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This paper investigates the future U.S. demand for streamlined space tourism by showing the missions and factors impacting traveler choices with machine learning. Space tourism is growing and is expected to become available to the masses soon. While private companies need to better understand the demand for space tourism to customize their services, transportation agencies require guidance to support fund management related to commercial space exploration. This work analyzes the three most prominent missions for streamlined space tourism (i.e., suborbital, orbital, and space tourism around the moon) and their selection determinants (i.e., price, safety, training, number of passengers, take-off locations, among other decision-maker factors). A stated preference experiment is constructed to collect data that is analyzed using machine learning. Results provide valuable insights into the mixed opinions of Americans with respect to space tourism, their mission preferences, and risk considerations. • Space tourism serves a niche of high-income travelers. • We investigate the future U.S. demand if space tourism is available to the masses. • A stated preference experiment is constructed to collect data from Americans. • The collected dataset is analyzed using machine learning paradigms. • Results unveil the mission and traveler factors impacting space tourism choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding changes in land use and land cover (LULC) is a prerequisite for the sustainable management of ecosystems, with implications for regulatory policy. In this study, we use a hierarchical approach to quantify long-term changes in LULC in the catchment of the largest Central-European shallow lake (Lake Balaton, Hungary). We evaluate changes over three centuries at the catchment and different spatial levels of the shoreline. Within this framework, we develop a methodology suitable for analysing land use transformations in the shoreline zone, typically affected by LULC changes stemming from mass tourism. Our findings indicate that LULC transformations at the catchment level were relatively minor compared to those observed along the shoreline, where urbanization driven by mass tourism emerged as a drivers of LULC changes. The dynamics of urbanization closely mirrored socio-political shifts and exhibited a strong dependence on distance from the shore. Temporal trajectories of LULC changes revealed that the most significant alterations occurred within the 0–500 m and 500–1000 m shoreline distance zones during the socialist era when the lake served as a focal point for tourism in Central and Eastern Europe. While the process of mass tourism-induced urbanization has declined significantly since the collapse of the socialist regime, the sprawl of urban (built up) areas into rural territories persist. Given the unregulated nature of urbanization at the forefront, we emphasize the importance for policy makers and local stakeholders to control further transformations of semi-natural and natural areas into built up areas along the shoreline. Achieving sustainable LULC management in lakes affected by mass tourism, such as Lake Balaton, necessitates robust legislative and administrative efforts in spatial planning and regulation. This endeavour should be pursued as a shared interest among residents and tourists alike. • Long-term changes in land transformation were quantified. • Temporal trajectories of land conversion depended on distance from lakeshore. • Urban land transformation by mass tourism was the main driver. • Changes corresponded with characteristic socio-political periods. • Tourism planning and land use regulation is required to reach sustainability goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Neoliberal urban development on the Central Coast increases disaster risk. • Mass tourism and informal development are key drivers of vulnerability. • Vulnerability and informality are leveraged against low-income communities. • There is a need for DRR research drawing on political ecology and urban studies. This paper examines the links between neoliberal urbanism and disaster vulnerability in Cartagena, a town on the Chilean central coast. In recent decades, this area has been transformed by speculative urban development, resulting in environmental damage and increased socio-economic segregation. We adopt a political ecology perspective to consider how these changes interact with disaster risk, drawing on ten interviews with representatives of local community organisations, a collaborative mapping exercise and census data. We find that mass tourism and informal urban expansion contribute to environmental degradation, as well as infrastructural and economic fragility, leading to increased risks for residents and tourists alike. We position our case study against the critiques of vulnerability leveraged by several critical geographers, who have come to see the term as depoliticising. While sympathising with these critiques, we argue for the usefulness of vulnerability analyses combining political ecology approaches to the study of human-nature relations and insight from critical urban studies on issues such as neoliberal planning policies, extractivism, urban informality and touristification. Articulated in these terms, vulnerability can be usefully mobilised to push for substantive policy change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on tourists' power in the production of space expressed by their travel attitudes when visiting a rural tourism hotspot that follows a growth ethos and is characterized by mass tourism. It aims to decode how these dynamics influence small-scale rural tourism, contesting sustainable rural change and the rural idyll as perceived by the tourists. For this purpose, a standardized survey amongst visitors at the Giant's Causeway, the most visited tourist attraction in Northern Ireland, was conducted. The results show that sustainability awareness decreases from individual trip tourists to coach trip tourists to cruise ship tourists, and thus segment-specific sustainability governance is desirable. By realizing this, a rural tourism hotspot should function as a hub that coordinates and promotes a network of regional tourism providers in order to enable its genuine integration in the rural community. • I assessed the tourists' power in the production of space regarding sustainability when visiting a rural tourism hotspot. • Sustainability awareness decreases from individual trip tourists to coach trip tourists to cruise ship tourists. • A segment-specific sustainability governance at rural tourism hotspots is desirable. • A rural tourism hotspot should function as a hub that coordinates a sustainability network of rural tourism providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, intensive development of sailing tourism has been observed in various regions of the world. This is a beneficial phenomenon from the point of view of sustainable tourism development because sailing yachts are powered by the wind and therefore do not emit exhaust gas into the atmosphere. Tourists usually travel in small groups, which is not mass tourism that disrupts local communities. It is tourism practised in close contact and with respect for nature. The conducted research combine sailing tourism and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools which are insufficiently used by entities associated with the sailing tourism market. Sailing market research allowed to identify the need to design a comprehensive e-platform for sailing tourism. Its functionality would not only allow a wide presentation of the offer and reach a wide range of tourists but also enables transactions. The aim of the paper is to develop the original concept of a business model of e-platform for sailing tourism. The presented concept is grounded on modified Business Model Canvas (BMC) in terms of its structure and operationalization. The role of cooperation for the development of sailing tourism between private entities and representatives of regional institutions and organizations at national and international levels was emphasized. The cooperation manifested in the integration of activities will allow creating a product commonly used by tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution examines the case of Naples and the impacts of mass tourism on its historical centre. Naples is the third largest city in Italy and the first in the south. The case is presented within the framework of critical urban studies that have delved into the rise of displacement and overtourism in Southern European cities. The paper aims to contribute to the debate, deepening the case of a city that has been less considered, although it has been severely affected by tourism-driven displacement in recent times. The case is presented through quantitative data, maps and short interview excerpts. The findings suggest the need for urgent urban planning intervention in order to avoid the expulsion of inhabitants. In particular, it argues the importance of addressing the issue through land use policy. [Display omitted] • The paper discusses the case of Naples within the frame of the "touristification of the residential", a concept proposed by the author to highlight a phenomenon common to many other European cities. • Italy and Naples are treated as contexts in which can be observed an "housing market rentierisation" (Ryan-Collins & Murray 2021) as a consequence of the "homeownership ideology". • The paper points out that platform mediated short-term rentals are displacing low-income inhabitants from the ancient centre of Naples. • It suggests the adoption of public policies to limit short-term rentals and the adoption of public housing plan in the historic centre to avoid depopulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Semi-natural and urban, and pebbly and sandy beaches showed differences in users' preferences, expectations and perceptions. • The results contrast with the homogeneous and rigid decision-making practices that take place. • Management should be diversified and adapted considering the diversity of beaches and their values. • Mass tourism conflicts with environmental interests, and environmental education may help to raise users' awareness. Abstract Beach management follows a homogeneous and rigid decision-making process that tries to fulfill expectations assumed from mass tourism without really getting to know the real users' perception. Decisions are usually taken without considering the diversity of values of the beaches, causing high environmental, economic and recreational impacts. In this study, users' profiles, expectations and perceptions have been defined on six Valencian beaches with both different degree of artificialization and sediment type. This has allowed a comparison between semi-natural and urban beaches, and between pebbly and sandy beaches. Differences between beach types have been observed, and a critical analysis of the current management framework and practices has been carried out. Therefore, decision-making should take greater account of users, and actions should be adapted to the diversity of beaches and their particularities, leading to a differential beach management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological restoration of coastal wetlands is vital to preserving the integrity of these valuable ecosystems. However, the implementation of ecological restoration should also consider its potential negative effects. This study aimed to evaluate the socioeconomic value of the ecological restoration of a coastal wetland at a mass tourism destination on Costa Brava (Spain). To achieve this objective, 1) we developed a pooled model that combined travel costs and contingent behavior (TC + CB) to assess the influence of ecological restoration on the destination's recreational value, and 2) we performed a cluster analysis and post hoc comparisons after obtaining visitor profiles to understand how restoration influences tourists' contingent behavior. The results of the TC + CB model indicated that wetland recreational value is not significantly affected by restoration. The cluster analysis identified three visitor profiles ( Indifference , Recreation and Preservation ) with unique attitudes toward the wetland and its ecological restoration. These visitor profiles exhibit differences between actual and contingent visiting rates. Notably, the wetland's recreational value will be altered in opposite directions by ecological restoration. Visitors attracted by the natural setting will visit more often, whereas visitors who use the wetland for recreational purposes will tend to visit less often. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, what has become known as collaborative consumption has undergone rapid expansion through peer-to-peer (P2P) platforms. In the field of tourism, a particularly notable example is that of Airbnb. This article analyses the spatial patterns of Airbnb in Barcelona and compares them with hotels and sightseeing spots. New sources of data, such as Airbnb listings and geolocated photographs are used. Analysis of bivariate spatial autocorrelation reveals a close spatial relationship between Airbnb and hotels, with a marked centre-periphery pattern, although Airbnb predominates around the city's main hotel axis and hotels predominate in some peripheral areas of the city. Another interesting finding is that Airbnb capitalises more on the advantages of proximity to the city's main tourist attractions than does the hotel sector. Multiple regression analysis shows that the factors explaining location are also different for hotels and Airbnb. Finally, it was possible to detect those parts of the city that have seen the greatest increase in pressure from tourism related to Airbnb's recent expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benidorm (Spain) is a large-scale tourism destination on the Mediterranean coast, and its temporary population can be divided into users of regulated tourist accommodation and unregistered visitors, as occurs in other destinations. The number of these different types of unregistered temporary inhabitants should be estimated separately to gauge more accurate population figures in tourist destinations which are subject to seasonality. Indicators such as drinking water consumption or solid waste generation are used to estimate the number of unregistered visitors. The results reveal that the average total population of Benidorm at least doubles the registered resident population. Additionally, a population density index has been calculated to assess urban sustainability. The methodology adopted can be applied to other case studies in order to estimate total populations, which is vital for the adequate provision of public services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Durban basin of South Africa has witnessed tremendous urban, industrial expansion and mass tourism impacts exerting significant pressure over marine environments. 43 sediment samples from 7 different beaches (Bluff beach; Ansteys beach; Brighton beach; Cutting beach; Isipingo beach; Tiger Rocks beach; Amanzimtoti beach) were analyzed for acid leachable metals (ALMs) Fe, Mg, Mn, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Co, Pb, Cd, Zn and Hg. The metal concentrations found in all the beaches were higher than the background reference values (avg. in μg g − 1 ) for Cr (223–352), Cu (27.67–42.10), Mo (3.11–4.70), Ni (93–118), Co (45.52–52.44), Zn (31.26–57.01) and Hg (1.13–2.36) suggesting the influence of industrial effluents and harbor activities in this region. Calculated geochemical indexes revealed that extreme contamination of Cr and Hg in all the beach sediments and high Cr and Ni levels poses adverse biological effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass tourism, which has traditionally been associated with an unsustainable use of natural resources and intensive land use, is frequently identified as a major environmental stressor in coastal regions. Nonetheless, mass tourism resorts typically have a compact and vertical urban configuration and have been shown to make more efficient use of water resources than other low-density tourist destinations. This article investigates how the main variables identified by the literature as determinants of water consumption by hotels influences water efficiency in hotels in Lloret de Mar, a well-known mass tourism destination on the Costa Brava in Spain. The results of a generalized linear mixed model show that large, high-rise hotels that attract thousands of tourists annually also benefit from economies of scale in terms of water efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the aims of the Convention on Biological Diversity is to increase terrestrial and marine protected areas by 15 and 23%, respectively, by 2030. However, since indigenous and local communities manage 37% of remaining unprotected natural areas, domestic policies must adequately address the socioenvironmental context of these territories. If not, the progress proposed by the Convention could result in human rights violations and conflicts in poorly managed Protected Areas. To assess this situation, we analyze Mexican mangroves in communal areas influenced by conservation and tourism. Conservation stakeholders value these ecosystems highly for their biodiversity, productivity, and environmental services, but these features are affected by local extractive practices and a tourism sector interested in developing them or transforming them into areas for nature-based tourism. We analyze eight case studies conducted between 2008 and 2019 to compare the conservation policies and socioenvironmental dynamics developed by the tourism sector. This comparative study led us to develop a conceptual model composed of three socioenvironmental stages. Each one relates mangrove conservation to productive activities, regulations, actors, social organization, conflicts, and development challenges. The analysis enhances our understanding of the influence of government policies on socioenvironmental relations and offers recommendations for conservation practices. Managers and policy-makers can use the model to infer the implications of implementing development or conservation policies in distinct socioenvironmental scenarios. [Display omitted] • Mass tourism development and unchecked nature-based tourism might challenge effective mangrove conservation. • We propose three socioenvironmental scenarios for its management in Mexico: "communal", "conserved", and "touristified mangroves". • From the scenarios, it is possible to device situatedconservation strategies. • Scenarios allow to understand the influence of government policies on socioenvironmental relationships. • Management based on scenarios might improve mangrove conservation under the influence of tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural housings' development in reservoir areas of (mass) tourism is a complex process since the areas are under increasing construction sprawls with ecological consequences. This paper presents a new planning approach to develop a reliable model identifying suitable to unsuitable sites for rural housing planning in Alange reservoir areas, Badajoz, Spain. The hybrid model presented herein is the combined application of the geographic information systems (GIS) and the multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) with the fuzzy DEMATEL method in order to make rural housings' suitability map. The sixteen criteria were clustered into four groups, namely physical, natural, environmental and socio-economic group. The FDEMATEL participatory method was applied for groups/criteria weight coefficients calculation regarding with their influence and sensitivity on rural housings' development in reservoir areas under (mass) tourism. Total 146 respondents participated in the weighting process. With the aid of the weighted linear combination (WLC), the final rural housings' suitability map is evaluated for the study area reported on grading scale of 0–1, from least suitable areas to most suitable area. Here, it shows that 17.30% of Alange municipality has a most suitable area for rural housings' development after considering groups with stable sensitive analysis. The proposed methodology and the results, therefore, can be used for sustainable and resilient planning policy at all government levels in the decision-making process due to its flexible character. Thus, this approach could support to verify suitable housings’ sites in areas with similar geographical situations and conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify the different needs for accommodation renovation at mature destinations, as well as to analyse the effect of these needs on a tourist's overall impression regarding the need to renovate the accommodation. From the literature review, six categories of accommodation renovation are identified and tourist attitudes towards them are assessed using the case of Gran Canaria, a mature coastal destination in Spain. Results include a model explaining tourists’ overall impression concerning the need to rejuvenate the accommodation based on the different categories of renovation. A significant negative association between a tourist's evaluation of the overall need for renovation and his/her overall satisfaction is also confirmed. Professional implications in terms of policies and strategies for rejuvenating accommodation on Gran Canaria are suggested, most of which could be of interest for other mature destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The calculation of scenic attractiveness is based on a methodology – the Coastal Scenic Evaluation System (CSES) that includes expert assessment of 26 beach parameters (18 physical, 8 human) resulting in five site classes (I, high scenic value; V, poor scenic value). Eighty-five settlements occur along the Baikal environment, (28 coastal) with 21 being most popular with both locals and tourists because of transport and accessibility were selected for study. Findings suggested that human parameters had a greater negative impact on coastal scenery. Sites with low human values were included in Classes IV and V; beaches, with high scoring physical parameters, e.g. cliffs, dunes, were deemed to be in Class I. Protected areas (National Parks etc.) and the existence of any kind of protection feature is relevant in coastal scenic preservation; 75% of Class I beaches and 37.5% of Class II are located within these areas. Monitoring compliance for environmental protection contributes to the preservation of the natural landscape and has a positive effect on scenic values. Changing human parameters (if possible, as changing physical ones is difficult) can change beach classes by lowering/increasing, by as much as two levels, e.g. Sarayskiy beach increased from Class III to Class IV after it was cleaned of litter. Current Baikal management is at a crossroads between moving toward mass tourism or eco-tourism that is unlikely to be resolved in the near future. Whatever materialises the CSES will help to ensure decision - making is done objectively so that the lake's ecosystem is preserved and justice is ensured for the local population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary tourism products are key draw cards which attract tourists to particular destinations. The diversification, intensification and linkage of these products can be crucial for the competitiveness and sustainable development of destinations. Yet these diverse features and relationships of primary tourism products in destinations are neglected in existing research. This paper develops two conceptual frameworks which assist with analyzing and understanding the features, relationships and strategic options associated with tourism product development, concentration, diversification and intensification in destinations. Tourism product features and options considered here include the development of niche and mass tourism products, parallel and integrative diversification, and thematic and spatial synergies between products. A typology of strategic options for tourism product development and assembly in destinations is presented which is based on the degree of intensification and of concentration and diversification of tourism products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the overwhelming global turbulence seen in 2020, humankind has renewed their pursuit of resiliency and ways to maintain wellbeing. There is limited work on COVID's effects on wellbeing of pilgrims in important pilgrimages, such as the Hajj. The current study offers a timely collection of data obtained from pious worshippers attending the 2020 Matsu pilgrimage. The goal of this work was to understand how to ensure religious tourists' wellbeing during a pandemic through an analysis of the perceptions of pilgrims persevering in their faith, even during this extremely negative world event. The resilience developed and restoration perceived from attending the pilgrimage were found to have significant direct effects on attendees' wellbeing. Thus, this research provides useful references to ways of caring for people's wellbeing that were developed during the pilgrimage, as well as vital information about the psychological resiliency derived from spiritual tourism in hard times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: China has evolved a new domestic model for river-based adventure tourism, a form of passive mass tourism characterised by short trips, in small unguided rafts without paddles, on heavily modified watercourses with exclusive control of access, receiving up to 10,000 clients per site per day. This is very different to international models, which expect much greater individual involvement and responsibility for safety. Client satisfaction is moderate and repeat business low, but the Chinese domestic model nonetheless generates a billion-dollar annual turnover nationwide, with participation to date by around one quarter of China's 18–35 year-olds. This domestic model shapes the expectations of Chinese tourists travelling overseas, with implications for practical safety and satisfaction, and theoretical tests of culture-linked expectation disconfirmation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Mediterranean Region is nowadays deemed to be a 'hot spot' in various respects, including climate change, environment and biodiversity, urbanization and mass tourism, to name a few. This holds true in the case of Mediterranean islands in particular, i.e. places that are globally acknowledged as appealing mass tourism destinations; while at the same time are confronted with severe threats, more intensely presented in islands' overcrowded coastal zones. In fact, intensified Climate Change incidents and related threats, coupled with the escalating – beyond carrying capacity limits – coastal urbanization and mass tourism development, represent currently key policy concerns in Mediterranean islands. These also raise, in a strict and urgent way, the necessity to sketch more sustainable and resilient future pathways, especially in their coastal counterparts. Towards this end, this paper attempts to outline the Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) approach as a means for assessing and steadily monitoring tourism development trajectory in coastal areas of the Mediterranean islands. More particularly, by using the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework as a foundation, it develops and implements a Tourism Carrying Capacity Index (TCCI) that focuses primarily on environmental and manmade dimensions; incorporates mostly tourism-specific variables; and is capable of providing guidance towards planning more sustainable tourism future pathways in coastal areas. TCCI application, demonstrated for the Island of Naxos, Greece, unveils its power as an easy to handle decision-making tool for serving coastal tourism sustainability assessment and monitoring; but also its replicability potential and barriers to implementation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Gulf and Red Sea possess diverse coastal and marine environments that support rapidly expanding mass tourism. Despite the associated environmental risks, there is no analysis of the tourism-related literature or recent analysis of impacts. Environmental issues reported in 101 publications (25 from the Gulf, 76 from the Red Sea) include 61 purported impacts (27 from the Gulf, 45 from the Red Sea). Gulf literature includes quantitative studies (68% publications) and reviews (32%), and addresses mostly land reclamation and artificial habitats. Most Gulf studies come from Iran and UAE (64%). Red Sea literature includes quantitative studies (81%) and reviews (11%), with most studies occurring in Egypt (70%). The most published topics relate to coral breakage and its management. A full account of tourism’s environmental impacts is constrained by limited tourism data, confounding of impacts with other coastal developments, lack of baseline information, shifting baselines, and fragmentation of research across disciplines. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper analyses key factors that determine holiday accommodation prices in Ibiza (Spain), one of the major tourist destinations in the Mediterranean. The paper argues that prices depend on hotel category, accommodation regime and geographical location. The companies that offer accommodation constitute a market dominated by monopolistic competition and characterized by a progressive product differentiation. Using a multiple regression model, tangible characteristics of each establishment are used as explanatory variables of price. In practice, we will attempt to operate with the minimum number of characteristics that give sufficient explanatory power. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Although deterministic models of the evolution of mass tourism coastal resorts predict an almost inevitable decline over time, theoretical frameworks of the evolution and restructuring policies of mature destinations should be revised to reflect the complex and dynamic way in which these destinations evolve and interact with the tourism market and global socio-economic environment. The present study examines Benidorm because its urban and tourism model and large-scale tourism supply and demand make it one of the most unique destinations on the Mediterranean coast. The investigation reveals the need to adopt theories and models that are not purely deterministic. The dialectic interplay between external factors and the internal factors inherent in this destination simultaneously reveals a complex and diverse stage of maturity and the ability of destinations to create their own future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ecotourism sounds unfamiliar to the most of the Indonesian''s ear up to now, although this term was first introduced in the early decades of the 90s. Ecotourism offers a form of travel that is different from mass tourism. More than just offering beautiful unspoiled panoramic, ecotourism provides a learning process to protect and to care the nature, and to improve the welfare of local communities surrounding or within the area of ecotourism destination. A study was conducted to find appropriate approaches for developing ecotourism. The main focus is given to the potential of a regional ecotourism, including human, culture, and supporting resources. Research was also conducted to determine the perspectives of tourists, because their needs’ fulfilment cannot be separated from sustainability of destination. Analysis of data suggested, that the development of ecotourism areas should be based on empowering local communities by education, social entrepreneurship, and cultural preservation programs. Social entrepreneurship can lead to social change for the better welfare and education. Social entrepreneurship will educate people about their nature as social beings, who have the responsibility to improve people''s lives and to maintain their environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper forms a rejoinder to the paper by David Weaver (‘Organic, incremental and induced paths to sustainable mass tourism convergence’). It fully agrees with David Weaver that a sustainable development of tourism should focus on sustainable mass tourism development and not, as is currently the case, so much on niche products labelled ‘sustainable’. However, it critiques Weaver''s operationalization of sustainability, his assumption that sustainable mass tourism (SMT) will be the ‘emergent norm’ due to external factors, and his destination development theory showing different paths that, however, all end in SMT. Finally it is shown that the path development idea might be at odds with systems thinking. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper positions sustainable mass tourism (SMT) as the desired and impending outcome for most destinations. Natural resource scarcity, development of green technology, climate change awareness, the global financial crisis, institutionalised environmentalism and Internet technology all facilitate the emergence of sustainability as a societal norm that is combining with the longer established norm of growth desirability. SMT convergence is occurring along three distinctive paths in an evolutionary manner that reflects environmental pragmatism. The market-driven ‘organic’ path describes the conventional tourism area life cycle model of Butler, whilst the regulation-driven ‘incremental’ path entails deliberate alternative tourism (DAT) in which carrying capacities are gradually increased to accommodate higher visitation levels. The hybrid ‘induced’ path describes planned mega-resorts conceived as growth poles. Each model is invested with its own specific planning and management implications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The island of Majorca is one of the world’s major tourism destinations today, and the headquarters of some of the leading tourism companies. The origins of the industry on the island date back more than a century. More than sixty years of experimentation was needed before a modern tourism business came into being, but when it did so, in 1903, it soon established itself as a major force thanks to the prior existence of an advanced, market-oriented economic environment which proved ideal for its expansion. The Majorcan entrepreneurs adapted quickly to the new kinds of tourism that emerged in the early years of the twentieth century. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: For centuries, the Mediterranean and other regions have become icons for their food, wine, laid-back lifestyle and benign weather, with each of these components ideally complementing the other three. The availability of a local cuisine and local wines provides consumers with memorable experiences. However, in many other regions little is known about ways in which the local cuisine and wine could be ‘married.’ This study examines the views of 55 small winery operators in a region that for decades has been widely known as a mass tourism destination: the Canary Island in Spain. While most operators recognise the potential for a perfect local cuisine–wine marriage, many also mention the missing link between the local hospitality and wine sectors. For instance, respondents argue that restaurateurs are not promoting local wines enough in favour of cheaper imports. The study also discusses the implications of the findings and identifies areas of future research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The consumer is assumed rational, and pursuit of self-utility maximization in Western Economics. Along with the rise of China''s mass tourism, the travel consumer group becomes very compelling, but there are lots of criticisms of irrational consumption as follows, blind imitation consumption, vanity consumption, excessive concerning about price, travel space and time selection unreasonable, consumption structure of eating, accommodation, travel, sightseeing, shopping and entertainment is irrational and alienation travel content, tourists are implementers and responsible persons for irrational tourism consumption. The author believes that it is not tourists that should be the main responsible for irrational tourism consumption, which is related to the immaturity of the whole tourism market, national policies and misconduct of tourism enterprises. Improving tourism supply, ensuring reasonable holiday system and establishing tourism center can make tourism consumption more reasonable and healthy. Accompanied by the gradual maturity of China''s tourism industry, tourism consumption, as a high level of consumption, will incline to be rational. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: International images emanating from Malta’s tourism authorities are of a tourism product typified by quality accommodation, attractive aesthetics, urban environment and design, and the proximity of cultural attractions. The transformation of the resort of Bugibba to meet the demands of these markets and to maintain competitiveness presents many, diverse challenges. The prevailing atmosphere within the resort during the first decade of the 21st century is of a town that is striving to find its contemporary identity. In common with many resorts it appears a faded reflection of its 1970s heyday and is striving to revitalise its fortunes. However, Bugibba’s position as a tourist resort has been shaped by Malta’s National Tourism Plans since 1989, and it is contended here that these plans are contributing to the resort’s decline. Rethinking Bugibba’s next phases of development is bringing about change. Meeting upmarket expectations and image provides a national steer for Bugibba, and the nature of its tourism product has started to alter, albeit slowly. However, to change perceptions of it as a traditional mass-tourism resort will be harder to achieve, and may be made even more difficult during the period of transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To date, most analysis on the historic development of tourism has been limited to observing its evolution through a single Life Cycle identified with the mass tourism stage. However, many of the major destinations have a much longer history and seem to have passed through different consecutive Life Cycles related to different stages. Research shows the value of the Tourism Area Life Cycle combined with Regulation theory when analyzing the long-term historical development of tourism. In this article, we present the case of Catalonia, one of the main tourist destinations in Europe. The article shows how the combination of these theories can be especially practical for constructing a global model that groups tourism development by phases with its paradigmatic changes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The need to tackle climate hazards and development efforts simultaneously is widely acknowledged. However, the possibility of alternative visions of development is seldom contemplated. Instead, adaptation research usually assumes monolithic claims about development constructed from the status quo of global capitalism. This paper outlines a critical approach to adaptation and explores the interplay between visions of development, governance structures, and strategies to cope with hurricanes in the Mexican Caribbean, a region at the ‘front line’ of both globalization and climatic extreme phenomena. Critical adaptation formulates the experiencing of hazards as essentially political and tied to contingent development paths, which may eventually become hegemonic. Over a hundred semi-structured and open interviews were held in Cancun, Mahahual, Playa del Carmen, and Tulum including academics, businesspeople, bureaucrats, journalists, non-governmental organizations and tourism workers in order to characterize development visions in the Mexican Caribbean. Findings show a prevalent hegemonic vision supporting mass tourism growth which encourages hurricane coping strategies based on effective evacuation and attracting investments for rapid economic recovery. The actual implementation of this vision increases social inequalities, degrades ecosystems, and amplifies overall exposure to extreme events. Mass tourism is enforced by undemocratic governance structures sustained by a coalition of government and tourism corporations (a government-capital bloc in Gramsci''s sense). Some weak signs of counter-hegemony were identified in Playa del Carmen, Tulum and Mahahual. These isolated episodes of resistance might have triggered alternative coping strategies despite having little effect in altering the overall course of development. Further critical research is needed to unveil the socio-political foundations of development visions and their influence on capacities to cope with climatic extreme events. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Peru is a South American country that is divided into two parts by the Andes Mountains. The rich historical, cultural and geographic diversity has led to the inclusion of ten Peruvian sites on UNESCO''s World Heritage List. For the potentially negative impacts of mass tourism on the environment, and hence on future international tourism demand, to be managed appropriately require modelling growth rates and volatility adequately. The paper models the growth rate and volatility (or the variability in the growth rate) in daily international tourist arrivals to Peru from 1997 to 2007. The empirical results show that international tourist arrivals and their growth rates are stationary, and that the estimated symmetric and asymmetric conditional volatility models all fit the data extremely well. Moreover, the estimates resemble those arising from financial time series data, with both short and long run persistence of shocks to the growth rate in international tourist arrivals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Increasing mass tourism can generate important microclimatic perturbations and also elevate indoor pollution by the transport of fine particulate matter. The purpose of this research was to study the indoor air conditions in the Royal Museum of Wawel Castle in Cracow, Poland, displaying amongst other valuable works of art also a unique collection of Flemish tapestries. The investigation involved in the determination of transport and deposition of particulate matter brought in by visitors. The microclimate inside the exhibition rooms was also monitored. Samples of suspended particulates were collected inside and outside the museum in winter and summer 2006. On days with intensive tourist visits the concentration of total suspended particulates was significantly higher (i.e., 130 µg/m3 in winter and 49 µg/m3 in summer) than on those days without tourists (i.e., 73 µg/m3 and 22 µg/m3 in winter and summer, respectively). The concentrations of all investigated elements were also considerably higher during the tourist flow. This was especially valid for soil dust associated elements (Si, K, Ca, Al, and Ti), with considerably higher levels in summer than winter. This could be linked with much more frequent tourist activity in the summer period. Also, the concentration of Cl was much higher in winter than summer, due to the use of de-icing salts on the roads and pavements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Balearic Islands are one of the world's leading markets for sun and sand tourism. As an example of mass tourism with high environmental costs, they have been condemned by some authors as entering a final phase of decline. In this paper, the Balearic tourist market is analysed, posing three hypotheses: (1) During recent years certain characteristics of sun and sand tourism have changed, but the tourists' behaviour and needs are far removed from "new tourism" stereotypes. (2) As a sun and sand holiday destination, the Balearic Islands have undergone a considerable restructuring process directed at offering improved quality, and it is, in fact, a competitive destination. (3) The model's persistence, in the long term, must be based on the adaptation of the sun and sand tourism model within the framework of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is currently responsible for the largest, annual human migration in history. This great movement of people has significant positive and negative consequences on nature, societies, cultures and economies. Desired worldwide for its economic benefits, tourism is anticipated to double during the next 20 years, and the multiple consequences of such rapid growth, call for a preventative approach at all strategic and professional levels, in order to avoid negative impacts.Considering mass tourism as a reality of our contemporary life that cannot be neglected by current efforts to endorse sustainable tourism, this paper draws attention to one of its key players—the tour operators—advancing the proposition that they play significant roles in affecting changes in behaviors and attitudes towards more responsible forms of tourism. Aiming to facilitate a constructive debate on the matter, the article presents a few of the most important arguments that underscore the potential that tour operators’ have in promoting sustainable tourism. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Mega-events can captivate global audiences, stimulate economies, increase employment and endow host cities with significant tangible and intangible legacies. However, increasing problems of organisational corruption, escalating costs, exaggerated benefit claims and community disruption indicate need for mega-event reform. This conceptual paper supports a reformist agenda by using a core/periphery perspective to describe and analyse mega-event dynamics. The basic mega-event model consists of an inner and outer core which respectively contain the international and host mega-event elite, and a periphery containing the remaining host community. Unsustainable (dystopic) outcomes result when conflict-based interactions occur between a core employing its authoritarian traits and a periphery employing its anarchic traits. Conversely, sustainable (utopic) outcomes result when resolution-based interactions occur between a core employing its efficiency traits and a periphery mobilising its responsive traits. The paper concludes by discussing strategies for achieving the aspirational utopic scenario within a broader framework of enlightened mass tourism. • Applies a reformist core/periphery perspective to advance mega-event sustainability. • Identifies inner and outer dimensions of the mega event core and periphery. • Uses a dialectical approach to identify dystopic and utopic mega event scenarios. • Leverages enlightened mass tourism as a theoretical basis for achieving the aspirational utopic mega-events scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nha Trang Bay and Cu Lao Cham Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) were established as the first two MPAs in Vietnam to protect the most diverse coral reefs against the impacts of unsustainable resource use. Emerging in a context of increasing decentralisation, the two MPAs have strongly relied on economic incentives, notably funding from donors and NGOs, to encourage behaviour changes towards achieving conservation objectives. Since donor funding ended, economic incentives used in governing the two MPAs have shifted the focus to income generated from MPA user fees. Consequently, the increasing influence of market forces, through mass tourism and incoming fishing pressures, has led to vested interests between provincial/city governments with tourism operators/developers and between local and non-local fishers. This paper stresses that without interventions from the central government or even international actors, the current MPA governance framework and incentives are insufficient to address the growing conflicts between biodiversity conservation and economic development. To improve MPA governance, strengthening legal incentives and stimulating political will from the central government are of the utmost importance. Also, given that social inequity issues are undermining local acceptance and support for MPAs, it is essential to empower local communities in decision-making over their resources by using property rights and promoting small-scale community-based development, while ensuring that such rights and development adhere to MPA conservation objectives. Moreover, tourism operators/developers need to be involved in governing MPAs in such a way that could contribute towards sustainable resource use and social equity for local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural heritage plays a crucial role in modern societies as a symbol of their past and as a way to safeguard their identity in a continuously changing world. Interest in cultural tourism has been growing significantly, and in 2015 it was estimated that it was responsible for 40% of European tourism. Cultural tourism can be a major contribution to the economy of each country, as well as a potential vehicle in facilitating the preservation of cultural heritage if properly managed. However, the high number of visitors will contribute to higher humidity and CO 2 , disrupting the historic climate, and can constitute a real risk for the conservation and indoor air quality. COVID-19 has slowed tourist routes around the world, and this reflection period can be used to assess the sustainability of mass tourism. This paper intends to evaluate the impact of tourism on one of the most emblematic Portuguese monuments, the Monastery of Jerónimos, a UNESCO World Heritage building located in Lisbon. For this purpose, a simulation model of the Monastery was developed with the software WUFI®Plus and validated against the real data. The impact of visitors was evaluated according to the past occupancy, and a forecast for 2027 was performed, analysing the risks for conservation and indoor air quality. It was possible to conclude that even for the current data there was already a risk of fungi proliferation, and that any of the future considered scenarios increases this risk and contributes to the degradation of the indoor air quality. Image 1 • Impact of mass tourism on conservation and indoor air quality. • The importance of validated simulation models as a decision-making tool. • Evaluation of conservation issues by risk-damage functions. • Impact of climate monitoring and simulation models for the preventive conservation. • Limitations to visitors to improve conservation and comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the labour management of hotel chains during the Spanish tourism boom, a period characterized by high labour shortages. Focusing on the behaviour of three prominent emerging hotel chains in the Balearic Islands, we adopt a micro-comparative approach to examine their payrolls. Our findings suggest that the economic and geographical characteristics of the areas where they operated were crucial to their decisions. Firms located in populated areas developed channels of seasonal labour that supplied migrant workers through chain migration and kinship links. Conversely, firms in areas of intense landscape transformation pursued recruitment at origin in specific towns on mainland Spain or in foreign countries. This strategy played a key role in the development of new international tourism destinations. • The characteristics of the areas of business expansion determined labour management. • Chain migration played a prominent role in populated towns and close to urban areas. • In areas of massive spatial transformation recruitment at origin was implemented. • Recruitment at origin was key to develop new top tourism destinations in the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the potentials of co-management and the state of its implementation in, which is an economy in transition and highly dependent on tourism. The study will focus on multi-level governance structure/behavior in the public sector and quasi-governmental institutions, private sector, and the role of NGOs in relation to local-level commons. Tourism is an energy intensive industry with a high carbon footprint, which immensely affects the common pool resources (CPR) and ecosystems. With such combative relation between tourism and CPR, co-management offers a solid platform for institutions and resource users to share power and collaborate to reconcile the strife between tourism and ecosystems. This study conducted an in-depth interview to obtain qualitative data. MAXQDA12 software was utilized for the data analysis. The results showed that despite an awareness of the environmental challenges and perils of mass tourism, potentials of co-management has not been realized through a multi-level governance approach to tackle the challenges. The implications and limitations are also elaborated. Image 1 • Co-management approach proposed for achieving sustainable tourism and environmental quality. • Co-management approach proposed to embark upon a transformative planning towards protection of common pool resources. • Co-management approach proposed as a holistic pathway for cohesion and collaboration among stakeholders and institutions. • Co-management approach has the potential to integrate environment, common pool resources and sustainable tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aims of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are the conservation of natural habitats and their biological resources, together with the promotion of an eco-compatible economic fruition. In Mediterranean MPAs, the main threats for hard bottom benthic communities come from fishing and mass tourism, in terms of boating and SCUBA diving. The Portofino MPA (Ligurian Sea, North-western Mediterranean Sea) is one of the top diving destinations in Europe and currently hosts an average of 40,000 dives per year, which are mainly carried out along coralligenous cliffs, a habitat of European Community interest, particularly vulnerable to mechanical damages due to the fragility of its numerous calcified species. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effects of recreational SCUBA diving on benthic ecosystems characterised by the presence of red coral and other associated fragile species. The impact was assessed through the analysis of the biomasses of target organisms (Corallium rubrum, Leptopsammia pruvoti, Madracis pharensis , and six species of bryozoans) whose fragments were found in the sediments at the base of the cliff. The amounts of these fragments inside the detritus in highly frequented sites were significantly higher than those measured in undisturbed sites, of up to 10 times. Our data suggested a recurrent mechanical action, with also very recent breakages, as demonstrated by the occurrence of living, freshly detached organisms. Red coral and other calcified species may be sensitive also to natural (heavy storms) and human (fishing) mechanical pressures other than diving: the characterization of these impacts in the study sites, however, indicates divers frequentation as the major contributor to the damages inflicted and suggests the need for specific management measures. • Evaluation of SCUBA diving effects on calcified, fragile species. • Comparison among two frequented and two pristine sites in the Portofino MPA. • Impact assessed comparing specimens' abundance on cliff and in underlying sediment. • Target species fragments in sediments 10 times higher in highly frequented dive spots. • MPA management urges to find a balance between fruition and mitigation of impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Peeters’ well-considered rejoinder emphasises the utility of a systems approach for framing the planning and management of sustainable tourism that takes into account global as well as local impacts. All five factors that are alleged to facilitate sustainable tourism are necessarily dynamic and speculative, and hence contestable, and more attention needs to be paid to the synergistic effects of all five interacting together. A reform-based path to sustainable mass tourism convergence, proceeding along organic, incremental and induced paths, is therefore still regarded as a valid macro-perspective on the evolution of contemporary tourism. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]