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[Display omitted] Morin (3,5,7,2′,4′-pentahydroxyflavone; MR) is a bioactive plant polyphenol whose therapeutic efficacy is hindered by its poor biopharmaceutical properties. The purpose of this study was to develop a nanoparticle (NP) formulation to enhance the bioactivity and oral bioavailability of MR. The nanoprecipitation technique was employed to encapsulate MR in lipid-cored poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) NPs. The optimal NPs were about 200 nm in size with an almost neutral surface charge and a loading efficiency of 82%. The NPs exhibited sustained release of MR within 24 h. In vitro antioxidant assays showed that MR encapsulation did not affect its antioxidant activity. On the other hand, anti-inflammatory assays in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages revealed a superior anti-inflammatory activity of MR NPs compared to free MR. Furthermore, oral administration of MR NPs to mice at a single dose of 20 mg/kg MR achieved a 5.6-fold enhancement in bioavailability and a prolongation of plasma half-life from 0.13 to 0.98 h. The results of this study present a promising NP formulation for MR which can enhance its oral bioavailability and bioactivity for the treatment of different diseases such as inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pectin is one of the polysaccharides to be used as a coating nanomaterial. The characteristics of pectin are suitable to form nanostructures for protection, increased absorption, and bioavailability of different active compounds. This review aims to point out the structural features of pectins and their use as nanocarriers. It also indicates the principal methodologies for the elaboration and application of foods. The research carried out shows that pectin is easily extracted from natural sources, biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic. The mechanical resistance and stability in different pH ranges and the action of digestive enzymes allow the nanostructures to pass intact through the gastrointestinal system and be effectively absorbed. Pectin can bind to macromolecules, especially proteins, to form stable nanostructures, which can be formed by different methods; polyelectrolyte complexes are the most frequent ones. The pectin-derived nanoparticles could be added to foods and dietary supplements, demonstrating a promising nanocarrier with a broad technological application. [Display omitted] • Bioactive compounds nanoencapsulated by pectin nanostructures are effectively stabilized and released into the intestine. • Pectin is resistant to pH variations and human enzyme action, non-toxic, low-cost, and biocompatible. • Pectin-based nanostructured systems can be achieved with other macromolecules by electrostatic interactions. • Pectin in nanocomplexes favors the improvement of bioaccessibility and bioavailability of unstable bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immunoregulatory cation channel TMEM176B plays a dual role in tumor immunity. On the one hand, TMEM176B promotes antigen cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells by regulating phagosomal pH in dendritic cells (DCs). On the other hand, it inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation through ionic mechanisms in DCs, monocytes and macrophages. We speculated that formulating BayK8644 in PEGylated chitosan nanoparticles (NP-PEG-BayK8644) should slowly release the compound and by that mean avoid cross-presentation inhibition (which happens with a fast 30 min kinetics) while still triggering inflammasome activation. Chitosan nanocarriers were successfully obtained, exhibiting a particle size within the range of 200 nm; they had a high positive surface charge and a 99 % encapsulation efficiency. In in vitro studies, NP-PEG-BayK8644 did not inhibit antigen cross-presentation by DCs, unlike the free compound. The NP-PEG-BayK8644 activated the inflammasome in a Tmem176b -dependent manner in DCs. We administered either empty (eNP-PEG) or NP-PEG-BayK8644 to mice with established tumors. NP-PEG-BayK8644 significantly controlled tumor growth and improved mice survival compared to both eNP-PEG and free BayK8644 in melanoma and lymphoma models. This effect was associated with enhanced inflammasome activation by DCs in the tumor-draining lymph node and infiltration of the tumor by CD8+ T cells. Thus, encapsulation of BayK8644 in chitosan NPs improves the anti-tumoral properties of the compound by avoiding inhibition of antigen cross-presentation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospraying for Vitamin C (VC) encapsulation in Chitosan (Cs) nanoparticles was investigated and particle size, zeta potential, loading capacity (LC%) and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) were examined. Cs concentration (1–2% w / v) and voltage (21-25 kV) were varied with VC (0.25–0.75 w /w Cs). Twenty experiments in a face-centered CCD-RSM design were evaluated. ANOVA suggested voltage and Cs concentration as significant factors for particle size and VC content affected zeta, LC and EE%. RSM proposed optimum processing parameter at 2% Cs, 0.746 VC: Cs mass ratio and 21 kV voltage with 251.1 ± 59.03 nm particle size, 36.6% LC and an EE of 85.42%. Encapsulated particles were subjected to release behaviour, antioxidant property and analyzed through FTIR, DSC and XRD. Encapsulated VC had better antibacterial properties than Cs nanoparticles, and comparable VC retention in apple juice showed its effectiveness. Overall, nanoencapsulation of VC using electrospraying was successfully developed to be used in numerous food processing applications. • Vitamin C (VC) successfully nano-encapsulated in Chitosan following electrospraying method. • Electrospraying at higher Chitosan (Cs) concentration increased the VC encapsulation. • VC incorporation in Cs nanoparticle enhanced crystallinity of encapsulated particle. • Inclusion of VC in electrosprayed Cs nanoparticle presented increased antibacterial activity of nanoparticle. • Encapsulated VC added to apple juice retained the colour and VC content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative approaches to stone conservation materials are essential for addressing the challenges of preserving cultural heritage while meeting environmental and sustainability standards. Based on this premise, this study delves into the synergy between sol-gel processes and nanotechnology to develop advanced epoxy-silica hybrid materials tailored for stone conservation. This investigation specifically targeted the use of amino-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (NH 2 -SiO 2 NPs) as interactive carriers for natural phenolic biocidal compounds within advanced sugar-based hybrid, demonstrating significant potential in the field of stone conservation. The novel products exhibited improved multifunctional properties attributed to the surface-modified NPs, which facilitated their intimate incorporation into the hybrid network. This integration promoted the creation of homogeneous materials with adapted flexibility, particularly critical for thermal expansion effects, and ensuring mechanical integrity even in outdoor environments. Furthermore, the encapsulation of natural biocidal compounds such as carvacrol and curcumin addressed their intrinsic drawbacks of volatility and coloration effects, preserving their efficacy while minimizing also plasticizing adverse effect on base thermoset. Indeed, the inclusion of curcumin-loaded NH 2 -SiO 2 as dual bactericidal system provided the most favorable compatibility in terms of thermo-mechanical behavior. This system exhibited thermal resistance up to 350 °C and featured inter-joined flexible crystalline domains, distinguished by glass-transition temperatures of 67 and 99 °C. Furthermore, it exhibited enhanced hydrophobic properties reaching contact angles of 105°, and showcased an optimal live/dead ratio response against bacteria. The laboratory scale testing demonstrated a balanced set of features with significant capabilities in both recovering and maintaining the integrity of the lithic substrate, against common degradation patterns induced by prolonged acid exposure. [Display omitted] • Building block design for competitive advanced bio-based epoxy silica materials • Sugar-based nanocomposite hybrids as multifunctional stone conservation materials • Synergy of sol-gel and nanotechnology for customized stone conservation solutions • NH 2 -SiO 2 NPs as nanocontainers to safeguard natural biocides into hybrid networks • APTS as surface-modifier of SiO 2 NPs to gain flexible inter-jointed hybrid domains [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Rutin, a hydrophobic flavonoid found in various fruits and vegetables, has potential health benefits. However, its therapeutic use is limited due to poor bioavailability and stability. Recent advancements in nanodelivery systems (nanocarriers; NCs) offer promising solutions to these limitations. This study provides a detailed overview of the current research on NCs for rutin, including their types, preparation methods, incorporation into functional foods, and potential applications in various disease conditions. Specifically, several NCs such as nanoemulsions, nanoliposomes, polymeric NCs, lipid-based NCs, and nanocomplexes have shown promise in enhancing rutin's bioavailability, enabling targeted delivery, and facilitating controlled release. For instance, nanoemulsions and nanoliposomes have been effective in improving the solubility and absorption of rutin, thereby enhancing its bioavailability. Polymeric and lipid-based NCs have demonstrated potential in enabling targeted delivery and controlled release of rutin, which could be beneficial in treating specific disease conditions. Moreover, the fortification of functional foods with rutin is gaining significant interest. NCs present a valuable opportunity to enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic potential of rutin in these products. Despite these advancements, challenges remain. These include regulatory hurdles, safety and toxicity concerns, and stability issues. Addressing these challenges is crucial for the successful application of these NCs in delivering rutin effectively. Future research directions should focus on overcoming these obstacles to advance the field of nanomedicine. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of NCs research for rutin and to guide future investigations in this promising field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin, Curcuma longa , is known, however, its low bioavailability is a limiting factor. The nanoencapsulated curcumin was developed and its spherical particle size ∼20 nm was confirmed using TEM. An in vitro study was performed to determine the cytotoxicity of standard and nanoencapsulated curcumin, and their effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide, and IL-6 production in RAW 264.7 cells. The plasma bioavailability of nanoencapsulated curcumin was 12 times higher compared to native curcumin in Swiss albino mice. The anti-inflammatory activity of native curcumin and nanoencapsulated curcumin was compared in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. A paw thickness reduction of 33.7 % and 46 % was observed with the treatment of native curcumin and nanoencapsulated curcumin, respectively and the histology studies validated the results. Further, the in vitro COX-1 inhibition of cookies incorporated with nanoencapsulated curcumin was 20 and 24 % higher than native curcumin and control cookies, respectively indicating their nutraceutical application. [Display omitted] • 6 ng/mL NEC concentration reduced 70 % LPS-induced IL-6 production in RAW cells. • Bioavailability of NEC is 12 times higher than native curcumin. • NEC augmented the anti-inflammatory activity of cookies by 16 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel method was developed for the detection of vitamins D2, D3, K1, and K2. • The method was applied in yogurt fortified with nanoencapsulated vitamins D and k. • The QuEChERS-UPLC-APCI-MS/MS approach shows an excellent linearity and sensitivity. • The optimized method demonstrates excellent precision, accuracy, and recovery rates. • This approach outperforms traditional and alternative extraction techniques. A novel approach was developed to simultaneously determine the contents of vitamins D 2 , D 3 , K 1 , and K 2 in yogurt fortified with nanoencapsulated vitamins D and K. This method combines QuEChERS extraction with UPLC-APCI-MS/MS analysis. Optimization of the QuEChERS process included fine-tuning the addition of salts using response surface methodology based on the Box–Behnken design. Under the optimized conditions, the developed method exhibited an excellent linearity (R2 > 0.999) across concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 500 µg/L. The limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) were found to be 0.01–0.04 µg/L and 0.04–0.11 µg/L, respectively, with precision, accuracy, and recovery rates exceeding 94.88 %, and accompanied by acceptable relative standard deviations. Comparative analysis with traditional methodologies revealed the significant advantages of the proposed approach. Previous techniques such as liquid–liquid extraction combined with saponification are time-consuming and require high sample quantities. In addition, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction requires a long analysis time and exhibits a poor sensitivity, particularly in terms of its LOD and LOQ values. In contrast, our method offers a straightforward, efficient, and reliable sample preparation technique suitable for detecting vitamins D 2 , D 3 , K 1 , and K 2 in a yogurt matrix. This study not only demonstrates the feasibility of applying the QuEChERS method for stable vitamin quantification in yogurt, but it also represents an innovative contribution to enhancing the detection sensitivity and efficiency in food analysis. By emphasizing these methodological advancements and comparative benefits, this research underscores the significance of adopting advanced analytical approaches in food science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conversion of sunlight to heat and the subsequent thermal storage by nanoencapsulated bio-based phase change material slurries (NBPCMSs) in a low temperature solar system is investigated. The influences of capsule size, shell material, tilt angle, solar heat flux, PCM mass concentration, nanoparticle and its concentration are explored. The results reveal that the useful heat gain capacity of nano-enhanced coconut oil/Ag, coconut oil/Au, coconut oil/Al, and coconut oil/Cu based slurries is respectively 3.02, 3.12, 2.7, and 3.14 times better than that of pure water, due to an enhanced interaction of light with the functional bio-based PCM nanocapsules. Consequently, the thermal energy storage is reported to be 8.85, 9.29, 7.41, and 9.19 times higher. The increment in mass concentration of PCM from 5 to 20 % and addition of blended nanoparticles further augment the solar thermal energy storage capacity. Specifically, the storage capacity of coconut oil/Au based slurry is improved by up to 74.4 % when the 20 % coconout oil is used as a core material. The energy storage improvements of Cu and Ag based slurries enhance by 4.04 and 4.87 %, respectively, with the insertion of Au nanoparticles at a volume fraction of 25 ppm. Augmenting the core/shell confinement size, on the other hand, diminishes the surface area to volume ratio, allowing agglomeration of the structures inside the slurry. The performance of solar energy storage decreases as the inclination angle of the storage cavity increases from 0° to 60°, reducing the buoyancy force and particles' collision. Further, since Al particles have low optical characteristics and thermal conductivity, the thermal performance of coconut oil/Al nanoencapsulated slurry are at the lowest level. Finally, experiment is conducted to validate the specific heat capacity model prediction under various wind speeds, from 1 to 4 m/s, and solar illuminations, from 400 to 1000 W/m2. • A nanoencapsulated bio-based phase change material slurry-based solar system is analysed. • Nanocapsules enhance conversion of sunlight to heat and thermal storage. • Melting fraction of coconut oil is affected by wind speed and radiation. • Inclination angle lessens conversion thus storage capacity. • Metallic shells due to radiation-matter interaction augment solar capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils (EOs) have demonstrated potential in food products to prevent complications related to diabetes. Nevertheless, the physicochemical characteristics of pure EOs, including high volatility and low chemical stability, face significant challenges when considering their utilization as functional ingredients. Thus, this study aimed to develop nanosupplements based on protein-polysaccharide coacervates loaded with EOs, thyme (THY) and oregano (ORE), and to evaluate their colloidal, antioxidant, and α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory properties following an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion process. First, heat-induced egg white protein nanoparticles (EWP n) were used to encapsulate both EOs as nanocomplexes. Second, the process to obtain nanosupplements involved the electrostatic deposition of high methoxyl pectin (HMP) onto the surface of pre-formed nanocomplexes, resulting in the production of EWP n -THY-HMP and EWP n -ORE-HMP powders through a freeze-drying process. The effects of in vitro digestion on particle size, zeta potential, stability, and bioaccessibility of systems were analyzed. HMP exhibited a slight ability to protect EWP n from gastric digestion, while encapsulation within the EWP n -HMP system prevented the chemical degradation of EOs during gastrointestinal digestion. Subsequently, the antioxidant properties and the inhibitory effects of digested systems on α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities were examined. After in vitro digestion, EWP n -THY-HMP and EWP n -ORE-HMP systems showed higher ABTS+ radical scavenging than pure EOs (around 70% vs. 30%, respectively). Additionally, reducing power activities (expressed as mg of ascorbic acid equivalents-AAE mL−1) of EWP n -THY-HMP and EWP n -ORE-HMP systems were higher (1.6 ± 0.0 mg and 1.8 ± 0.1 mg of AAE mL−1, respectively) compared to pure THY and ORE (approximately 1.5 mg of AAE mL−1 for both) after in vitro digestion. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of EOs decreased upon encapsulation within EWP n -HMP system from an IC 50 value of 0.3–1.0 μg mL−1, approximately. However, the effect of encapsulation on α-amylase inhibitory activity was EOs-dependent, and it was higher for the EWP n -ORE-HMP system, with an IC 50 value of 8.6 ± 0.2 μg mL−1. The results highlight the potential of EOs encapsulation within EWP n -HMP coacervate nanosupplements as a promising strategy to facilitate their incorporation into food matrices while preserving their antioxidant and α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory properties. [Display omitted] • Egg white protein nanoparticles (EWP n) were obtained for essential oil (EO) loading. • Powders were obtained by electrostatic deposition of high methoxyl pectin (HMP). • HMP prevent degradation of EWP n and EO after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (GID). • EWP n -EO-HMP showed higher antioxidant activity than pure EOs after GID. • Encapsulated oregano EO showed the highest α-amylase activity after GID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports the design, synthesis, and characterization of nanoencapsulated Satureja kermanica essential oil/extract by chitosan biopolymer (SKEO-CSN)/(SKEX-CSN) for the antifungal efficacy against Fusarium oxysporum , Alternaria alternata , Botrytis cinerea , Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , Rhizoctonia solani , and Pythium aphanidermatum. The prepared SKEO-CSN and SKEX-CSN were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). GC-Mass analysis was done to identify Satureja kermanica essential oil chemical compounds (SKEO). Thirty-five different components were detected from GC–MS analysis. Thymol (46.54 %), and Carvacrol (30.54 %) were demonstrated as major compounds. Antifungal studies showed that the SKEO-CSN and SKEX-CSN formulation effectively inhibit fungal growth more than free SKEO and SKEX. According to the results, SKEO-CSN and SKEX-CSN provide a wide range of promising antifungal effects and can be applied as an efficient green strategy to protect plants from fungus infections. [Display omitted] • Chemical component characterization of Satureja kermanica essential oil (SKEO) • Nanoencapsulation of SKEO and SKEX by a facile method using cinnamic acid • Stable nanoencapsulated compounds in the aqueous media. • A wide range of promising antifungal effects of SKEO-CSN and SKEX-CSN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study reports the efficacy of nanofabricated citronellal inside the chitosan biopolymer (Ne Cn) against Aspergillus flavus growth, aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) production, and active ingredient biodeterioration (Piperine) in Piper longum L. The prepared Ne Cn was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results revealed that the Ne Cn exhibited distantly improved antifungal (1.25 μL/mL) and AFB 1 inhibition (1.0 μL/mL) compared to free Cn. The perturbances in membrane function, mitochondrial membrane potential, antioxidant defense system, and regulatory genes (Ver-1 and Nor-1) of AFB 1 biosynthesis were reported as probable modes of action of Ne Cn. The Ne Cn (1.25 μL/mL) effectively protects the P. longum from A. flavus (78.8%), AFB 1 contamination (100%), and deterioration of Piperine (62.39%), thus demonstrating its potential as a promising novel antifungal agent for food preservation. • A novel chitosan-based nanocarrier was developed for encapsulation of citronellal (Ne Cn). • Characterization of prepared Ne Cn using SEM, DLS, and FTIR • Ne Cn exhibited enhanced antifungal efficacy against Aspergillus flavus. • Plasma membrane was reported as one of the prime target site of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol), silk sericin, and gelatin containing Camellia oleifera oil (CO)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) were fabricated. The loading of CO into CSNPs was achieved by a two-step procedure, which included an oil-in-water emulsion and an ionic gelation method. SEM images of CO-loaded CSNPs illustrated the spherical shape with aggregation of the nanoparticles. The particle size and polydispersity index were 541–1089 nm and 0.39–0.65, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity were 3–16 % and 4–6 %, respectively. The gelatin/poly(vinyl alcohol)/sericin hydrogels were fabricated and incorporated with CO or CO-loaded CSNPs with different concentrations of CO-loaded CSNPs. All hydrogels demonstrated a porous structure. Besides, the hydrogels containing CO-loaded CSNPs showed a more controlled and sustained release profile than the hydrogels containing CO. Moreover, the hydrogels showed tyrosinase inhibition (9–13 %) and antioxidant activity (37–60 %). Finally, the hydrogels containing CO-loaded CSNPs were non-toxic to the Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts and NCTC clone 929 cells, even at a high dosage of 50 mg/mL. As a result, these hydrogels exhibited excellent potential for use in cosmeceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan (CS) and its modification with fatty acid (FA) in addition to the nanoencapsulation with essential oils (EOs) have emerged as promising approaches with diverse applications, particularly in food and fruit preservation. This review aims to curate data on the prospects of CS modified with FA as nanostructures, serving as carriers for EOs and its application in the preservation of fruits. A narrative review with no restricted period was used for the general overview of CS and strategies for its modification with FA. Report on CS modified with FA and nanoencapsulation with EO and their applications were appraised. The prospects of CS modified with FA and EO nanoencapsulation in food and fruit preservation were outlined. Most chitosan-fatty acid (CS-FA) studies have found relevance in water, medical and pharmaceutical industries, with few studies on food preservation. CS-FA formulation with EOs shows substantial potential in preserving fruits and will significantly impact the food industry in the future by extending the shelf life of fruits and reducing food waste. [Display omitted] • Modification of chitosan with fatty acid improves chitosan's hydrophilicity. • Fatty acid modified chitosan and its nanoencapsulation enhance essential oil activity and controlled release. • Fatty acid modified chitosan serves as nanostructure for essential oil in extending the shelf life of fruits and reduce food waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Zein nanoparticle stability improved with tween-80 and fucoidan coating. • Eugenol encapsulated in zein-tween-80-fucoidan nanoparticles using a nozzle chip. • Encapsulation enhanced eugenol's antioxidant and bioaccessibility properties in vitro. • Eugenol-loaded nanoparticles improved thermal and storage stability. • Nanoparticles have the potential for delivery of functional ingredients. Eugenol (EU), a natural bioactive compound found in various plants, offers numerous health benefits, but its application in the food and pharmaceutical industry is limited by its high volatility, instability, and low water solubility. Therefore, this study aimed to utilize the surface coating technique to develop zein-tween-80-fucoidan (Z-T-FD) composite nanoparticles for encapsulating eugenol using a nozzle simulation chip. The physicochemical characteristics of the composite nanoparticles were examined by varying the weight ratios of Z, T, and FD. Results showed that the Z-T-FD weight ratio of 5:1:15 exhibited excellent colloidal stability under a range of conditions, including pH (2–8), salt concentrations (10–500 mmol/L), heating (80 °C), and storage (30 days). Encapsulation of EU into Z-T-FD nanoparticles (0.5:5:1:15) resulted in an encapsulation efficiency of 49.29 ± 1.00%, loading capacity of 0.46 ± 0.05%, particle size of 205.01 ± 3.25 nm, PDI of 0.179 ± 0.006, and zeta-potential of 37.12 ± 1.87 mV. Spherical structures were formed through hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and molecular docking. Furthermore, the EU-Z-T-FD (0.5:5:1:15) nanoparticles displayed higher in vitro antioxidant properties (with DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging properties at 75.28 ± 0.16% and 39.13 ± 1.22%, respectively), in vitro bioaccessibility (64.78 ± 1.37%), and retention rates under thermal and storage conditions for EU compared to other formulations. These findings demonstrate that the Z-T-FD nanoparticle system can effectively encapsulate, protect, and deliver eugenol, making it a promising option for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Quercetin-loaded zein/shellac nanoparticles with chitosan coatings (QZSC) were prepared. • QZSC with a ratio of 4:1 of zein and chitosan demonstrated superior physical properties. • The nanoparticles exhibit excellent environmental stability. • The chitosan-coated zein/shellac matrix enhanced the antioxidant capability of quercetin. • The QZSC are capable of controlled release in the simulated gastrointestinal solutions. Quercetin, an essential flavonoid compound, exhibits diverse biological activities including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Nevertheless, due to its inadequate solubility in water and vulnerability to degradation, pure quercetin is constrainedly utilized in pharmaceutical formulations and functional foods. Considering the existing scarcity of nanoparticles consisted of zein and hydrophobic biopolymers, this study developed a quercetin-loaded nanoencapsulation based on zein, shellac, and chitosan (QZSC). When the mass ratio of zein to chitosan was 4:1, the encapsulation efficiency of QZSC reached 74.95%. The ability of QZSC for scavenging DPPH radicals and ABTS radicals increased from 59.2% to 75.4% and from 47.0% to 70.2%, respectively, compared to Quercetin. For QZSC, the maximum release amount of quercetin reached 59.62% in simulated gastric fluid and 81.64% in simulated intestinal fluid, achieving controlled and regulated release in vitro. In summary, this study offers a highly promising encapsulation strategy for hydrophobic bioactive substances that are prone to instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article describes the approach of the electrospinning technique for the development of nanofibers from anthocyanin powder and the possibility of using biodegradable polymers, such as gelatin. The irradiation technique was also examined to improve the technological properties of the AP, which was prepared from black carrot pomace. In the present study, the monomeric anthocyanin content of the anthocyanin powder was reduced from 254.6 to 167.9 mg/g after irradiation treatment. The nano-encapsulated anthocyanin powder with wall material showed stronger color properties compared to those of the irradiated samples. FTIR results revealed that changes in OH stretching and galacturonic acid peaks were observed in anthocyanin powder samples at wave numbers of 3500–3200 cm−1 and 800–1000 cm−1, respectively. The electrospinning technique showed a significant improvement in the thermal stability of the AP compared to that with irradiation. Based on this evidence thus far, it can be concluded that irradiation and electrospinning are promising techniques to develop a natural red colorant from industrial food waste for food, food supplement, and pharmaceutical applications. Natural colorants are attracting growing attention as a result of consumer demand. For this reason, the black carrot pomace can be considered an important source of natural colorants from industrial food waste resulting from juice extraction. However, the use of BCP to produce red colorants for various products (eg., food and food supplements) is not an easy task. In this regard, both electrospinning and irradiation are beneficial and effective technologies to produce a red colorant from industrial food waste sources, and improve its technological properties that provide opportunities for clean labeling. Red colorant production and technology applications processes. [Display omitted] • Structural changes observed after irradiation and electrospinning of samples. • Irradiation and electrospinning treatments influenced the anthocyanin content. • Molecular compounds and vibrational differences determined in FTIR spectrums. • Phenol ring-amino acid molecular formations confirmed by FTIR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research in Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) systems has predominantly focused on microneedles (MNs) and nanoencapsulated drugs, which offer painless, gradual drug release but may not cater to quick-release drug demands. This study introduces an innovative approach to expedite the TDD process by merging a new rapid-release micropump, MNs, and nanoencapsulation into a modular framework. The fabrication and evaluation of a 3D printed shape memory alloy (SMA)-activated micropump combined with ibuprofen-loaded polymeric nanoparticles delivered via integrated MNs is thereby discussed. The system utilizes an SMA spring wire to actuate a loaded spring which drives an elastic membrane into a chamber integrated with an array of stereolithography (SLA) 3D printed MNs, facilitating painless injection into the dermis layer of the skin. The MNs array is optimized with finite element analysis (FEA) to minimize discomfort from the needles while maximizing the drug load into the skin. The system's performance is characterized through high-speed camera imaging, and an average membrane speed of 0.28 m/s is developed. The system's effectiveness is finally evaluated via a short time frame (5 minutes) ex vivo skin deposition experiment using Franz diffusion cells and rat skin, revealing almost twice the ibuprofen deposition in skin layers with polymeric nanoparticles compared to an untreated solution. The rapid response and demonstrated efficacy of this concept aims to provide a framework for potentially extending this application for transdermal insulin injection. [Display omitted] • New TDD system with SMA pump, MNs, and nanoencapsulation enhances drug release. • Features rapid delivery via compact 3D-printed SMA micropump. • Polymeric nanoparticles revolutionize deposition time, surpassing old methods. • Ex vivo tests on rat skin show superior nanoparticle deposition. • Low power, fast, wearable-compatible system that can transform insulin delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study pertains to essential oil extraction from Artemisia absinthium L and a comparison of multiple extraction techniques. Ultrasound-assisted extraction emerged as the superior method, demonstrating remarkable extract recovery in contrast to microwave and hydrodistillation approaches. Bioactive compounds within the extracted Artemisia essential oils were meticulously identified through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), shedding light on the chemical composition. Furthermore, we employed maltodextrin nanoparticles as a sophisticated nanocarrier for encapsulating the extracted oil. Our investigation encompassed various maltodextrin-to- artemisia extract ratios (1:10, 1:20, and 1:30), revealing encapsulation efficiencies of 75.21%, 78.23%, and 85.24%, respectively. Characterization of the nanoencapsulated powders through scanning electron microscopy unveiled their distinctive irregular morphology. X-ray diffraction (XRD), full width at half maximum for artemisia extract powder and nanoencapsulated powder were 0.12, 8.2, 8.70, and 8.89 and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), typical bands were 1348, 1625, 1596, 1614, 2920 cm−1. XRD and FTIR analyses furnished compelling evidence of successful encapsulation, presenting the artemisia extract in an amorphous state. Notably, the XRD patterns indicated a low degree of crystallinity, affirming the innovative nature of our approach. Significantly, the encapsulated powders retained the characteristic absorption bands of the artemisia extract, underscoring the preservation of its essential chemical properties throughout the encapsulation process. • Efficient Oil Extraction- Optimized extraction with ultrasound; highest yield. • Bioactives Revealed- GCMS identifies key compounds in Artemisia oils. • Nanotech for Applications- Maltodextrin nanoencapsulation for diverse uses. • Promising innovative applications in future food and supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the health benefits of lipophilic bioactive compounds have received tremendous attention from both researchers and manufacturers, the practical application of these micronutrients in aqueous foods is still challenging due to their water insolubility and environmental instability. Therefore, curcumin (Cur) was selected to be encapsulated in soybean protein isolate-dextran conjugate-based nanogels (SDCNG) via the Maillard reaction combined with protein self-assembly to be incorporated into orange juice beverage (OJB) in this study. Cur-loaded SDCNG (Cur-SDCNG) prepared by adding Cur into the SDCNG solution exhibited an encapsulation efficiency of 89.10% ± 1.40% and a loading capacity of 17.11% ± 0.27%, enhanced 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydroxyl radical (•OH)-scavenging activities and ferrous reducing power, increased retention rate at both natural light and dark environment, and strengthened storage stability. Moreover, the loaded Cur showed a greater bioaccessibility (55.41% ± 0.71%) than free Cur (17.41% ± 1.04%). The OJB fortified with Cur by adding Cur-SDCNG exhibited an increasing color difference, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), protein content, total soluble solid (TSS), and sensory score with the increasing Cur concentration. DPPH radical and •OH-scavenging activities and ferrous reducing power also further enhanced. The Cur-fortified OJB with an orange juice concentration of 30% exhibited improved quality attributes and satisfactory stability reflected by the increased TSS and sensory score, acceptable particle size, PDI, centrifugal sedimentation rate, and Cur retention rate under cold conditions. In conclusion, the findings confirmed the effectiveness of Cur encapsulation in SDCNG and the application feasibility of Cur-SDCNG in acidic beverages simultaneously fortified with lipophilic bioactive compounds and vegetable proteins. [Display omitted] • High EE and LC, low D h and PDI were found in the directly prepared Cur-SDCNG. • Cur loaded in SDCNG possesses enhanced environmental stability and antioxidant activity. • Cur-SDCNG showed a good protection and release during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. • Orange juice beverage fortified with Cur-SDCNG was quality-acceptable. • The development of acidic foods fortified with both curcumin and protein is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Folic acid is a synthetic form of folate widely used for food fortification. However, its bioavailability is limited due to its inherent instability at several conditions. Therefore, a suitable encapsulation system is highly required. In the present study, the fabrication condition for folic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticle (FA-Chi-NP) was optimized and then subjected to characterization. The optimized formulation had the particle size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency of 180 nm, +52 mV, and 90%, respectively. In vitro release profile showed a controlled release of folic acid from the nanoparticles. Treatment of Caco-2 cells with the formulation showed no adverse effects based on MTT and LDH assays, and also, the cellular uptake was significantly higher after 2 h compared to free folic acid. Further, the oral administration of rats with FA-Chi-NPs (1 mg/kg BW) increased the plasma level of both folic acid (3.2-fold) and its metabolites such as tetrahydrofolate (2.3-fold) and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (1.6-fold) significantly compared to free folic acid. In a bio-distribution study, duodenum and jejunum were found to be the primary sites for absorption. These findings suggest that chitosan may be a promising carrier for the delivery of folic acid and, therefore, could be exploited for various food applications. [Display omitted] • Response surface methodology was used to optimize the preparation of nanoparticles. • Folic acid was successfully loaded into chitosan by ionic gelation method. • The prepared nanoparticles showed better stability and controlled release. • FA-Chi-NPs remarkably enhanced cellular uptake of folic acid. • Nanoencapsulation increased relative oral bioavailability of folic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Thereby, new treatment strategies as targeting nano-therapy present promising possibilities to control the aggressiveness of lung cancer. Dual CD44 and folate receptors targetable nanocapsule based on folic-polyethylene glycol-hyaluronic (FA-PEG-HA) were fabricated to improve the therapeutic activity of 4-Methylumbelliferone (4-MU) toward lung cancer. In this study, we fabricate 4-MU Nps as a hybrid polymeric (protamine) protein (albumin) nanocapsule, then functionalized by targeting layer to form 4-MU@FA-PEG-HA Nps with encapsulation efficacy 96.15%. The in vitro study of free 4-MU, 4-MU Nps and 4-MU@FA-PEG-HA Nps on A549 lung cancer cells reveal that the 4-MU Nps and 4-MU@FA-PEG-HA Nps were more cytotoxic than free 4-MU on A549 cells. The observed therapeutic activity of 4-MU@FA-PEG-HA Nps on urethane-induced lung cancer model, potentiality revealed a tumor growth inhibition via apoptotic mechanisms and angiogenesis inhibition. The results were supported by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIZA) of transforming growth factors (TGFβ1) and serum HA, histopathological analysis as well as immunohistochemical Ki67, CD44, Bcl-2 and caspace-3 staining. Moreover, 4-MU@FA-PEG-HA Nps exhibited a promising safety profile. Hence, it is expected that our developed novel nano-system can be used for potential application on tumor therapy for lung cancer. Illustrate steps of synthesis of 4-MU@FA-PEG-HA NPs and its composition and mechanism of dual-targeting that allowed receptor-mediated endocytosis, drug release, and its effect to receive cancer cell death. [Display omitted] • The developed Dual CD44 and folate receptors targetable nanocapsule based on FA-PEG-HA improve the therapeutic activity of 4-MU toward lung cancer. • The therapeutic activity of 4-MU@FA-PEG-HA NPs on urethane lung cancer model, revealed a tumor growth inhibition. • The developed novel nano-system can be used for potential application on tumor therapy for lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports the enhanced antifungal, aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) inhibitory activities and mode of action of chitosan-based nanoencapsulated Toddalia asiatica essential oil (neTAEO). Twenty-seven different chemical components were recognized from T. asiatica essential oil (TAEO) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The caryophyllene oxide (CO) (25.4%), and 1,3-hexadiene, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyl- (HED) (24.08%) were documented as significant compounds. The Z -average particles diameter (Z-APD) of the neTAEO ranged between 18.41 and 131.8 nm. The neTAEO showed enhanced and most promising antifungal and AFB 1 inhibitory activity than TAEO. In viable maize model assay, neTAEO effectively preserved the maize from fungal invade and AFB 1 biosynthesis. The neTAEO significantly disturbs membrane integrities of Aspergillus flavus by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis followed by the extreme release of ions (Mg2+ and K+) and UV-absorbing (260 and 280 nm) cellular constituents. The in-silico molecular docking showed that the major active components of TAEO viz. , CO and HED were active against AFB 1 synthesizing leading genes Ver-1 and Omt-A with docking scores ranging from −4.8 to −7.7. The obtained results confirm that neTAEO showed promising antifungal and AFB 1 inhibitory activities; hence, it could be used as an alternative green strategy to protect food grains from fungal invade and AFB 1 production during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, nanoencapsulation of PCM n-Octadecane with PMMA polymeric shell enhanced with comonomer PEHA via miniemulsion polymerization was performed. The effects of comonomer addition to homopolymer shell were studied to achieve a qualified shell. Optimization of nanocapsules was carried out based on RSM to investigate the effects of design parameters of Monomer/PCM, Comonomer/Monomer, and Emulsifier/PCM on the percentage of encapsulation and production cost. Innovatively, the renewable energy system was employed to provide the required energy and water for the polymerization reaction. Moreover, by introducing the nanofluid slurry containing CuO nanoparticles, the performance of synthesized nanocapsules as thermal energy storage (TES) was investigated in the PV-thermal PTC/gas boiler heating system installed in the designed room. The result indicated that the addition of comonomer EHA could improve the thermal stability and morphology of the polymeric shell. According to the optimization outcomes, the encapsulation percentage of 83.3% at the cost of 0.083$ provided the nanocapsules with the latent heat of 66 Jg-1. Also, the results of room temperatures indicated the effectiveness of the proposed heating system providing thermal heat comfort along with the overall improvement of the system utilized with the TES. [Display omitted] ● Employing solar PTC-gas boiler-nanofluid slurry as a promising heating system. ● Implementation of the renewable energy system for a cleaner production. ● Nanoencapsulation of n-Octadecane by polymeric shells through miniemulsion. ● Improving the thermal stability of PMMA shell by adding PEHA comonomer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycopene, as a promising biofunctional ingredient in human diet, is attaining huge importance nowadays. Besides its critical importance as a natural colorant, more especially, it is considered as a health-promotional component that endows a multitude of advantageous features. Nonetheless, its inefficiency vs. process/environmental stresses, poor-aqueous solubility, plus poor-bioavailability are the most bottlenecks limiting food/pharma utilization. At the same time, the field of nano-dimensional bioactive delivery vehicles has developed quickly. In this scenario, the most prominent instances of such carriers are lipid-based nanoformulations (i.e., nano-/Pickering/double emulsions, surfactant-based nano-vectors, nano-structured lipid carriers (NLCs), solid lipid nano-particles (SLNs), etc.) and biopolymeric nano-structures (e.g., nano-hydrogels/organogels/oleogels, nanofibers, nanotubes, cyclodextrins, and protein-polysaccharide nanocomplexes/conjugates). To take benefit of these properties, a foundational understanding of why lycopene nanodelivery systems are such unbeatable nano-systems and how we could utilize their potentials is crucial. Here, we attempted to recount the unique features of emerging platforms of nano-carriers, which are corresponding to the lycopene loading and controlled delivery. Discussion was also extended to cover the innovative progress in nanoencapsulation of lycopene with an emphasis on the factors influencing its bioaccessibility in such nanovehicles, together with their shortcomings and upcoming evolutions. Biopolymeric and lipid-based nano-structures, as attractive and effectual nanovehicles, have demonstrated to be potential strategies for the protection of lycopene throughout the digestive system along with representing an efficacious targeted release. [Display omitted] • Lycopene can be considered as a promising biofunctional ingredient in human diet. • Lycopene loading in food is challenging due to its instability and hydrophobicity. • Nanoencapsulation is an efficient platform for lycopene delivery. • Biopolymeric and lipid-based nano-structures are the most effectual nanovehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to encapsulate lemongrass (Cymbopogon commutatus) essential oil (LGEO) into chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and to investigate their physicochemical, morphological, structural, thermal, antimicrobial and in-vitro release properties. CSNPs exhibited spherical morphology with an average hydrodynamic size of 175–235 nm. Increasing EO loading increased the average size of CSNPs from 174 to 293 nm (at CS:EO ratio from 1:0 to 1:1.25). SEM and AFM confirmed the results obtained by hydrodynamic size indicating that EO loading led to formation of large aggregated NPs. The successful physical entrapment of EO within NPs was shown by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. X-ray diffractogram of loaded-CSNPs compared to non-loaded CSNPs exhibited a broad high intensity peak at 2 θ = 19–25° implying the entrapment of LGEO within CSNPs. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that encapsulated EO was decomposed at a temperature of 252 °C compared to a degradation temperature of 126 °C for pure LGEO, indicating a two-fold enhancement in thermal stability of encapsulated CSNPs. Differential scanning calorimetry also proved the physical entrapment of EO into polymeric matrix of chitosan. In-vitro release study showed a time- and pH-dependent release of EO into release media demonstrating a three-stage release behavior with a rapid initial release of EO, followed by a steady state migration of EO from its surrounding envelope at the later stages. Antimicrobial assay showed strong antimicrobial properties of free form of LGEO against the bacteria (both gram positive and gram negative) and fungi species tested. Moreover, loaded-CSNPs exhibited stronger antibacterial and anti-fungal activities than non-loaded CSNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important trends in chemotherapy is the development of green chemotropic drugs with maximal activity and minimal side effects. The nanoencapsulation of phytochemical oils with natural polymers has been documented as a promising approach to producing nanodrugs with sustainable bioactivity and prolonged stability. In this context, Syzygium aromaticum essential oil (SAEO) and ultrasound-assisted deacetylated chitosan (UCS 3) were successfully extracted from clove buds and squid pens, respectively. Grafting of UCS 3 by ρ-coumaric acid (ρCA) has been performed to fabricate the ρCACS nanogel which was used for nanoencapsulation of SAEO to yield SAEO-loaded nanogel (ρCACS@SAEO). The findings of spectral, thermal, and morphological analyses have confirmed the success of the formation of new materials and SAEO encapsulation, as well. Based on the findings of the in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer studies, the nanoencapsulation of SAEO by ρCACS has significantly boosted its chemotherapeutic effects, compared to unencapsulated oil. Therefore, ρCACS@SAEO nanogel could be considered as a multifunctional chemotherapeutic/chemopreventive agent for prevention or therapy of pathologies induced by oxidative stress, microbial infection, and breast and skin cancer. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is currently under the threat of COVID pandemic and has focused every dimension of research in finding a cure to this novel disease. In this current situation, people are facing mental stress, agony, fear, depression and other associated symptoms which are taking a toll on their overall mental health. Nanoencapsulation of certain brain boosting polyphenols including quercetin, caffeine, cocoa flavanols and proteins like lectins can become new area of interest in the present scenario. Besides the brain boosting benefits, we have also highlighted the anti- viral activities of these compounds which we assume can play a possible role in combating COVID-19 given to their previous history of action against certain viruses. This review outlines the nanoencapsulation approaches of such synergistic compounds as a novel strategy to take the ongoing research a step ahead and also provides a new insight in bringing the role of nanotechnology in addressing the issues related to COVID pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-based food proteins are a promising choice for the preparation of nanoparticles (NPs) due to their high digestibility, low cost, and ability to interact with various compounds and nutrients. Moreover, nanoencapsulation offers a potential solution for protecting nutrients during processing and enhancing their bioavailability. This study aimed to develop and evaluate nanoparticles (NPs) based on legumin/vicilin (LV) proteins extracted from fava beans, with the goal of encapsulating and delivering a model nutraceutical compound, folic acid (FA). Specifically, NPs were self-assembled from LV proteins extracted from commercially available frozen fava beans using a pH-coacervation method with poloxamer 188 (P188) and chemically cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. Microscopy and spectroscopy studies were carried out on the empty and FA-loaded NPs in order to evaluate the particle morphology, size, size distribution, composition, mechanism of formation, impact of FA loading and release behavior. In vitro studies with Caco-2 cells also confirmed that the empty and FA-loaded nanoparticles were non-toxic. Thus, the LV-NPs are good candidates as food additives for the delivery and stabilization of nutrients as well as in drug delivery for the controlled release of therapeutics. [Display omitted] • Legumin/vicilin can be extracted from commercially available frozen fava beans. • Legumin/vicilin can be used to make nanoparticles (LV-NPs) via self-assembly. • LV-NPs are good for encapsulation and controlled release of folic acid. • NPs are non-toxic to Caco-2 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating prevalence of lung diseases underscores the need for innovative therapies. Dysbiosis in human body microbiome has emerged as a significant factor in these diseases, indicating a potential role for synbiotics in restoring microbial equilibrium. However, effective delivery of synbiotics to the target site remains challenging. Here, we aim to explore suitable nanoparticles for encapsulating synbiotics tailored for applications in lung diseases. Nanoencapsulation has emerged as a prominent strategy to address the delivery challenges of synbiotics in this context. Through a comprehensive review, we assess the potential of nanoparticles in facilitating synbiotic delivery and their structural adaptability for this purpose. Our review reveals that nanoparticles such as nanocellulose, starch, and chitosan exhibit high potential for synbiotic encapsulation. These offer flexibility in structure design and synthesis, making them promising candidates for addressing delivery challenges in lung diseases. Furthermore, our analysis highlights that synbiotics, when compared to probiotics alone, demonstrate superior anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activities. This review underscores the promising role of nanoparticle-encapsulated synbiotics as a targeted and effective therapeutic approach for lung diseases, contributing valuable insights into the potential of nanomedicine in revolutionizing treatment strategies for respiratory conditions, ultimately paving the way for future advancements in this field. • Dysbiosis in human microbiome has a role in the development of lung diseases. • Synbiotics consist in the association of probiotic and prebiotic supplements. • Synbiotics have potential to treat lung diseases but are limited by poor delivery. • Nanoencapsulation is a promising strategy to enhance the delivery of synbiotics. • Nanocellulose, starch and chitosan have great potential for synbiotic encapsulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch is a biopolymer commonly used for nanoparticle synthesis. Starch nanoparticles (SNPs) have potential as encapsulation agents and Pickering emulsion stabilizers. Here, we prepared SNPs by dry heating under mildly acidic conditions to encapsulate catechin. Catechin (30 mg) and SNPs (50–150 mg) were dispersed in distilled water and freeze-dried to prepare catechin-SNP composites. Isothermal titration calorimetry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the binding of catechin to SNP may involve spontaneous hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. SNPs exhibited encapsulation efficiency for catechin, with 100 % catechin retention when 150 mg of SNP was used to prepare the composites. The catechin-SNP composites had a particle size of 54.2–74.9 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of small amounts of inclusion complexes in catechin-SNP composites. As the amount of SNPs added for encapsulation increased, the catechin encapsulated in the SNP composites exhibited higher water solubility and UV stability than the pure catechin. The catechin-SNP composite with 150 mg of catechin exhibited the highest contact angle (51.37°) and formed a stable emulsion without notable droplet size changes. Therefore, catechin-SNP composites improved the encapsulation efficiency, water-solubility, stability of catechins, and Pickering emulsion stability. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review focuses on the role of nanotechnology, specifically nanoencapsulation, in enhancing food safety through antimicrobial effectiveness. Food safety is a critical global concern, and nanotechnology has emerged as a promising solution to prevent or reduce microbial growth in food products. Nanoencapsulation involves enclosing hydrophobic molecules, such as essential oils (EOs), within a protective coating, improving their stability and controlled release. The review discusses recent advancements in nanoencapsulation technology, exploring various wall materials and methods that contribute to better delivery and increased activity of antimicrobials. The physical and chemical properties of coating materials and EOs are examined, highlighting their impact on release characteristics and the resulting antibacterial and antifungal properties against foodborne pathogens. Key findings reveal that the selection of appropriate encapsulation methods and wall materials significantly influences the protection and controlled release of EOs, enhancing their antimicrobial activity. Encapsulated EOs have demonstrated amplified effectiveness by disrupting vital microbial functions such as ergosterol biosynthesis, essential ion leakage, and bacterial membrane integrity. Once within microbial cells, these EOs or their bioactive components hinder DNA synthesis or bacterial ribosomal activity, ultimately impeding protein metabolism. Despite the promising potential of nanoencapsulated EOs across diverse applications, their toxicological profiles and organ-specific targeting remain insufficiently explored. Several challenges contribute to this research gap, including the intricate nature of nanoencapsulated EOs, limited in-vivo studies, species-specific variations, diverse administration routes, absence of standardized protocols, regulatory complexities, and resource constraints. Overcoming these hurdles is vital for ensuring the safe and effective use of nanoencapsulated EOs. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the fundamental principles of antimicrobial nanocarriers and colloidal systems with tunable bactericidal properties. By understanding the underlying mechanisms of nanoencapsulation and its effects on antimicrobial activity, researchers can develop more effective strategies to combat foodborne pathogens and improve food preservation methods. [Display omitted] • Nanoencapsulation enhances food safety by protecting EOs and controlling release. • Encapsulated EOs show boosted antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. • Review explores mechanisms and principles of antimicrobial nanocarriers. • Encapsulated EOs disrupt microbial membranes and inhibit protein metabolism. • Thorough review fills the gap in understanding antimicrobial effectiveness of EOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-encapsulation of essential oils, a specific area of interest, can help overcome challenges associated with their commercial use. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of chitosan, Ziziphora clinopodioides L. essential oil (ZcEO), and Sodium-Tri Polyphosphate (TPP), both individually and in interaction, on several properties of EO-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. These properties include particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), and encapsulation efficiency (EE) using a two-stage emulsion-ionic gelation approach. The optimization of the parameters was done by response surface methodology using Box-Behnken design. The chemical composition of ZcEO was analyzed as well. The primary compounds in ZcEO were found to be pulegone (29.24 %), 1,3-dimethyl-2-(2-methylpropylidene) imidazolidine (9.05 %), piperitenone (6.65 %), thymol (5.38 %), and carvacrol (5.27 %). The PS ranged from 117.33 to 4934.1 nm, the ZP varied from −1.1 to −30.83 mV, and the EE spanned from 31.74 to 87.04 %. The results showed that an increase in the initial EO content led to a decrease in PS and ZP, but an increase in EE. Moreover, increasing the TPP concentration resulted in an enhancement in PS, ZP, and EE, whereas increasing the Chs concentration led to a slight increase in PS, ZP, and EE. Furthermore, the results of this study proved the interaction effect of different parameters on the responses investigated. Under optimized conditions, the optimal concentrations of chitosan, ZcEO and TPP were attained at 6.768, 6.078, and 7.595 mg/mL respectively. This resulted in a PS of 117.331 nm, a ZP of −20.949 mV, and an EE of 75.385 %. In conclusion, the results suggest that adjusting the concentrations of Chs, EO, and TPP is an effective approach to controlling the properties of NPs and optimizing their performance. [Display omitted] • The primary components of Z. clinopodioides EO were pulegone, 1,3-dimethyl-2 imidazolidine, piperitenone, thymol, and carvacrol. • Increasing the essential oil resulted in a reduction in PS and ZP, and an enhancement of EE of the NPs. • Elevating the concentration of TPP led to an increase in PS, ZP, and EE. • The essential oil and TPP were the most affecting factors on PS and ZP, respectively. • The nanoparticle properties were influenced by the interactions among the concentrations of chitosan, essential oil, and TPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and inhibitory action of NorA, Tet(K), MsrA and MepA efflux pumps in S. aureus strains using the sesquiterpenes named trans -caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide, both isolated and encapsulated in liposomes. The antibacterial and inhibitory action of these efflux pumps was evaluated through the serial microdilution test in 96-well microplates. Each sesquiterpene and liposome/sesquiterpene was combined with antibiotics and ethidium bromide (EtBr). The antibiotics named norfloxacin, tetracycline and erythromycin were used. The 1199 B, IS-58, RN4220 and K2068 S. aureus strains carrying NorA, Tet(K), MsrA and MepA, respectively, were tested. In the fluorescence measurement test, K2068 S. aureus was incubated with the sesquiterpenes and EtBr, and the fluorescence emission by EtBr was measured. The tested substances did not show direct antibacterial activity, with MIC >1024 μg/mL. Nonetheless, the isolated trans -caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide reduced the MIC of antibiotics and EtBr, indicating inhibition of NorA, Tet(K) and MsrA. In the fluorescence test, these same sesquiterpenes increased fluorescence emission, indicating inhibition of MepA. Therefore, the sesquiterpenes named trans -caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide did not show direct antibacterial action; however, in their isolated form, they showed possible inhibitory action on NorA, Tet(K), MsrA and MepA efflux pumps. They may also act in antibiotic potentiation. Further studies are needed to identify the mechanisms involved in antibiotic potentiation and efflux pump inhibitory action. [Display omitted] • Trans -Caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide were encapsulated in liposomes. • Trans -Caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide possibly inhibit NorA efflux pump (EP). • The sesquiterpenes possibly inhibit Tet(K), MsrA, and MepA efflux pumps. • Liposomal nanoformulations with sesquiterpenes showed no inhibitory action on EPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer, suitable for use as a raw material in various industries due to its low cost and inherent properties. The development of lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) can provide an innovative way to utilize lignin for high-value applications. The food industry is seeking to utilize LNPs for various purposes such as dietary supplements, carriers, and preservatives due to their exceptional biodegradability and biocompatibility. This study aimed to prepare LNPs for the encapsulation of Rosa damascena essential oil (REO) to enhance the protection of this bioactive compound under storage conditions and control its release in contact with foodstuff conditions. Alkali lignin was used for the preparation of LNPs through an anti-solvent method and no chemical modification approach was used for their stabilization. The effect of the REO:LNP mass ratio on the physicochemical and structural properties of the encapsulated essential oil (REO-LNPs) was investigated. The REO-LNP sample with a mass ratio of 0.2:1.0 showed excellent physical properties with a zeta potential of −45 mV, a diameter of 119.7 ± 1.4 nm, moderate polydispersity (0.087 ± 0.014) and high encapsulation efficiency (99.63%). The stability assay of REO-LNP demonstrated enhanced protection of the entrapped REO under storage conditions. Subsequently, the morphological, thermal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and in vitro release properties of the REO-LNP were determined. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the REO-LNP has a significantly higher thermal stability than free REO. The inclusion of REO in LNPs led to an enhancement of the antioxidant activity of REO. Compared to REO, REO-LNPs exhibited improved antibacterial properties against both S. aureus and E. coli. The REO-LNP demonstrated lower release in aqueous food simulant, and the Ritger-Peppas model showed that the Fickian diffusion mechanism occurred, which was caused by the poor swelling degree and presence of oils at the surface of nano-capsules. In vitro cell viability evaluation showed that the prepared samples had no cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatibility with normal human fibroblast cells. Overall, LNPs can be proposed as renewable nanocarriers for the protection and controlled release of natural antioxidants/antibacterials such as REO in multifunctional applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Shellac nano-capsules (SNCs) realize sustained and pH-responsive release effect. • The interaction between SNCs and CS molecules enhances the properties of CS film. • Prepared SNCs-loaded CS film (CSNCs) exhibits boosting antimicrobial ability. • The CSNCs film extends the shelf life of pork based on pH response release effect. To tackle microbial contamination and spoilage during pork storage, transportation, and sales, a novel packaging film with exogenously driven controlled release behavior was designed through the demand-directed preparation of the emulsion of shellac-encapsulated cinnamaldehyde nano-capsules (SNCs) and the ingenious integration of chitosan (CS) film matrix. Among them, the SNCs were synthesized using the solvent exchange method, allowing controlled release of cinnamaldehyde (CA) in response to volatile alkaline substances present in the meat. The electrostatic interaction between SNCs and CS molecules improved the thermal stability, water resistance, tensile strength, and viscosity of the film-forming solution, while the CA in SNCs enhanced UV resistance and antimicrobial properties of the film. Notably, the CS film with SNC-100 loaded (CSNCs-100 film) achieved 99% inhibition against both E. coli and S. aureus , regulated environmental moisture, and prolonged the freshness duration of pork by an impressive six days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Innovative technologies for protein extraction from oilseed meals are summarized. • Oilseed meal proteins could be used as nanocarriers of bioactive compounds. • The allergenic potential of oilseed meal proteins is also evaluated. • Oilseed meal proteins provide great potential for enhancing the stability of bioactives. The global demand for animal proteins is predicted to increase twofold by 2050. This has led to growing environmental and health apprehensions, thereby prompting the appraisal of alternative protein sources. Oilseed meals present a promising alternative due to their abundance in global production and inherent dietary protein content. The alkaline extraction remains the preferred technique for protein extraction from oilseed meals in commercial processes. However, the combination of innovative techniques has proven to be more effective in the recovery and functional modification of oilseed meal proteins (OMPs), resulting in improved protein quality and reduced allergenicity and environmental hazards. This manuscript explores the extraction of valuable proteins from sustainable sources, specifically by-products from the oil processing industry, using emerging technologies. Chemical structure, nutritional value, and functional properties of the main OMPs are evaluated with a particular focus on their potential application as nanocarriers for bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins (ACNs) are natural compounds with potential applications due to their colorimetric response to pH. Due to their sensitivity to various environmental factors, nanoencapsulation with biopolymers is a successful strategy for stabilizing ACNs. In this work ACNs were extracted from grape skins and encapsulated into chitosan (CS) nanoparticles by ionic gelation using sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a cross-linking agent. CS nanoparticles loaded with ACNs had particle sizes between 291 and 324 nm and polydispersity index around 0.3. The encapsulation efficiency of ACNs was approximately 60 %; and encapsulated anthocyanins (ACN-NPs) exhibited color change properties under different pH conditions. pH-sensitive labels based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were prepared by the casting method. The effect of incorporating ACN-NPs on the physical, structural, and pH-sensitive properties of PVA labels was evaluated, and its application as shrimp freshness indicator was studied. The nanoencapsulation protected ACNs against heat and light treatments, preserving the original purple color. When applying the label, visible changes from red to blue until reaching yellow were observed with the change in the quality of the shrimp at the refrigeration temperature. The results suggest that PVA labels containing ACNs encapsulated in C-NPs can be used as smart packaging labels in the food industry. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The controlled release of antifouling agents from organic coatings is an effective measure against marine biofouling. In this study, Mg Al layered double hydroxides (LDH), a two-dimensional nanoparticle, were intercalated with the 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one-based anions (BIT-COO−) via an ion-exchange process for achieving controlled release of BIT-based antibacterial agent. Multifunctional X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyzer, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the successful loading of BIT intercalated into LDH interlayers. The antibacterial performance of LDH@BIT-COOH was tested by the zone of inhibition method, the plate colony counting method, the turbidity method, and the biofilm method, and results proved that 0.4 mg/mL LDH@BIT-COOH exhibited complete inactivation of E. coli (6 h) and S. aureus (12 h). The release study of the LDH@BIT-COOH proved that the release time prolonged to 4500 min after loading. The 5 wt% LDH@BIT-COOH coating exhibited outstanding antibacterial and antifouling properties by using bio-laser confocal microscope, and without obvious toxicity as observed by L929 cell test using enzyme marker, showing potential applications in marine antifouling. [Display omitted] • 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one based hydrophilic anions was synthesized and intercalated into LDH layers by ion exchange. • The antibacterial properties of the prepared intercalated composite were evaluated. • The antifouling effects and cytotoxicity of hybrid coatings were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Cashew nut testa (CNT), a cashew by-product, is a rich source of polyphenols. • Astringency and instability of polyphenols limit their food applications. • CNT-loaded nano-complexes were derived from WPI and β-cyclodextrin. • The WPI/CD-CNT nano-complexes showed higher encapsulation efficiency and yield. • Both nano-complexes showed higher solubility, stability, and controlled release. Cashew nut testa (CNT) is an underutilized cashew by-product rich in polyphenols. The applications of CNT are limited due to its astringency, less solubility, and instability of polyphenols during the processing. Nanoencapsulation was used to overcome these limitations. β-cyclodextrin alone and in combination with whey protein isolate (WPI) was used for nano-complex preparation. The WPI/CD-CNT nano-complex powder showed higher encapsulation efficiency (86.9%) and yield (70.5–80%) compared to CD-CNT powder. Both the spray-dried powders showed improved thermal stability, higher solubility (97%), less moisture content, and increased DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities indicating potential food and agricultural applications. In addition, the nano-complex powders showed a controlled release of core bio-actives under gastric and intestinal pH compared to the non-encapsulated CNT phenolic extract. Degradation kinetics studies of the CNT extract after thermal and light treatments were also discussed. Both the nano-complexes showed high stability under light and thermal treatment. The results suggest that valorization of CNT can be done through nano-complex preparation and WPI and β-CD are efficient carrier materials for the encapsulation of polyphenols with potential applications in food and agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) or multidrug resistance (MDR) is becoming increasingly prevalent within the health care industry as a result of the overuse of antibiotics, which is posing a major challenge to health care providers. A possible alternative for overcoming these effects is to use probiotics as part of the treatment. In recent years, probiotics have acquired significant attention because of their potential benefits in a wide range of biomedical applications, including antimicrobial protection, treating diseases, and aiding in tissue repair. The surrounding tissues are greatly affecting the viability and activity of these probiotics, making it difficult to maintain their stability in targeted locations for a prolonged duration. Multiple strategies have been proposed to overcome this problem, including nanoencapsulating probiotics within biomaterials to increase their activity and stability. The encapsulation of probiotics using biomaterials not only protects their vitality but also makes it easier for them to get delivered to their targeted location. Moreover, we underscore the importance of employing biomaterial-based encapsulation techniques for probiotics in various biomedical applications, including but not limited to the gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, skin, and vagina. This article aims to thoroughly investigate the materials and methods employed in the encapsulation of probiotics within biomaterials while also delving into recent advancements in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of nanoencapsulation and gel incorporation on the antioxidant activity, stability, and in vitro release profile of curcumin (CUR). CUR-loaded nanoparticles (CUR NPs) and CUR NPs-filled gelatin (GL)-genipin (GP) gels (GL/GP-CUR NPs) were prepared by ionic gelation and gelation, respectively. CUR NPs and GL/GP-CUR NPs exhibited significantly higher antioxidant activity, stability and in vitro release profile than free CUR (p < 0.05); however, there were distinct differences between them. GL/GP-CUR NPs demonstrated 1.17 times higher antioxidant activity than CUR NPs. The stability of GL/GP-CUR NPs was increased by 174% compared with that of CUR NPs. The in vitro release rate of CUR within CUR NPs was dramatically higher than GL/GP-CUR NPs, indicating that GL/GP gel could protect CUR NPs from the degradation (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated the potential of GL/GP-CUR NPs as an effective delivery system for enhancing the application of CUR in the food industry. • Overcoming CUR's limitations, including low solubility and stability, is essential. • CUR NPs were integrated into gelatin-GP hydrogel. • CUR NPs in gelatin-GP hydrogel improved stability and antioxidant activity of CUR. • CUR NPs in gelatin-GP hydrogel offer a promising food industry delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The Edible coating was produced with more than 98.7% encapsulation of savory essential oil. • The produced edible coating showed the greatest effect on gram-positive bacteria. • Essential oil properties were completely preserved in optimized lipid nanocarriers. • The produced nanocomposite coating increased the shelf life of beef. Researchers have made significant discoveries in addressing the limitations of essential oils (EOs) in food packaging using encapsulation systems combined with nanoparticles (NPs). This study aimed to develop a unique coating for beef preservation using nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). The optimal formulation of NLCs was determined based on size, zeta potential, and loading rate, achieving a content of 71.4% savory EO. A composite coating containing NPs was then created using different concentrations of NLCs (0, 0.85%, 1.7%, 2.55%, and 3.4%). The antimicrobial effectiveness of the coatings was assessed using well-diffusion assays to identify the best coating (17 mm). This optimized coating was applied to beef samples for 12 days, and extensive evaluation was conducted over time. The results demonstrated that the encapsulation percentage was higher than 98.7%. The optimal coating (CMC-OM-ZnO NPs-NLCs 3.4%) significantly reduced microbial growth (total count: over 1.6 log CFU/g), pH, thiobarbituric acid value (TBA), and total volatile nitrogen (TVN) compared with the control samples (P < 0.05). Overall, this novel bioactive packaging enriched with lipidic and inorganic nanomaterials represents an innovative way to improve meat products' oxidative and microbial stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kenaf is an alternative fiber crop which is economically viable and ecologically friendly. Kenaf seeds oil, kenaf seeds extract, and kenafleaves extract were found to have a high content of bioactive compounds to offer antioxidants and medicinal benefits, which could be a potential source in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The application of encapsulation technologies on kenaf derivatives can help to develop new highly effective cosmetic formulations. Different encapsulation technologies were applied on kenaf derivatives to improve the stability and functionality for cosmeceutical application. Technologies such as nanoemulsion, nanostructured lipid carriers, co-extrusion, and spray drying of kenaf seed oil were found to enhance its stability and manage the release of unsaturated oils in cosmetic formulations. Besides, the applications of solid lipid nanocarriers, liposomes, niosomes, and Pickering emulsion were discussed in this paper to show its potential in the encapsulation of kenaf derivatives. This review described the chemical composition and nutritional quality of the kenaf derivatives, and the technologies for cosmetic formulation to enhance our knowledge to use these by-products in the cosmetic application and their advantages. This review has important implications to stimulate its possible utilization and application of kenaf in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile method has been developed to fabricate nano-encapsulated paraffin wax within silica shell (SNsPCM) by in-situ hydrolysis and polycondensation of silica precursor. SNsPCM composite was studied using field-effect scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), Raman and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), respectively. The results revealed the formation of spherical paraffin nano-structure encapsulated within the shell of SiO 2 with diameters ranging from 100 to 200 nm. Thermal stability, determined by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and thermogravimetric analyser (TGA), confirm the fabrication of a solid-solid and solid-liquid phase changing nanomaterial (PCnM). Simulations performed for thermal change within the paraffin core bounded by silica shell, for cycles of heating and cooling show excellent pressure durability of silica shell. PCnM behaviour studied using DSC measurement shows reversible fusion and solidification for repeated heating and cooling cycles. The SNsPCM composite with a paraffin encapsulation ratio of 79.89 wt% melted at 54.72 °C with a latent heat of 149.29 J/g and solidified at 52.09 °C with a latent heat of 100.16 J/g. The TGA results show improved thermal stability with an increased encapsulation ratio of PCnM by silica shell. SNsPCM can a potential material for thermal energy storage. Image 1 • Synthesis of core shell paraffin silica nanocomposite using In-situ hydrolysis and polycondensation process. • An insight towards the thermal properties of nano-encapsulated paraffin with silica shell using COMSOL simulation. • Determination of Von-mises stress and Volumetric strain along with Leakage test. • Thin film deposition of nano-encapsulated paraffin with silica shell using Langmuir Blodgett technique. • The fabricated thin film has been proposed for efficient thermal energy storage application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in nanotechnology are predicted to revolutionize the food industry. The potential applications of nanotechnology in food production are diverse, including packaging, food safety, functional foods, and nutrition. Another, less explored opportunity, is for the use of nanotechnology to improve sensory attributes. We have identified four nanostructures that are likely to impact consumer perception: nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanocapsulations, and nanofibers. For this review, we focus on the available literature that has evaluated qualitative, quantitative, or affective responses to foods prepared with these nanotechnologies. Two key areas of the available literature focus on the use of nanofoods to enhance sensory attributes (e.g., saltiness) or deliver similar sensory profiles while improving their nutritional value (e.g., fat substitute or fortification). Studies focusing on improving the healthfulness, targeted reducing the addition of salt or fat, or the incorporation of beneficial compounds (i.e., calcium fortification). While these data are promising, there is relatively few studies empirically evaluating the sensory attributes or consumer acceptance of nanofoods. Nanotechnology has the potential to improve many facets of product development, but there are limited studies demonstrating the capabilities and implications on the perception and oral processing of foods. Future work should focus on sensory and quality attributes in addition to consumer acceptance of these technologies and novel food ingredients in commercial products. This will allow for a greater understanding of the full potential of this technology to improve the sensory and quality attributes of food and beverages. • Nanotechnology can have a positive impact on sensory perception. • Nanofoods can produce healthier foods while not compromising on flavor or texture. • Sensory methods are critical for determining consumer acceptance of novel nanofoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of nanoencapsulated cumin essential oil (EO) feeding broilers on growth performance, mucin 2 gene expression, blood parameters, and immune responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) were evaluated. In a completely randomized design, 1050 male day-old Ross 308 broilers were distributed into 7 dietary treatments with 5 replicates of 30 birds per replication. Dietary treatments included 1) control basal (no additives), 2) control antibiotic growth promoter (flavophospholipol at 650 mg/kg), control basal plus a solution of 3) 150 mg/kg of chitosan nanoparticles, free-form cumin EO at 4) 100 or 5) 200 mg/kg, and nanoencapsulated cumin EO at 6) 100 and 7) 200 mg/kg. The use of 200 mg/kg nanoencapsulated cumin EO significantly (P < 0.01) increased body weight gain and mucin 2 gene expression and improved feed conversion ratio compared with other treatment. The highest feed intake was significantly (P < 0.01) in the control treatment during day 15 to 18 and day 29 to 42. In birds fed with nanoencapsulated cumin EO, serum total triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were also significantly lower than birds in the control group. Sheep red blood cell antibody titer (35 and 42 d), immunoglobulin G (42 d), heterophilus (H), lymphocyte (L), and H/L ratio, PHA, and DNCB (42 d) were affected by the nanoencapsulation process of cumin EO (P < 0.01). Finally, cumin EO in nanoencapsulation significantly improved growth performance, mucin 2 gene expression and sustained broiler immune responses and therefore could be used as substitute for antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NMR spectroscopy is based on measuring the intensity of electromagnetic radiation, absorbed by active atomic nuclei, in the radiofrequency region. It is considered as a powerful analytical tool for examining e.g. the molecular structures of edible matrices used in the food industry. This technique attracts wide attention due to the quantitative determination of the molecular species. Principally, the applied external electromagnetic field leads to the changes in the resonance frequency of the nuclei which appears as a spectrum. The isotopic forms of 1H and 13C are the commonly considered nuclei in the analysis of food ingredients. Other isotopes including 15N, 17O, 19F and 31P are less frequently assessed. One- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopies along with imaging are able to deliver a large amount of information on the molecular structure, loading content, encapsulation efficiency, optimum formulations, stoichiometry, structural sensitivity in different conditions, molecular interactions and the dynamics of molecular motions, as well as release properties of ingredients involved in nanoencapsulation systems. Specific emphasis of this study has been placed on diverse applications of one and two-dimensional NMR methods in the characterization of nanoencapsulated food constituents. NMR spectroscopy is nondestructive, noninvasive, highly reproducible, applicable to any type of sample (solid/liquid/semi-solid) and provides a selective analysis methodology for functional groups. As a superlative technique, it can be used for characterizing sensitive nanoencapsulated bioactive agents and their corresponding carriers in different environments without a need for physical separation of ingredients and/or specific treatments. Image 1 • NMR is a powerful tool for examining molecular structures of matrices in food industry. • It can determine encapsulation yield, molecular interactions and molecular motions. • NMR is used for characterizing sensitive loaded bioactives within different carriers. • A brief review of NMR studies in analysis of nanoencapsulated food actives is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated the colonization efficiency and survival rate of nanoencapsulated Bacillus subtilis Vru1 prepared with sodium alginate (NaAlg), starch and bentonite and, their efficiency for controlling Rhizoctonia solani. The XRD and FTIR analysis in this research indicated the absence of chemical reactions, and correct mixing efficiency was funded with alginate, bentonite and starch. The highest release of B. subtilis Vru1 was 4 × 109 in 45th day of storage. The quantity of colonization by B. subtilis Vru1 nanocapsules was lower than that of free B. subtilis Vru1 at days 5–20 and was significantly higher than that of free B. subtilis VRU1 and encapsulated B. subtilis VRU1 without Titanium dioxide nanoparticle, after day 35. This level was maintained for up to 45th day. The results of this experiments indicated that the highest and lowest inhibition of R. solani on bean observed in Vru1 nanocapsules with 90% and free Vru1 with 60% respectively. and Vru1 capsule without titanium nanoparticles (TNs) decreased the disease by 75%. The nanoencapsulated B. subtilis Vru1 strain significantly increased the bean vegetative growth parameters. This finding was probably attributed to the enhancement in the number of the bacterium and the high level of metabolite production such as indole-3-acetic acid. Thus, nanocapsule formulation is a potential alternative for sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thymol is the major antimicrobial and bioactive constituent found in thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil. In this study, it was aimed to determine the parameters for fabrication of thymol loaded chitosan nanoparticles with optimum encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential, and particle size properties using a two-stage emulsion-ionic gelation approach. For this purpose, temperature (25–45 °C) and chitosan (3–6 mg/mL), thymol (3–6 mg/mL), Tween 80 (3–6 mg/mL) and TPP (0.15–0.75 mg/mL) concentrations were studied as optimization parameters by applying the numerical point prediction method. The results showed that the particle size, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency of the chitosan nanoparticles could be controlled by processing conditions. Additionally, this study was focused on optimization of these parameters with factorial design (FD) in nanoencapsulation of Thymol. The optimized production parameters on the basis of the criteria of attaining the minimum particle size, maximum zeta potential, and maximum encapsulation efficiency were 42 °C temperature, chitosan rate 3 mg/mL, Thymol rate 5.9 mg/mL, Tween 80 rate 3 mg/mL and TPP rate 0.75 mg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]