patterns, retail food prices (2020), and the daily energy (11,150 kJ, 2665 kcal) and essential nutrient requirements (29 nutrients in total) of a reference adult in New Zealand (NZ). The LP modeling approach is publicly and freely available to readily illustrate the change in dietary profiles and daily diet cost, in the simulation of changes in energy and nutrient requirements, and price fluctuations within food groups. Results A nutrient-adequate, least-cost dietary pattern formulated from 883 foods, with a daily cost of NZ $3.23, included both animal- and plant-based foods. The nutrients found to be equally first-limiting were biotin, calcium, molybdenum, potassium, selenium, vitamin A, pantothenic acid, and vitamin C. When a dietary scenario with no animal-sourced foods was modeled, by increasing the retail prices of animal-sourced foods by 1.05 to 10.3 times, the daily cost of this plant-only dietary pattern was NZ $4.34. Additional nutrients, such as zinc, vitamin B-12, and vitamin D, were met at their daily minimum required levels. Conclusions Dietary patterns formulated at the lowest cost and meeting the daily minimum requirements for energy and essential nutrients for an adult in New Zealand relied on foods sourced from animals and plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Little is known regarding the associations between maternal factors and B-vitamin and choline concentrations in early milk and the trajectories of these vitamins during lactation. Objectives In this hypothesis-generating study, we modeled the association between maternal and offspring factors and longitudinal changes in milk B-vitamin and choline concentrations throughout lactation. Methods A hundred women were studied in a prospective birth cohort and milk samples from 52 women were collected at 2–8 d, 76 women at 28–50 d, and 42 women at 88–119 d postpartum. Maternal dietary intake during pregnancy and lactation was assessed by an FFQ. Linear mixed-effects models with interaction terms were used to evaluate changes in milk B-vitamin and choline concentrations over time based on maternal factors and the early postpartum concentrations of these micronutrients. Results The women with higher early postpartum milk concentrations of niacin (βinteraction = −0.02; SE = 0.00; P < 0.001), pantothenic acid (βinteraction = −0.10; SE = 2.56; P < 0.001), vitamin B-12 (βinteraction= −0.10; SE = 0.03; P < 0.001), and choline (βinteraction= −0.90; SE = 0.18; P < 0.001) exhibited a decrease in their concentrations throughout lactation. The participants with overweight and obesity prepregnancy experienced an increase in milk vitamin B-12 concentrations over time (βinteraction = 0.04; SE = 0.02; P = 0.06). In contrast, a decrease in vitamin B-12 concentration was observed among women with vitamin B-12 intake below the RDA during pregnancy (βinteraction= −0.08; SE = 0.05; P = 0.07). The women with niacin intake below the RDA during lactation experienced an increase in milk concentrations over time (βinteraction = 0.01; SE = 0.01; P = 0.03). A gestational age at birth >40 wk was associated with an increase in milk choline concentration throughout lactation (βinteraction = 0.54; SE = 0.16; P < 0.01). Conclusions Changes in B-vitamin and choline concentrations in human milk over time may be associated with the early concentrations of these micronutrients in milk, maternal prepregnancy BMI, dietary intake, and gestational age at delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Spirulina platensis was produced in a natural medium based on wood ash added to well water. • The methanol extract has the highest phenolic contents and antioxidant activity. • The newly cultured Spirulina platensis is rich in K, P, Mg, Ca, and Fe minerals. • Spirulina platensis contains high amounts of B (B2, B3, B5, and B9) and C vitamins. • Natural medium based on wood ash and well water is cheap, accessible, with beneficial effects on Spirulina platensis production. The aim of the current study was to characterize the phytochemical, phytopigments, and nutritional value of Spirulina platensis produced in Chichoua region of Morocco. A natural medium based on well water-wood ash is used instead of an artificial Zarrouk medium. Several analyses including phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS) were performed in extracts (methanol, ethanol and acetone) of S. platensis. The phytopigments were analyzed by measuring chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids, and phycobiliproteins. The nutritional composition was evaluated through dry matter, lipids, carbohydrates, crude protein, acidic detergent lignin, neutral detergent fiber, acidic detergent fiber, minerals, and vitamins. The methanolic extract showed the highest phenolic contents (7.00±0.07 mg GAEs/g), flavonoids (1.00±0.011 mg QEs/g), and ABTS•+ free radical scavenging activity (38.35±1.68%). Spirulina platensis produced in the well water-wood ash medium is rich in crude proteins (53.29%), c-phycocyanins (18.25±1.81%), and minerals. It also contains a high vitamin concentrations such as pantothenic acid (B5), niacin (B3), riboflavin (B2), and folic acid (B9). The results confirmed that the cultivation of S. platensis under natural conditions, using well water-wood ash medium increases the amounts of some minerals, c-phycocyanin, and water-soluble vitamins. Furthermore, this medium can be profitable for large-scale mass production of S. platensis with yields similar to that obtained from Zarrouk medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Our study aimed to find potential biomarkers for drug resistance in liver cancer cells using metabolomics and further to evaluate the potential of psoralen-loaded polymer lipid nanoparticles (PSO-PLNs) to reverse the resistance of cells to doxorubicin. We used LC-MS-based non-targeted metabolomics, also known as global metabolite profiling, to screen in serum and urine of mice engrafted with a liver cancer cell line sensitive (HepG2/S) or resistant to doxorubicin (HepG2/ADR) for differentially regulated metabolites. We subsequently quantified the abundance of these metabolites in serum and the urine of mice. The mice were engrafted with HepG2 cells resistant against doxorubicin and were treated with I) doxorubicin, II) a combination of doxorubicin and psoralen and III) a combination of doxorubicin and psoralen packed in polymer lipid nanoparticles. Metabolites found to be differentially present in urine of mice engrafted with resistant HepG2 cells were: hippuric acid, hyaluronic acid, pantothenic acid, and betaine; retinoic acid and α-linolenic acid were found to be reduced in serum samples of mice with HepG2 cells resistant to doxorubicin. The targeted analysis showed that the degree of regression of metabolic markers in groups differed: treatment group 2 had stronger degree of regression than treatment group 1 and the negative control group had the smallest, which indicates that the PSO-PLNs have superior properties compared with other treatments. Psoralen reverses drug resistance of liver cancer cells and its efficacy can be increased by encapsulation in polymer lipid nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: B vitamins have vital roles in the development, maintenance, and functioning of the brain, while severe deficiencies have been linked to increased psychological disorders. However, no published studies have examined the association between dietary intake of vitamin B and depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in a general population.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 7387 Iranian adults aged 20-70 years within the population-based cohort study framework. A validated semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (DS-FFQ) was used to ascertained vitamin B intake. Participants completed the Iranian validated version of depression, anxiety, and stress scale questionnaire 21 (DASS 21) to assess their psychological health. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the association between vitamin B intake and psychological disorders.Results: After adjustment for a wide range of confounders, higher intake of biotin was associated with a lower odds of depression (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.55-0.91, P-trend=0.008), anxiety (0.71, 0.56-0.89, P-trend=0.003), and stress (0.58, 0.39-0.87, P-trend=0.01). An inverse relationship was found between B6 and stress risk (0.50, 0.28-0.90, P-trend= 0.01). Moderate intake of thiamin (0.76, 0.61-0.94, P-trend=0.20), niacin (0.78, 0.62-0.97, P-trend=0.41), and pantothenic acid (0.80, 0.65-0.99, P-trend=0.05) were related to lower odds of anxiety. Additionally, moderate folic acid intake was associated with lower odds of depression (0.78, 0.61-0.99, P-trend=0.71). A subgroup analysis based on sex revealed that biotin's dietary intake reduced the risk of depression, anxiety, and stress, but this association was not significant in the male population.Limitations: Cross-sectional nature of the data prevents causal associations.Conclusions: This study suggests that a higher intake of dietary B vitamins, especially biotin, was associated with a lower prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. The role of B vitamins requires further investigation in randomized controlled trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B vitamins are essential for human life and their disorders can cause a variety of diseases. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled to LC-MS/MS is a preferred technique for determining multiple B vitamins, however, their complexity in real biological matrices makes it hard to achieve satisfactory recovery and accuracy when simultaneous detection. In this study, a novel automated multi-cycle magnetic SPE (MSPE) coupled to the LC-MS/MS method was established using a mixed-mode anion exchange magnetic adsorbent for the simultaneous extraction of six functional B vitamins, including methylmalonic acid, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, 4-pyridoxic acid, folic acid, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. After three consecutive MSPE cycles, the recoveries of all analytes were between 51.5% and 89.6%. The method exhibited excellent sensitivity and linearity, with a dynamic range of 200-fold (R > 0.99 for all analytes), exceptional accuracy (ranging between 95.4% and 105.6%) and precision (with RSDs ≤ 6.2%) without significant matrix effects or interferences. Compared to manual SPE method, the automated multi-cycle MSPE method has better feasibility and greater vitamin coverage. It shows a high correlation with the manual method for the detection of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and folate (R > 0.99). A study of patients from the gastroenterology department showed that those undergoing surgery and those with malignancies may be at risk of folate deficiency. In addition, patients with hyperhomocystinemia had higher levels of methylmalonic acid and lower levels of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, which correlated with homocysteine levels (R = 0.404 and −0.311, respectively) and showed dose-response relationships. This method is highly automated and cost-effective, with minimal systematic error, making it suitable for the analysis of clinical samples. • Development of a novel MSPE method for detecting six functional B vitamins in serum. • The method is multi-cycle and highly automated, with good analytical performance. • Successfully application in patients with gastroenterology and hyperhomocysteinemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Plasma activated water impacts on radish studied via proteomics and metabolomics. • PAW enhances enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in radish. • PAW exposure induces upregulation of energy metabolism-related proteins. • Accumulation of bioactive compounds were seen in response to treatment. • PAW treatment stimulates the production of glucosinolates-isothiocyanates. This study investigated the impact of plasma-activated water (PAW) on Raphanus sativus (radish) roots at the level of proteins and metabolites. PAW treatment induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen oxide species (NO x) in radish and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Proteomic analysis resulted in the identification of 6054 proteins, including 1845 PAW-modulated proteins that were majorly associated with energy metabolism, ROS-detoxification, phytohormones signaling, and biosynthesis of glucosinolates. Subsequent metabolomics analysis identified 314 metabolites, of which 194 showed significant differences in response to PAW treatment. In particular, PAW treatment triggered the accumulation of functional compounds such as vitamin C, vitamin B5, glutathione, and glucosinolates, the well-known characteristic compounds of the Brassicaceae family. Further, integrating proteomics and metabolomics data provided novel insights into the molecular mechanism governing plasma-induced growth and the accumulation of these functional compounds in radish plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Limited data exist on the clinical benefits of nasal applications for moistening the nasal mucosa. We therefore investigated the effects of hyaluronic acid, hyaluronic acid plus dexpanthenol and isotonic saline nasal sprays in patients suffering from dry nose symptoms in an otorhinolaryngological outpatient setting.Methods: 240 patients were randomised into this prospective, three-armed clinical trial with two assessment points (baseline and 4 weeks later). Patients received either hyaluronic acid, hyaluronic acid plus dexpanthenol or isotonic saline nasal spray over a period of four weeks. Rhinitis Sicca Symptom Score (RSSS) was assessed as primary endpoint, and individual symptoms and tolerability of all treatments as secondary endpoints. Patient perceptions after first application of the allocated nasal spray were recorded using the Nasal Spray Sensory Scale. Treatment effects were analysed for each study arm first and subsequently compared against each other.Results: RSSS (hyaluronic acid: mean difference = 8.90 [98.33% CI = 7.34/10.45]; hyaluronic acid plus dexpanthenol: mean difference = 8.42 [98.33% CI = 6.91/9.94]; isotonic saline: mean difference = 8.94 [98.33% CI = 7.33/10.54]), individual symptoms and Endoscopy Score improved significantly (p < 0.001) in all treatment arms. Tolerability was assessed as "flawless" in more than 85% of all treatments, which is reflected in overall high rankings in the Nasal Spray Sensory Scale. Perception of nasal moisturisation was reported to be significantly higher in patients receiving hyaluronic acid plus dexpanthenol as compared to patients receiving hyaluronic acid or isotonic saline. No further significant differences were observed between the three treatments.Conclusion: All three tested sprays (hyaluronic acid, hyaluronic acid plus dexpanthenol and isotonic saline) proved to be suitable treatments for patients suffering from dry nose symptoms. (DRKS-ID: DRKS00013357). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolomics has proven useful for detecting objective biomarkers of diet that may help to improve dietary measurement. Studies to date, however, have focused on a relatively narrow set of lipid classes.Objective: The aim of this study was to uncover candidate dietary biomarkers by identifying serum metabolites correlated with self-reported diet, particularly metabolites in underinvestigated lipid classes, e.g. triglycerides and plasmalogens.Methods: We assessed dietary questionnaire data and serum metabolite correlations from 491 male and female participants aged 55-75 y in an exploratory cross-sectional study within the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO). Self-reported intake was categorized into 50 foods, food groups, beverages, and supplements. We examined 522 identified metabolites using 2 metabolomics platforms (Broad Institute and Massachusetts General Hospital). Correlations were identified using partial Pearson's correlations adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, study site, and total energy intake [Bonferroni-corrected level of 0.05/(50 × 522) = 1.9 × 10-6]. We assessed prediction of dietary intake by multiple-metabolite linear models with the use of 10-fold crossvalidation least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression.Results: Eighteen foods, beverages, and supplements were correlated with ≥1 serum metabolite at the Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold, for a total of 102 correlations. Of these, only 5 have been reported previously, to our knowledge. Our strongest correlations were between citrus and proline betaine (r = 0.55), supplements and pantothenic acid (r = 0.46), and fish and C40:9 phosphatidylcholine (PC) (r = 0.35). The multivariate analysis similarly found reasonably large correlations between metabolite profiles and citrus (r = 0.59), supplements (r = 0.57), and fish (r = 0.44).Conclusions: Our study of PLCO participants identified many novel food-metabolite associations and replicated 5 previous associations. These candidate biomarkers of diet may help to complement measures of self-reported diet in nutritional epidemiology studies, though further validation work is still needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Provides a new idea for high-value utilization of brewer's spent grain. • Produce γ-PGA-rich fermenting grains by fermenting only BSG as the sole nutrient. • The optimum γ-PGA yield reached 31.58 ± 0.21 g/kg. Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is a main byproduct of the beer industry. BSG is rich in a variety of nutrients, and the search for its effective, high-value utilization is ongoing. Environmental probiotic factor γ-PGA was produced by fermenting Bacillus subtilis with BSG substrate and the fermenting grain components were analyzed. The γ-PGA yield reached 31.58 ± 0.21 g/kg of BSG. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and non-targeted metabolomics analyses revealed 73 new volatile substances in the fermenting grains. Furthermore, 2,376 metabolites were upregulated after fermentation and several components were beneficial for plant growth and development (such as ectoine, acetyl eugenol, L-phenylalanine, niacin, isoprene, pantothenic acid, dopamine, glycine, proline, jasmonic acid, etc). These results show that it is possible to synthesize adequate amounts of γ-PGA for use as a functional fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanin1 (VNN1) is an exogenous enzyme with pantetheinase activity that mainly exerts physiological functions through enzyme catalysis products, including pantothenic acid and cysteamine. In recent years, the crosstalk between VNN1 and metabolism and oxidative stress has attracted much attention. As a result of the ability of VNN1 to affect multiple metabolic pathways and oxidative stress to exacerbate or alleviate pathological processes, it has become a key component of disease progression. This review discusses the functions of VNN1 in glucolipid metabolism, cysteamine metabolism, and glutathione metabolism to provide perspectives on VNN1-targeted therapy for chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B vitamins in the human distal gut are primarily derived from the gut microbiota because daily dietary vitamins are fully absorbed in the small intestine under normal dietary and physiological conditions. Quantitative determination of B vitamins in the distal gut and faecal samples is crucial for understanding the intricate relationship between gut B vitamins, gut microbiota, and host health. In this study, we developed a rapid, robust, and reliable method with a simple extraction procedure for the simultaneous analysis of seven B vitamins in human faeces using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) with stable isotope-labelled internal standards. A protein precipitation approach using methanol as the precipitant was employed to extract vitamin B from human faecal samples. Seven B vitamins were adequately separated and quantified within 9 min by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS with a Pursuit PFP column (2.0 ×150 mm, 3.0 µm), including vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, pyridoxic acid, pyridoxine, and B7. The lower limits of quantification were within the range of 0.1–25 ng mL−1. The intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy were both within 15 %. The validated method was successfully applied to 55 faecal samples collected from healthy individuals, patients with type 2 diabetes, and obese patients. Compared with healthy controls, obese patients had lower faecal concentrations of vitamins B1 and B3 and pyridoxic acid, whereas patients with type 2 diabetes had lower faecal concentrations of vitamins B1 and B5. [Display omitted] • Development of an HPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of faecal B vitamins. • Application to faecal samples collected from healthy volunteers and patients. • Changes in faecal B vitamins profile in obesity and type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In fungi, ergosterol is an essential component of the plasma membrane. Its biosynthesis from acetyl-CoA is the primary target of the most commonly used antifungal drugs. Here, we show that the pantothenate kinase Cab1p, which catalyzes the first step in the metabolism of pantothenic acid for CoA biosynthesis in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), significantly regulates the levels of sterol intermediates and the activities of ergosterol biosynthesis-targeting antifungals. Using genetic and pharmacological analyses, we show that altered pantothenate utilization dramatically alters the susceptibility of yeast cells to ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors. Genome-wide transcription and MS-based analyses revealed that this regulation is mediated by changes both in the expression of ergosterol biosynthesis genes and in the levels of sterol intermediates. Consistent with these findings, drug interaction experiments indicated that inhibition of pantothenic acid utilization synergizes with the activity of the ergosterol molecule-targeting antifungal amphotericin B and antagonizes that of the ergosterol pathway- targeting antifungal drug terbinafine. Our finding that CoA metabolism controls ergosterol biosynthesis and susceptibility to antifungals could set the stage for the development of new strategies to manage fungal infections and to modulate the potency of current drugs against drug-sensitive and -resistant fungal pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Identified four novel somatosensory compounds that contribute to bovine milk flavor. • Flavor attributes include mouthcoating, astringent, fatty texture, mouthfeel, and irritation. • Compounds reported to contribute to creaminess perception. Compounds that contribute to the somatosensory flavor profile of bovine fluid milk products were investigated. Sensory descriptive analysis defined five main attributes that consisted of "mouthcoating, astringent/drying, fatty texture, dairy mouthfeel, and tingling/irritation" sensations. Utilizing multi-dimensional LC sensory guided fractionation, compounds with these attributes were selected, purified and subsequently identified by LC/MS as orotic acid, pantothenic acid, hippuric acid, and p -cresol sulfate. Quantitative analysis of the four compounds across skim milk, low fat milk and whole milk indicated the concentrations were not significantly different; however, they were significantly lower in cream. Sensory recombination milk model analysis of each compound at endogenous concentrations of fluid milk indicated all compounds were sensory active. Furthermore, using a 2-AFC sensory test, skim milk spiked at two-fold higher concentrations of the 4 compounds had a significantly "creamier, fuller body" when compared with skim milk itself (α = 0.01). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Biomimetic vitamin B5 analogous polymers by free radical polymerization. • Poly(B5AMA) of different sizes and shapes produced show salt responsive behavior. • Poly(B5AMA) Poly(B5AMA) promote bacterial aggregation by depletion aggregation mechanism. • Poly(B5AMA) are non-toxic to human cell lines. Stimuli responsive, smart materials are extensively used as drug delivery carriers, antifouling surfaces, and as sensing and actuation devices. Among these materials; hydrophilic, neutral and biocompatible polymers are especially interesting for their strong water absorption properties, which makes them useful for a variety of applications in biotechnology and biomedicines. One example of neutral, hydrophilic and stimuli responsive polymer is poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), which exhibits excellent antifouling and salt-responsive properties in solution. Herein, we present the synthesis and stimuli responsive properties of PEG-like hydrophilic polymers, and the study of their antibacterial and antifouling properties. The synthesis of novel hydrophilic vitamin B5 analogous polymers, namely poly(B5AMA), of different molecular weights and cross-linking densities is achieved by free radical polymerization method. The neutral polymers of different sizes and cross-linking densities prepared are then evaluated for their salt-responsive, antifouling and biocompatible properties in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bunium species have been reported to be used both as food and in traditional medicines. The scientific community has attempted to probe into the pharmacological and chemical profiles of this genus. Nonetheless, many species have not been investigated fully to date. In this study, we determined the phenolic components, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory activities of aerial parts of four Bunium species (B. sayai , B. pinnatifolium , B. brachyactis and B. macrocarpum). Results showed that B. microcarpum and B. pinnatifolium were strong antioxidants as evidenced in the DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and FRAP assays. B. brachyactis was the most effective metal chelator, and displayed high enzyme inhibition against cholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase, glucosidase, and lipase. The four species showed varied antimicrobial activity against each microorganism. Overall, they showed high activity against P. mirabilis and E. coli (MIC and MBC <1 mg mL−1). B. brachyactis was more effective against Aspergillus versicolor compared to the standard drug ketoconazole. B. brachyactis was also more effective than both ketoconazole and bifonazole against Trichoderma viride. B. sayai was more effective than ketoconazole in inhibiting A. fumigatus. B. sayai was most non-toxic to HEK 293 (cellular viability = 117%) and HepG2 (cellular viability = 104%). The highest level of TPC was observed in B. pinnatifolium (35.94 mg GAE g−1) while B. microcarpum possessed the highest TFC (39.21 mg RE g−1). Seventy four compounds were detected in B. microcarpum , 70 in B. brachyactis , 66 in B. sayai , and 51 in B. pinnatifolium. Quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, pantothenic acid, esculin, isoquercitrin, rutin, apigenin, and scopoletin were present in all the four species. This study showed that the four Bunium species are good sources of biologically active compounds with pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential. Unlabelled Image • B. microcarpum and B. pinnatifolium exhibited strong antioxidant effects. • B. brachyactis was a strong enzyme inhibitor. • All species showed strong antimicrobial properties against P. mirabilis. • B. sayai was the most non-cytotoxic plant. • Bunium species are good sources of bio-active compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A model to evaluate diets of dairy cows for vitamin B duodenal deliveries relative to requirements was created. • Requirements for each vitamin B were calculated factorially with the total requirement for each being the sum of its needs for maintenance, gestation and lactation. • The sequence of predicted vitamin B oversupply was biotin, niacin, cobalamine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, thiamine, folate. • Evaluation of published studies suggests that the only B vitamin which has consistently positively impacted performance of lactating dairy cows is folate. The eight vitamins of the B vitamin (BV) complex (i.e., thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, biotin, folate, cobalamine) are vital to numerous facets of mammalian metabolism. However a lack of organized requirements and duodenal delivery predictions limits their ability to be used in formulating rations for dairy cows. The objective was to create a model to evaluate dairy cow diets for their predicted duodenal BV deliveries relative to predicted requirements. Requirements for each BV were calculated in a factorial fashion with the total requirement for each being the sum of its needs for maintenance (including gestation) and lactation. The amount of each BV exiting the forestomachs was also calculated factorially, with the total outflow of each BV being the sum of its outflow from the diet, from particle free rumen fluid and in rumen escape microbial biomass. Initial model evaluation revealed over- or under-prediction of some BV sufficient to suggest that net forestomach disappearance and/or endogenous secretions not captured in the model were impacting correct prediction of duodenal flows of some duodenal BV. After correction of flows of some BV based upon relationships of net forestomach BV disappearance or appearance derived from relationships with milk true protein production, the final model suggested the sequence and extent of potential BV oversupply for a representative dairy cow was biotin (∼3300% of requirement), niacin (∼2200%), cobalamine (∼1500%), riboflavin (∼340%), pantothenic acid (∼220%), vitamin B6 (∼190%), thiamine (∼140%), and folate (∼105%). Further evaluation of these predicted BV supplies using published studies, where available, of performance responses of lactating dairy cows to supplementation of individual BV suggested that only dietary supplementation of folate has consistently positively impacted performance of lactating dairy cows, although evaluations of riboflavin, pantothenic acid, thiamine and vitamin B6 were severely hampered by a lack of studies. Research on dairy cattle responses to supplemental BV, except biotin, cobalamin and niacin, is suggested, although it is recommended that all dietary BV levels, and an estimate of ruminal microbial outflow, be reported in such studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation dermatitis is a common sequela of radiation therapy; up to 95% of patients will develop moderate-to-severe skin reactions. No criterion standard currently exists for the treatment of acute radiation-induced skin toxicity. It is therefore imperative to develop a greater understanding of management options available to allow clinicians to make informed decisions when managing radiation oncology patients. This literature review discusses the topical agents that have been studied for the treatment of acute radiation dermatitis, reviews their mechanisms of action, and presents a treatment algorithm for clinicians managing patients experiencing radiation dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Breast milk is the sole source of nutrition for exclusively breastfed infants in the first 6 mo of life, yet few studies have measured micronutrient concentrations in breast milk in light of maternal diet and subsequent infant micronutrient intakes. Objectives We evaluated the adequacy of micronutrient intakes of exclusively breastfed Indonesian infants by measuring milk volume and micronutrient concentrations and assessed maternal micronutrient intakes and their relationship with milk concentrations. Methods Mother–infant (2–5.3 mo) dyads (n  = 113) were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Volume of breast-milk intake via the deuterium dose-to-mother technique over 14 d and analyzed micronutrient concentrations were used to calculate micronutrient intakes of exclusively breastfed infants. Maternal 3-d weighed food records were collected to assess median (IQR) micronutrient intakes. Multivariate regression analyses examined the association of usual maternal micronutrient intakes with milk micronutrient concentrations after adjustment for confounding variables. Results Mean ± SD intake of breast-milk volume was 787 ± 148 mL/d. Median daily infant intakes of iron, zinc, selenium, magnesium, sodium, and B-vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, B-6, and B-12) were below their respective Adequate Intakes. Inadequacies in maternal intakes (as % < estimated average requirements) were >40% for calcium, niacin, and vitamins A, B-6, and B-12. Significant positive associations existed between maternal usual intakes of vitamin A, niacin and riboflavin and milk retinol, nicotinamide, and free riboflavin concentrations in both unadjusted and adjusted (for infant age, milk volume, and parity) analyses (all P  < 0.05). Conclusions The majority of micronutrient intakes for these exclusively breastfed infants and their mothers fell below recommendations, with associations between maternal intakes and breast-milk concentrations for 3 nutrients. Data on nutrient requirements of exclusively breastfed infants are limited, and a better understanding of the influence of maternal nutritional status on milk nutrient concentrations and its impact on the breastfed infant is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Heat stress (HS) alters metabolic parameters and reduces productive performance in lactating sows. However, the impact of HS on metabolomic profiles of sows during late gestation is not fully understood. We present here, a study investigating the productive performance and metabolic responses in sows when exposed to HS during late gestation. Twelve first-parity Landrace × Large White F1 sows were randomly assigned into two environmental treatments including the thermoneutral (TN) (18–22 °C; n = 6) and HS (28–32 °C; n = 6) conditions from 85 d of gestation until farrowing. Rectal temperature (RT), respiration rates (RR), and surface temperature (ST) were measured every 4 h from 0800 h to 2000 h during the 2nd week. Farrowing and litter Data, as well as duration of eating, were monitored to assess sows' productive performance. Blood biochemical parameters and urinary metabolomic profiles were measured on d107 of gestation to analyze the host metabolic responses. Our results show that HS increased RT, RR, and ST (P < 0.0001). Duration of parturition was prolonged during the delivery in HS group (P < 0.05). Piglet body weight (BW) at d 10 and weaning were reduced by 18% and 17% respectively due to maternal HS (P < 0.001). Duration of eating increased as a result of HS (P < 0.001), consistent with the significant changes observed in serum ghrelin (P < 0.05). Moreover, serum ACTH, cortisol, insulin, creatinine, and BUN saw increase as well (P < 0.05). Plasma NEFA were elevated by HS (P < 0.001). Additionally, HS elevated (VIP >1, log 2 fold change >0.585, and P < 0.05) the relative concentrations of 5-aminovaleric acid, β-alanine, cysteine, isoleucine, glyceric acid, erythronic acid, mannitol, erythritol, 2-methyl-1,3-butanediol, and pantothenic acid in urine. These ten metabolites mainly affected the pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, β-alanine metabolism, and glycerolipid metabolism in pregnant sows. In summary, our study suggests that the controlled HS during late gestation elevates thermal responses, reduces productive performance, and more importantly, enhances the catabolism of lipid and protein of first-parity pregnant sow. Highlights • HS increased pregnant sows' duration of eating with decreased eating efficiency. • Piglet feed consumption doubled due to maternal HS, but its BW at weaning reduced. • HS exacerbated negative energy balance and protein and lipid catabolism in sows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Cane molasses pretreated by UF membrane is preferred for SA biosynthesis. • Sugar ratio in the cane molasses has little effect on SA production. • A low pH of 6.4 is more favorable for SA production with NaOH as neutralizer. • Biotin and pantothenic acid in molasses play an important role on SA production. • SA productivity was improved with cell immobilization in luffa sponge. Abstract Succinic acid (SA) production by Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z using cane molasses as a low cost carbon source was developed. With molasses pretreated by 150 kDa membrane, the highest SA concentration (45.6 g/L), productivity (1.27 g/L·h) and yield (0.76 g SA/g sugars) were obtained under an optimal pH 6.4, which were increased by 1.04 folds compared to those with model sugar mixture due to the effect of vitamins in molasses. Meanwhile, the ratio of sugars in the cane molasses had little effect on SA production. To further enhance SA productivity, the cells were immobilized in luffa sponge matrices (LSM), and repeated batch cultures were carried out for 5 cycles, demonstrating a stable and reliable long-term performance. Compared with the batch culture, the SA productivity enhanced by 49.6% in the LSM system with repeated batch culture. These results suggest that the cell immobilization approach is promising for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Recently, environmental pollutants have become a concern for skin-related human health. • EDCEP reduced the cellular damage initiated by environmental pollutants. • EDCEP stimulated the intracellular defense system against ROS through the activation of Nrf2, but AHR-depending signaling. Abstract Background Recently, environmental pollutants have become a concern not only for respiratory organs but also for skin-related human health, because skin is localized at the border between the human body and the external environment and is easily influenced by environmental pollutants. Objective Here, we investigated the effects of a novel pantothenic acid (PA) derivative, ethyl 2,4-dicarboethoxy pantothenate (EDCEP), on a diesel particulate extract (DPE) as a representative environmental pollutant that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling. Methods We characterized the effects of PA and EDCEP on normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) exposed to DPE or H 2 O 2 as a general oxidative stress stimulator. Cell viability and intracellular ROS levels were evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) assay, respectively. Further, we investigated the substantial effects and the underlying mechanism of EDCEP, which elicited a reduction of intracellular ROS. Results PA and EDCEP restored the decreases of cell viability induced by DPE and also repressed the up-regulation of CYP1A1 mRNA expression induced by DPE. Interestingly, the effects of PA and EDCEP on intracellular ROS levels showed different responses. EDCEP reduced intracellular ROS levels stimulated by DPE or by exposure to H 2 O 2. EDCEP suppressed the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and reduced the level carbonylated proteins in reconstructed human epidermal equivalents topically treated with DPE. EDCEP up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase (γ-GCS), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) and in addition, increased intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels. Conclusion EDCEP reduces cellular damage initiated by environmental pollutants by stimulating the intracellular defense system against ROS through the activation of Nrf2, and by interfering with AHR signaling pathway activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-traditional wild rice flakes were analysed for chemical composition, vitamin B compounds, α-tocopherol, mineral and trace elements. Dietary intakes of vitamins, minerals and trace elements were evaluated using FAO/WHO and Institute of Medicine regulations. Wild rice flakes proved to be significant contributors of pyridoxine, pantothenic and folic acids, niacin, thiamine, chromium, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, zinc, copper, molybdenum and iron to essential dietary intakes values. Toxic dietary intake values for aluminium, cadmium, tin and mercury were less than 33%, which complies the limits for adults set by FAO/WHO for toxic elements intake related to the body weight of 65 kg for females and 80 kg for males taking 100 g of flakes as a portion. However, concentrations of Hg reaching between 3.67 and 12.20 µg/100 g in flakes exceeded the average Hg value of 0.27–1.90 μg/100 g in cereals consumed in the EU. It has to be respected in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To elucidate the possible mechanisms for the preventive effect of procyanidin B2 on aging, a combined analysis of metabolic profile and gut microbiome was carried out in the present study. The mimetic aged mice induced by d -galactose injection (500 mg/kg, sc daily), and the preventive group was fed with the diet plus 0.2% procyanidin B2. After 7 weeks of treatment, the spatial memory was assayed using the Morris water maze test. Procyanidin B2 significantly ameliorated the impaired memory and antioxidant abilities induced by d -galactose. Furthermore, metabolomics analysis of plasma based on LC/Q-TOF-MS demonstrated that phosphatidyl cholines, oleic acid, linoleic acid, carnitine, pantothenic acid, and taurocholic acid were significantly increased in the mice treated with procyanidin B2, and pyruvic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, hippuric acid, and cholic acid were decreased significantly. Together, gut microbiome analysis using Illumina sequencing showed that there were significant differences in the Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes ratio and abundance of Roseburia , Lachnospiraceae , and Bifidobacterium between the aging and supplemental procyanidin B2 groups. In summary, procyanidin B2 possessed potential prevention of the cognitive and oxidative impairment via the metabolic pathway regulation related to citrate cycle, fatty acid, and bile acid in the aged mice, accompanied by remodeling the gut flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase the stability of bioactive compounds and to protect them from adverse environmental conditions, they can be encapsulated in lipids and/or polymeric matrices. Here, pantothenic acid was encapsulated in liposomes and in different hydrogel microcapsules that consisted of alginate or alginate–pectin mixtures. With liposomes, an encapsulation efficiency of 0.75 ± 0.02 was achieved, and for alginate microparticles, 0.60 ± 0.02. The release of pantothenic acid from liposomes and from the different alginate–pectin microparticles loaded with liposomes followed first-order kinetics. For alginate microparticles and alginate microparticles loaded with liposomes, pantothenic acid release followed Higuchi kinetics, which suggests that this pantothenic acid release was mainly driven by a diffusion-controlled mechanism. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the encapsulation of pantothenic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]