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This review paper highlights the most prevalent mycotoxins in agricultural commodities and possible hazard of mycotoxin occurrence in foods/feeds in regards to foodborne diseases. The underestimated hazard of multiple mycotoxin exposure of humans or animals is also briefly evaluated. The risk assessment and management of the risk of mycotoxin contamination of foods/feeds by some appropriate preventive measures against mycotoxin contamination of raw materials and food commodities in the pre-harvesting and post-harvesting time is elucidated. The most common chemical or physical methods of mycotoxins decontamination of agricultural commodities and raw materials are evaluated. The practical use of feed/food additives as a possible method for preventing the adverse effects of some target mycotoxins or mycotoxins combination is shortly reviewed. The adequate processing of some raw materials and agricultural commodities with regards to possible mycotoxin decontamination is evaluated. A survey is also made in regard to the veterinary preventive measures and the possible hygiene control and risk assessment in some practical cases of foodborne mycotoxicoses in order to prevent mycotoxins contamination of target food commodities from animal origin and to avoid a possible entering of some mycotoxins in commercial channels with a view to ensure adequate public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spreading of mycotoxic nephropathy in animals/humans was studied. The possible etiological causes provoking this nephropathy were carefully reviewed and analyzed. The natural content of the most frequent nephrotoxic mycotoxins in target feedstuffs/foods were investigated, in addition to their significance for development of renal damages in endemic areas. An estimation of the level of exposure of humans to the nephrotoxic mycotoxin, ochratoxin A (OTA), is made. The possible synergism or additive effects between some target mycotoxins in the development of nephropathy is also covered. The significance of joint mycotoxin interaction and masked mycotoxins, in addition to some newly isolated fungal toxic agents in the complicated etiology of mycotoxic nephropathy ranged in Balkan countries is discussed. The importance of some target fungal species which can induce kidney damages was evaluated. The morphological/ultrastructural, functional and toxicological similarities between human and animal nephropathy are studied. The possible hazard of low content of combinations of some target mycotoxins in food or feedstuff ingested by pigs, chickens or humans under natural conditions is evaluated and a risk assessment was made. Some different but more effective manners of prophylaxis and/or prevention against OTA contamination of feedstuffs/foods are suggested. A survey was made in regard to the best possible ways of veterinary hygiene control of OTA-exposed animals at slaughter time for preventing the entrance of OTA in commercial feedstuffs/food channels with a view to reduce the possible health hazard for humans. The economic efficacy and applicability of such preventive measures is additionally discussed and some practical suggestions are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing hazard of joint mycotoxin exposure of animals/humans and the significance of masked mycotoxins in foods or feeds and their respective contributions to the development of some food born mycotoxicoses is briefly reviewed. The importance of joint mycotoxin interaction in the complex etiology of some foodborn mycotoxicoses is covered in depth. The toxicity of low contamination levels of some combinations of mycotoxins ingested often by farm animals was carefully studied. The appropriate hygiene control and the necessary risk assessment in regard to mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds are briefly analyzed and some useful prophylactic measures and management of the risk of mycotoxin contamination, in addition to tolerable daily intakes are also described. A reference is also made to the most suitable methods of veterinary hygiene control in some practical situations in order to prevent mycotoxins contaminating commercial food commodities and endangering public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]