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This article proposed a new triple-band transmission block metamaterial (MTM) for 5G mm-wave applications. The peak transmission-blocking attributes are achieved at 27.09 GHz, 38.71 GHz, and 41.81 GHz frequency by interconnected square split ring resonators (ISSRR). A thin Rogers RT5880 substrate material of thickness 0.79 mm is employed to design the MTM structure, and the unit cell dimension is 5 × 5 mm2. The designed metamaterial shows a −10 dB transmission coefficient (S 21) from 24.60 to 28.47 GHz, 36.50–39.65 GHz and 40.77–44 GHz frequency bands. The design evolution, metamaterial properties, surface current distribution, electric field, magnetic field, and equivalent circuit model are investigated to understand the transmission-blocking property of the MTM. The simulated results of the MTM are validated by measurement of the fabricated prototype, and both results agree well. The transmission-blocking attributes lead the proposed MTM as a potential candidate for different fields like EMI shielding, sensing, and antenna performance enhancement. The dielectric sensor performance of the MTM structure is investigated for different dielectric materials. Besides, MIMO antenna performances are also investigated, and gains of 1–3 dBi, isolations of 5–10 dB, and the radiation pattern deflection angle of 45˚ are enhanced by the proposed MTM. These significant features and applications of the proposed MTM make it a special candidate for 5G mm-wave applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The dielectric properties of silicates are frequency independent from 5 GHz up to around 40 GHz • The dielectric properties of silicates show two resonances at higher frequencies - the boson peak around 2 THz and the Si-O-Si bending vibration around 13 THz • Constructing Cole-Cole plots at THz provided insight into the boson peak and ionic resonance relaxation dynamics [Display omitted] In this paper, a broadband measurement of the dielectric properties of silicates has been done to cover the seldom characterized mm-wave spectrum and the low THz spectrum. The dielectric properties, i.e. loss and permittivity, show a frequency independent response up to approximately 40 GHz and the loss monotonically increases to the THz frequency range. Two resonance peaks appear at THz frequencies: the first is the boson peak, and the second one corresponds to the ionic resonance of the network former, which in this case is silicon. Even though the materials belong to different groups in the silicate family (crystalline and non-crystalline, with different levels of purity), they seem to have the same overall tendency in the dielectric properties. Argand plots are used for the first time at THz frequencies to provide physical insight into the boson peak and ionic resonance. The complex plane analysis reveals details on the polarization mechanisms underlying silicate network vibrations through direct visualization of their characteristic signatures, and simplifies the process of modeling the dielectric response, leading to a better fit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-isolation wideband MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) antenna, shaped like a palm tree, is designed for 5G wireless communication purposes. The propounded MIMO antenna is formulated on an FR4 substrate, featuring a quartet of ports and adhering to a precise dimension of 45 × 50 × 0.8 mm3. A detailed analysis of the proposed high isolation wideband palm tree shaped MIMO antenna, considering its bandwidth, gain, isolation, radiation patterns, and diversity performance metrics such as diversity gain, channel capacity loss, mean effective gain, and total active reflection coefficient, is presented. The results obtained from simulations and measurements demonstrate good agreement, indicating the antenna's effectiveness for intended applications. Indeed, an extensive bandwidth covering a range of 11.6 GHz from 23.4 GHz to 35 GHz is achieved by demonstrating superb reflection coefficient. Additionally, the design reports remarkable isolation and a peak gain of 12.4 dB, indicating its ability to enhance signal strength. One of the most notable features of this MIMO antenna is its coverage of multiple 5G bands, making it ideal for use in various geographical regions, including the USA and Canada (27.5–28.35 GHz, 37.0–37.6 GHz, and 37.6–40.0 GHz), China (24.75–27.5 GHz), Korea (28–39 GHz), Japan (27–29.5 GHz) and Sweden (26 GHz). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the automated design of a power amplifier circuit in a 130 nm BiCMOS technology operating in the 220 GHz to 260 GHz frequency range is presented. The design automation process is based on the RapidIP approach, which enables the evaluation, rating and optimisation of thousands of different circuit topologies within only a few minutes. In total 6. 13 ⋅ 1 0 5 optimisation steps and 2. 6 ⋅ 1 0 4 different circuit topologies have been explored within an overall runtime of 23 min. According to post-layout simulations, the amplifier achieves a saturated output power of 9 dBm with a peak power-added efficiency of 2.8% and a 3 dB-bandwidth of 55 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a high-gain and ultra-wideband antipodal Vivaldi antenna (AVA) with vias-loaded linearized edges for 5G millimeter-wave applications. By replacing the traditional exponential tapered edge by linear tapered slot (LTS), the side-lobe is obviously descended. Moreover, metal vias are loaded on radiation edges, more energy in the main radiation direction is constrained and the antenna directivity and gain performance are improved. A prototype of the proposed antenna was designed, fabricated and measured. The measurements agree well with the simulations, which certify the new way for miniaturization and easier fabrication of the propose antenna. The measured results show that the antenna achieves a peak gain up to 12.1 dBi at 36 GHz and gain of 10.8 ± 1.3 dBi in the operating range from 22 to 40 GHz, where the reflection coefficient is less than −10 dB. The gain increment is up to 2 dB compared with the conventional AVA. Due to characteristics like high-gain, ultra-wideband, and compact size, it is highly well-suited for 5G millimeter-wave applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millimeter Wave (mm-wave) technology is a prerequisite to ensure ubiquitous wireless communication, given the rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure that integrates emerging technologies such as virtual reality (VR), artificial intelligence (AI), etc. However, to ensure the future growth and acceptance of this technology, a highly efficient mm-wave compatible transceiver hardware is essential to be developed. A low noise amplifier (LNA) is one of the modules that directly influences the performance of an IoT transceiver. Numerous approaches have thus far been deployed in LNA design, such as differential cascode topology, active inductor, embedded input balun, transformer-based feedback, current reuse, stacked structure, and body biasing, to standardize various parameters e.g. die area, gain, noise figure, linearity, and power efficiency. Although complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology-based current LNA architectures in the mm-wave range suffer from substrate losses and device parasitic, it is regarded as a competitive solution for THz communication due to its inherent benefits of low-cost integrity, which promotes CMOS LNA design as an emerging research topic. This review presents several CMOS LNA architectures and perceives the adjustments of circuit topologies to ratify LNA structures in mm-wave applications. Furthermore, various state-of-the-art LNA design features are compared to envision CMOS LNA design directions and identify apposite circuit techniques suitable for the imminent 6G communication protocol. Therefore, this review will serve as a comparative study and reference for the future LNA design for the mm-wave sensor transceiver applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Compact Tunable negative Metamaterial for enhanced 5G Communication. • Frequency-Tunable Tri-Square Split Ring Resonator for Bandwidth Optimization. • Empowering 5G with Double Negative (DNG) and epsilon metamaterial (ENG) Properties. • Implement the proposed metamaterial with a new Y-shaped antenna to improve the antenna performance. One of the leading candidates for the next fifth generation of (5G) and body-centric wireless communications is millimeter-wave frequencies. In this study, a wideband tunable metamaterial (MTM) consisting of T-H shaped symmetric resonator is presented for body-centric applications operating in the millimeter-wave frequency band centered at 28 GHz. The characteristics of the proposed MTM are examined through wave propagation in both Z and X directions. It has a wide operating frequency range of 5.6 GHz for waves travelling along the Z-axis, with DNG characteristics at 26.2 GHz resonance frequency. However, it represents a negative epsilon metamaterial (ENG) range during X-axis wave propagation in the 25–29.4 GHz frequency range. The metamaterial is constructed on a Rogers (RT-5880) substrate and has a compact size, with overall dimensions of 0.420 λ o × 0.420 λ o. A proposed Y-shaped antenna is developed with a compact size of 1.36 λ o × 1.82 λ o to cover the 5G at 28 GHz. The single-Y-shaped antenna consists of a radiating patch, Rogers substrate, full ground plane, air bandgap (ABG), and array of DNG MTM. Thus, the array of MTM has been applied to validate the effect in the overall antenna performance such as gain which has been increased from 5.5 dBi to 8.5 dBi. The experimental, simulated results, and equivalent circuit model using Advanced Design Software (ADS) for validation functions showed that the completed results are comparable. The proposed mm-wave metamaterial is expected to be a good candidate for modern 5G wireless communication system components, especially to enhance the antenna gain and isolation. The proposed antenna loaded with MTM is a suitable contender for the upcoming 5G mm wave mobile handheld devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two element multiband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system with low specific absorption rate is proposed for Ka-band space satellite, millimeter-wave (mm-wave), fifth-generation (5G), and future sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication applications. The essential characteristics of both 5G and future 6G communications can be fulfilled by the proposed MIMO antenna design. The proposed MIMO antenna system has significant advantage of covering four relevant and usable frequency bands, i.e., 16 GHz, 25.5 GHz, 28 GHz, and 32 GHz used for the above mentioned applications. The design of the presented antenna looks like a vertical Yagi-Uda antenna with L-shaped ladder. Moreover, two circular slots and a slotted vertical stub are etched in a partially shared ground. The complete electrical dimension of the presented antenna is 6.8 λ 0 × 5. 7 λ 0 × 0. 068 λ 0 , calculated at resonating frequency 25.5 GHz, where λ 0 is wavelength in free space. The geometry of the presented antenna is fabricated using Rogers RO4350TM with dielectric constant (ϵ r) of 3.48, a loss tangent of 0.0025, and the substrate thickness of 0.8 mm. The presented MIMO antenna is excited with a 3 mm wide microstrip feed line having 50 Ω characteristics matched impedance. In terms of performance, the proposed antenna has achieved a reflection coefficient < - 10 dB, and isolation < -15 dB in all the resonating bands, radiation efficiency varies 72%–84%, impedance bandwidth of 4.6 GHz, 1.5 GHz, 1.11 GHz, and 7.5 GHz, and realized gain of 10.18, 12.05, 13.07, & 5.55 dBi is also achieved at frequencies 16 GHz, 25.5 GHz, 28 GHz, and 32 GHz. The achieved values for various MIMO matrices are envelope correlation coefficient > 0.0048, diversity gain of 9.98 dB, channel capacity loss < 0.00023 bits/s/Hz, and mean effective gain < -6 dB. The simulated results obtained by ANSYS I 2022 R2 (HFSS) and the experimental results measured by vector network analyzer (VNA) show a good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A comprehensive design methodology for microstrip broadband attenuators is presented. Closed-form design equations are given for two types of distributed attenuators. The attenuators are based on a cascade connection of thin-film resistors and microstrip line sections. The structure provides maximally flat attenuation and wideband performance without the need of plated via holes to ground, facilitating manufacture as well as achieving proper performance at millimeter wave frequencies. Experimental results demonstrate the validity of the technique applied to 3 dB and 13 dB broadband attenuators on alumina substrate up to 67 GHz. The proposed topology can be applied not only to MIC, but also to MMIC designs at the highest frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a low insertion loss (IL) wideband millimeter wave (mm-Wave) crossover with three-section branch-line structure based on ridge gap waveguide (RGW) technology is proposed. Firstly, the central-crossover is designed, especially two types of tuning pins are introduced, which greatly improves the performance of the crossover. In addition, in order to facilitate the measurement, the transition from rectangular waveguide (RWG) to RGW is designed. Finally, a prototype is manufactured and measured. The simulation results show that in the frequency range of 28.9 GHz to 36.6 GHz, RL is better than 20 dB, while the isolation levels of | S 21 |, | S 41 |, and | S 43 | are lower than −20 dB, −10 dB, and −20 dB over the same band, respectively. IL is below 0.5 dB in the frequency range of 28.15 GHz to 36.65 GHz. Good consistency was observed between the simulation results and the measurement results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a low-profile, compact, high-gain antenna solution for four-port mm-wave broadband MIMO communication in a 5G environment is presented. The proposed antenna design consists of two rectangular patches connected through a corporate feed network and two quarter-wavelength square-shaped CSRRs on the ground plane. The overall size of the proposed four-port orthogonal MIMO configuration is 28.3 mm × 28.3 mm × 0.508 mm. The antenna operates on the 5G frequency bands of n257, n258, and n261 with an effective bandwidth of 3.9 GHz covering the range of 26.5 GHz to 30.4 GHz. The suggested MIMO antenna attained a peak gain of 11 dBi and radiation efficiency of 96% at 28 GHz resonating frequency. The MIMO configuration utilized DGS to minimize near-field coupling current at the ground plane, resulting in high port-to-port isolation of > 40 dB, and co-pol to X-pol isolation improvements of > 9 dB and > 19 dB in the boresight direction of E-plane and H-plane at 28 GHz resonating frequency. The antenna's superior diversity performance is supported by several performance metrics, including ECC(< 0.0001), DG(> 9.999 dB), CCL(< 0.12 bits/s/Hz), MEG (< −3 dB), and TARC. Moreover, the linear transmission property of the proposed MIMO antenna is also validated through the variation of group delay (< 0.6 ns) over operating frequency bands in the far-field region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The development of 5G communication systems is underway. When employing 64 QAM, very low phase noise levels are required to limit EVM - i.e. less than −117 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset from f = 20 GHz. In this paper, the challenges of achieving such a low phase noise are discussed in detail. The choice between CMOS vs BJT devices is investigated and the impact of the base resistance intrinsic in BJT-based VCOs is addressed. BJT-based VCO shows ∼2 dB better phase noise when compared to CMOS-based VCO and low supply is employed. When higher supply is leveraged, BJT-based VCO advantage is kept while CMOS-based VCO is not able to reach the targeted tuning range due to thick-oxide devices parasitics. Emphasis is on the minimization of L/Q inductor versus quality factor ratio, to further minimize phase noise. Prototypes in a 55 nm BiCMOS technology were operated at 2.5 V supply with the largest amplitude allowed by reliability constraints. Measurements show a phase noise as low as −119 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz from a 20 GHz carrier offset with a tuning range (TR) of 19% and FoM = −187 dBc/Hz. Power consumption is 56 mW. To the best of authors' knowledge, the presented VCO shows the lowest reported phase noise among state-of-the-art BiCMOS VCOs with TR>10%. Highlights • Minimization of L/Q ratio is key to achieve very low phase noise levels. • A comparison between class-B/class-C VCOs with BJT/MOS active devices is presented. • BJTs offer several advantages over CMOS for VCO design. • Trade-off between base resistance noise and tuning-range is addressed for BJT/MOS VCOs. • A class-C BJT-based VCO is presented with record phase noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polarization division multiplexed (PDM) microwave photonic link for the millimeter (MM)-wave signal with hybrid modulation scheme is proposed in this paper, which is based on the combination of quadrature amplitude modulation, multi-pulse pulse-position modulation and return to zero modulation (QAM-MPPM-RZ). In this scheme, the two orthogonal polarization states enable simultaneous transmission of four data flows, which can provide different services for users according to the data rate requirement. To generate hybrid QAM-MPPM-RZ mm-wave signal, the QAM mm-wave signal is directly modulated by MPPM-RZ signal without using digital signal processing (DSP) devices, which reduces the overhead of the encoding process. Then, the generated QAM-MPPM-RZ mm-wave signal is transmitted in PDM microwave photonic link based on SSB modulation. The sparsity characteristic of QAM-MPPM-RZ not only improves the power efficiency, but also decreases the degradation caused by the fiber chromatic dispersion. The simulation results show that, under the constraint of the same transmitted data rate, the PDM microwave photonic link with 50 GHz QAM-MPPM-RZ mm-wave signal achieves much lower levels of bit-error rate than ordinary 32-QAM. In addition, the increase of laser linewidth brings no additional impact to the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An InP Double Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (DHBT) technology is presented for millimeter-wave power amplifiers at E-band and higher frequencies. Single- and multi-finger transistors with 0.7 μ m emitter width and emitter lengths of 5, 7, 10 μ m are designed for high frequency and high power applications. The static and AC performances of the fabricated devices are discussed. Reported cutoff frequency and maximum oscillation frequency are f t = 267 GHz and f max = 450 GHz for a 0.7 × 5 μ m P 2 single-finger device, respectively. Results from large-signal measurements at 30 GHz are reported for single and 4-finger devices. Ballasted devices are introduced to improve thermal behaviour and to increase the limits of the safe operating area (SOA). The SOA is improved approximately by 75% for 4-finger devices with 0.7 × 10 μ m 2 emitter. A fabricated monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) at E-band based on stacked InP DHBTs is presented and its performances reported to demonstrate the power capabilities of the technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a mm-wave two-stage push-push BiCMOS frequency quadrupler for E-band wireless backhaul applications. To enhance gain-bandwidth product and overcome the limitations of classic push-push pairs, coupled resonators realized through low-k transformers are employed. A novel transformer layout is proposed for single-ended to differential conversion to achieve superior suppression of differential mismatches and enhanced gain. The measured prototype, fabricated in 55 nm BiCMOS technology, achieves a remarkable 27% fractional bandwidth around the center frequency of 74 GHz with a power consumption of 7 mW only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies is required in order to support the increasing number of connected devices expected from the fifth generation (5G) of mobile communications. Subsequently, the generation of radio-frequency (RF) carriers ranging from 10 GHz to 300 GHz and their transport through optical distribution network (ODN) is a key element of the future 5G fronthaul. Optically assisted RF carrier generation is one of the most promising solutions to tackle this issue, allowing a wide use of analog radio-over-fiber (ARoF) architectures. However the main limitation of these optical methods is related to the finite coherence of lasers sources, which can dramatically degrade data transmission in analog formats. To mitigate its impact, the use of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) as the 5G standard allows employing efficient phase noise compensation algorithms. Therefore, in this study, we present an experimental demonstration of a mm-wave generation technique based on an optical phase-locked loop (OPLL) that fulfills the frequency specifications for 5G. Then, an algorithm is introduced that improves data recovery at reception and reduces the impact of a possible high phase noise carrier. Finally, a back-to-back data transmission experiment is performed, demonstrating the efficiency of the algorithm to reach the 5G requirements. These results emphasize the use of OPLLs as a viable solution to generate mm-wave carriers for 5G and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High performance UAV-assisted communications system using simultaneous wireless information and power transmission (SWIPT) in mm-wave band is presented. UAV is a moving relay powered from a ground source through a power-splitting mechanism. In mm-wave band we utilize antenna array to increase the antenna gain while keeping array size small and practical. The radiation pattern of the UAV antenna is continuously adjusted to peak towards the source and destination. Two array geometries, a line and a cross, are designed for UAV antenna. We achieve near optimal pattern, utilizing innovative low power switches instead of phase shifters which are high power consuming components and using them here defies the purpose. We maximize the end-to-end cooperative throughput by optimizing the UAV power profile, power-splitting ratio profile, antenna weights (0, 1), and UAV trajectory for amplify-and-forward (AF) protocol. We consider two cases. Case1: UAV transmits and receives data simultaneously along two predefined trajectories. The antenna weights for line and cross arrays are optimized utilizing genetic algorithm. The power profile and, power-splitting ratio profile are also optimized using the penalty method. Case2: UAV accumulates the data and power along an optimal trajectory until it reaches the vicinity of target, when it transmits data at high bit rate. Here we define the optimization of parameters mentioned in Case1, while at an optimal point along the trajectory, as sub-problem1, and finding the next optimal point as sub-problem2. Sub-problem1 is solved using the genetic algorithm and dual decomposition method. Sub-problem2 is then solved using successive concave optimization. The overall problem, i.e. cooperative throughput, is solved by reciprocal iteration over the two sub problems. The simulation results show the proposed mm-wave band cross array antenna and switches can overcome the high frequency propagation losses, hence, achieving higher power harvest and data rates. The achieved higher data throughput outperforms the conventional single antenna low frequency systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifth-generation mobile networks (5G) is the established solution to satisfy the highly demanding key performance indicators such as traffic volumes, bit-rate, latency, and power consumption, among others of the future telecommunication infrastructure. The already saturated sub-6 GHz spectral band does not accommodate such requirements and forces the move towards higher frequencies, with the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) domain being an adequate band to operate. However, the exploitation of mm-wave signals in the mobile cells implies the deployment of an enormous quantity of small cells with associated equipment, footprint, and control. Thus, analog radio-over-fiber (ARoF) emerges as a suitable technology because of their attractive benefits such as low latency, low hardware complexity, and reduced power consumption. However, through investigation of experimental ARoF systems adhering to the 5G standard is scarce. Therefore, in this work, a novel and efficient bidirectional ARoF scheme based on multicore fiber (MCF) and oriented to 5G mm-wave communications is proposed and experimentally validated. The setup configurations are according to the 5G standard, enabling a wireless link at 26 GHz (n258, K-band) and time division duplex (TDD) communication. The proposed scheme is thoroughly evaluated under all the 5G numerologies and with different bandwidth settings. Moreover, key design considerations of the experimental testbed are explained and discussed to optimize the final yields of the system. The experimental results of both transmission directions are compared and analyzed, and prove the viability of the proposed bidirectional ARoF system as an excellent solution to be part of the future 5G mm-wave network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a wideband millimeter wave (mm-Wave) high-gain multibeam antenna array fed by Butler Matrix (BM) based on groove gap waveguide (GGW) technology. First, the components of 4 × 4 GGW BM have been designed and analyzed, especially the proposed modified crossover, which greatly improves the performance of BM as feeding network. Then a 2 × 2-element subarray with three layers has been proposed, combined with the 4 × 4 GGW BM to form a 1 × 4 broadside antenna array. Finally, the prototype of high-gain wideband four-beam antenna array has been manufactured and measured. The measured results verify the superior performance of the multibeam antenna array between 26.3-29.7 GHz. The return loss (RL) can reach 15 dB and isolation between ports is also less than 15 dB, and the measured maximum gain of radiation patterns and the maximum radiation efficiency can also reach 19.05 dBi and 86.8%, respectively. The measured results have a good agreement with the simulated results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a wide-band Frequency-Tripler is designed to cover Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave radar (FMCW) in 22-nm CMOS-FDSOI Technology. The designed frequency Tripler upconverts sub-30 GHz signal to cover a wide-band FMCW spectrum (72–84 GHz). In this paper, the silicon validated results of a VCO combined with the proposed frequency Tripler are presented. The design architecture, EM simulation results, measurement setup and silicon result of our fabricated die are covered in this paper. The designed circuit consumes 20 mA of current at the supply voltage of 800 mV. The Tripler works in the input frequency range from 24 GHz to 32 GHz, delivering a wide-band frequency output of 72–96 GHz. The differential output of VCO is capacitively coupled with the input of the multiplier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Parasitic surface conduction of high-resistivity substrates degrades quality factor of inductors. • RF inductors quality factor strongly improves with high-resistivity substrate. • mm-wave inductors need re-design for large gain in quality factor with high-resistivity substrate. The quality factor (Q) of two inductors for 5–60 GHz applications fabricated in an industrial back-end of line (22FDX® from GlobalFoundries) with thick Cu metal layers on top of several Si substrates of different bulk resistivities is analyzed in this paper. The low frequency RF inductor shows an improvement of up to 44% in Q with a high-resistivity substrate. However, no significant improvement is observed for the high-frequency MMW fabricated inductor. This is identified to be due to lower electric field concentration in the substrate due to the small geometry of this MMW inductor that is realized in the top metal Cu layer. Nevertheless, simulations show that a 30% improvement can be achieved with a low loss substrate when designing a MMW inductor as a stacked coil of all BEOL thick metal layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• FDSOI characterized from 2 to 400 K at DC and with S-parameters from DC – 67 GHz. • Measurements and discussion of quantum effects in minimum size MOSFETs up to 50 K. • CMOS TIA design methodology for minimum noise and arbitrary source over temperature. • Analysis of optimal CMOS switch size to maximize bandwidth in high-speed ADCs. • Backgate voltage-controlled mm-wave stacked cascode amplifiers and large-swing DACs. Starting with the full characterization of the n- and p- MOSFETs in a 22-nm FDSOI CMOS process from DC and S-parameter measurements over temperature in the 2 K to 400 K range, we develop circuit design guidelines and design methodologies for digital, analog mixed-signal and mm-wave circuit building blocks that take advantage of the unique features of FDSOI transistors enabled by the presence of the back gate and buried oxide. A constant-current–density-to-backgate-voltage-conversion bias circuit, operating across the entire temperature range is demonstrated to optimally bias CMOS inverters in a variety of digital, analog-mixed-signal and mm-wave circuits for different use scenarios that optimize noise, gain, linearity, and/or bandwidth. Measurement data and constant current density design methodologies are used to illustrate the design of transimpedance amplifiers for qubit readout and fibreoptic receivers, broadband switches, mm-wave time-interleaved ADC samplers, large-swing DACs, and power amplifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new 4-port dual-band printed Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) antenna array operating at 28 GHz and 38GHzin the mm-wave band for 5G communications is proposed in this paper. The designed MIMO antenna array consists of 4 MIMO elements structured with 8 identical patches arranged in 2 × 4 configuration and a cross-shaped defected ground plane on a physical footprint of 43.611 × 43.611 × 0.4 m m 3 Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate. In order to obtain the desired dual-band operation with good impedance matching, enhanced gain and bandwidth, the patch elements are designed by incorporating combinations of circular and semi-circular shaped slots, and the cross-shaped ground plane is modified with an extended circular-shaped defect. The suggested MIMO configuration offers a high gain of about 7.9 and 13.7 dB at 28 and 37.3 GHz, respectively. Furthermore, the MIMO performance metrics of the proposed design are analyzed and presented. The prototype of the designed MIMO antenna has been fabricated and measured to validate the simulation results. The simulation and measurement results show good agreement. The proposed MIMO antenna covers 28 GHz (27.50–28.35 GHz) and 37 GHz (37–37.6 GHz) 5G bands to be deployed in the USA and Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, a comparison is made between two 94GHz differential CMOS power amplifiers. Both a cascode and common source PA are designed and measured. They both show that excellent mm-wave performance can be achieved in a nanometer scale CMOS technology. Design and performance trade-offs between both topologies are discussed. Efficiency, reliability, linearity and stability are key parameters in this discussion. The PA’s were designed in a 45nm low power CMOS process. Low loss transformers with excellent inter-stage common mode rejection are utilized to implement the matching networks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We describe a new air-bridge fabrication technology using electron beam lithography. This novel technique greatly simplifies the lithographic process, eliminating the requirement for complex writing control procedures used in established electron-beam lithography based processes. The new technique is demonstrated using single-dose per layer electron beam lithography and is applied to the fabrication of microwave and millimeter-wave waveguide structures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We proposed a fractal-based dual-mode bandpass filter (BPF) using a standard CMOS process for application of 60GHz WirelessHD system. We first investigated the effect of coupling feedlines of I/O ports set at different layer of M3 and M4 layer on the transmission loss of the resonator, and verified the nature coupling of fractal-based dual-mode filter. Experimental result shows that the designed filter with a fractional-bandwidth (FBW) of 23%, an insertion loss about 7dB and return loss larger than 10dB. Additionally, two transmission zeros are appeared at the passband edges, thus much improve the selectivity of the proposed CMOS BPF. The result indicates that fractal-based structure is feasible and can meet the requirement in the mm-wave application. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer is described which allows for continuous-wave and pulsed EPR experiments at 275 GHz (wavelength 1.1 mm). The related magnetic field of 9.9 T for g∼2 is supplied by a superconducting solenoid. The microwave bridge employs quasi-optical as well as conventional waveguide components. A cylindrical, single-mode cavity provides a high filling factor and a high sensitivity for EPR detection. Even with the available microwave power of 1 mW incident at the cavity a high microwave magnetic field B1 is obtained of about 0.1 mT which permits π/2-pulses as short as 100 ns. The performance of the spectrometer is illustrated with the help of spectra taken with several samples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, we present an extreme learning machine (ELM) neural network designed to perform multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) detection for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communications operating in the 28 GHz frequency band. The ELM strategy can perform online MIMO combining processing. This method does not require offline training like with deep neural networks. The proposed technique was compared in terms of the achievable bit error rate (BER) and spectral efficiency (SE) to the maximum ratio (MR) and minimum mean squared error (MMSE) MIMO detectors, considering an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) uplink scheme based on the fifth generation (5G) New Radio standard. Numerical results show that the ELM strategy outperforms the MR and MMSE detectors since this method reduces the inter-user interference effects, specifically for low equivalent isotropic radiated power at the receiver during the uplink communication. Furthermore, the ELM method requires only 16 % of the floating-point operations required by the MMSE detector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rectangular dielectric resonator based connected ground quad-elements MIMO antenna fed using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is proposed for millimeter-wave 5G application. SIW in TM 10 mode was used to excite multiple modes in the dielectric resonator to achieve multiple resonance. An individual element of the proposed MIMO antenna is arranged in a cross shaped structure to achieve polarization and spatial diversity. The proposed MIMO system operates at dual operating frequency bands having impedance bandwidth of 24% (24.50–27.50 GHz) and 12% (33–37 GHz). The isolation better than 22 dB and 17 dB is achieved throughout the proposed bands without using any additional isolation techniques. The proposed MIMO antenna has a peak gain of 9.9 dB and minimum radiation efficiency of 96%. It radiates in a broadside direction with acceptable MIMO diversity results where envelope correlation coefficient is below 0.15, channel capacity loss is below 0.6 bits/sec/Hz, diversity gain of 9.98 dB, and total active reflection coefficient below −10 dB over the desired band of operation. The prototype of the quad-elements SIW fed DRA MIMO was manufactured after which the antenna and diversity performance parameters were measured and satisfactory correlation is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that proposes a solution for persistent jamming attacks by re-using Design for Testability (DFT) infrastructure for multichip communication. • The paper proposes a novel dynamically reconfigurable MAC and the corresponding synchronization mechanism for all Wireless Interfaces (WI)s under jamming conditions. • An Adversarial ML (AML)-based mechanism for robust threat detection and recovery from persistent jamming-based Denial of Service (DoS) attacks has been presented in the paper. • A novel communication protocol necessary to ensure robust communication even under a persistent jamming-based DoS attack has been developed. • Finally, we analyzed the performance degradation of the proposed security mechanism for different wired and wireless multichip systems under application-specific traffic patterns. Performance of the compute-intensive multichip platforms such as micro-servers and embedded systems are limited by the latency and power hungry chip-to-chip interconnections. Millimeter wave (mm-wave) wireless interconnection networks have emerged as an energy-efficient and low-latency solution for such multichip system communication. We refer such multichip systems with in-package mm-wave wireless interconnect as Wireless Network-in-Package (WiNiP). Despite providing performance enhancements, wireless channel, being an unguided medium, introduces potential security vulnerabilities inherited from traditional wireless networks such as jamming induced Denial-of-Service (DoS) and eavesdropping. Securing the systems against such induced threats often introduce large overheads and performance penalties. To address these challenges, we propose a WiNiP architecture that reuses the in-built Design for Testability (DFT) hardware for securing against external and Hardware Trojans (HT) induced internal attacks. The proposed architecture is capable of securing against adversaries with a reconfigurable wireless interconnection (AWARe-Wi). We deploy machine learning (ML) classifier to detect the threats. In addition, for a robust threat detection, we introduce an Adversarial ML (AML)-based approach in this work. To enable sustainable multichip communication in such systems even under jamming attack from both internal and external attackers, we design a reconfigurable Medium Access Control (MAC) and a suitable communication protocol. The simulation results show that, the ML and AML classifiers can achieve an accuracy of 99.87% and 95.95% respectively for attack detection while the proposed WiNiP can sustain chip-to-chip communication even under persistent jamming attack with an average 1.44 × and 1.56 × degradation in latency for internal and external attacks respectively for application-specific traffic patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a Ka-band 6-bit phase shifter with low phase error, low gain variation and 27–31 ​GHz bandwidth implemented in 65 ​nm CMOS. The phase shifter consists of a reflective-type phase shifter (RTPS) and a 0°/180° switcher. Benefiting from the addition of the switcher and the optimization of RTPS circuits, higher Q of the reflective load is obtained to improve the phase shifting performance. Measured results of the proposed phase shifter show 5.625° (6-bit) phase resolution, 1.64° in-band RMS phase error, 7.6 ​dB gain and 0.59 ​dB in-band RMS gain variation across the 4 ​GHz bandwidth, which are outstanding compared with the state-of-the-art works. The chip has 0.56 ​mm2 area and 24 ​mW power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High Performance Computing (HPC) platforms like blade servers consist of multiple processor chips, which may be multicore CPUs, GPUs, memory modules and other subsystems. In such memory and computation intensive systems one-to-many traffic patterns originate from cache coherency, system-level synchronization mechanisms and other control signals. However, small portions of such traffic can introduce huge local and global congestion, which significantly reduce overall performance and cause energy bottleneck unless low latency transmission is ensured by a one-to-many traffic-aware interconnection architecture. Therefore, these high performance and memory intensive multichip systems require efficient support for one-to-may traffic. Traditional metal-based Network-on-Chip (NoC) interconnection architecture is mostly designed for unicast traffic and therefore not suitable for such one-to-many traffic as it provides high-latency, power-hungry multi-hop paths. To address this issue, we propose the design of a one-to-many traffic-aware Wireless Network-in-Package (WiNiP) architecture by integrating a novel asymmetric wireless interconnection topology, a novel hybrid two-state Medium Access Control (MAC) and flow control. The proposed asymmetric topology, MAC and flow control collaborate with each other to form a low latency, one-to-many traffic-aware WiNiP interconnection architecture and increase system bandwidth with lower energy consumption. Through cycle-accurate simulator we show that the proposed topology reduces average packet latency by 47.92 % and outperforms other interconnection architectures for on and off-chip data transfer for synthetic as well as application-specific traffic patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript introduces a 5G radio access network architecture concept based on ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing (UDWDM) and incorporating an optical fronthaul network that uses a novel wireless antenna system for radio frequency transmission and reception. A ring topology is proposed where optical signals travel within the 5G UDWDM passive optical networks and millimeter waves are generated in the optical line terminals by optical heterodyning. The wireless transmission of the millimeter waves is conducted by an innovative phased array fed reflector antenna approach for mobile communications that grants high antenna gain due to highly focused radiation characteristics, as well as multiplexing gain by multiple beam generation. Furthermore, beam steering is provided by a radio frequency analog beamformer network. Finally, implementation options synthesizing the total system are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]