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• Horticultural crops are essential for human nutrition, providing vital nutrients and contributing to aesthetic beauty. • Abiotic stresses pose a significant challenge to global crop production and food security. • Although, the application of melatonin in plants is still an emerging field,notably in boosting tolerance against abiotic stresses. • This review provides an overview of the potential benefits of melatonin in enhancing the abiotic stress tolerance of horticultural plants. Horticultural plants face significant challenges in maintaining productivity and quality owing to environmental stresses, including salinity, drought, heavy metal toxicity, and extreme temperatures. As a consequence, effective strategies are needed to enhance plant resilience to mitigate the effects of these stresses. Melatonin, a naturally occurring molecule, has emerged as a promising tool to improve abiotic stress tolerance in horticultural plants. Melatonin exhibits multiple protective mechanisms, including scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhancing antioxidant defense systems, regulating stomatal closure, modulating gene expression, and promoting osmotic adjustment. This review highlights the potential application of melatonin as a novel approach to enhance abiotic stress tolerance and boost plant growth and physiological functions in horticultural plants, necessitating further research and practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of horticulture crops is severely restricted by abiotic stress factors such as salinity, drought, temperature fluctuation (low and high), and heavy metals (HMs). Abiotic stress causes metabolic changes in horticultural plants that impair growth and productivity. In this era of global climate change, extreme environmental conditions reinforce the situation and severely limit plant growth and productivity. Researchers have been investigating for a long time to determine how resilience and response to environmental stress elements. The use of phytohormones to mitigate the adverse effects of abiotic stresses on horticultural plants has been widely acknowledged as a powerful strategy. Salicylic acid (SA) has been extensively studied for its importance in improving plant abiotic stress tolerance. However, the processes that may underlie SA-induced plant tolerance to significant abiotic stressors are still poorly understood. Based on recent reports, this paper provides an overview of the role of SA in horticultural plants under both optimal and stressful conditions; critically evaluates the role of SA in plants exposed to key abiotic stresses; discusses potential mechanisms potentially governing SA-induced plant abiotic stress-tolerance; and briefly highlights significant aspects that have yet to be explored in the current context. [Display omitted] • Abiotic stresses significantly hindered plant growth and development. • Salicylic acid is a phenolic molecule that regulates plant growth and development. • Salicylic acid efficiently protected leaf photosynthetic efficiency under stress environment. • Salicylic acid reduced oxidative damage and increased antioxidant enzymes activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Salt stress affected overall growth of Brassica rapa seedlings. • Selenium seed priming augments NaCl tolerance of B. rapa. • Priming improved antioxidant system, chlorophyll content and plant growth. • 75 µ molL−1 Na 2 SeO 4 was best priming solution to improve plant growth under NaCl stress. Horticultural crops are usually very susceptible to salinity stress during germination and plant growth. The current research work describes the potential of selenium (Se), an antioxidative element to alleviate salinity stress in Brassica rapa. For this purpose, 50,75 and 100 µ molL−1 Na 2 SeO 4 were used as seed priming solutions. Effects of Na 2 SeO 4 seed priming were observed on the growth, stress biomarkers, mineral nutrition, and antioxidative defense machinery of B. rapa var. purple top white globe subjected to 200 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) stress. Salt toxicity reduced root growth, shoot growth, biomass production, chlorophyll content, nutrition, and gas exchange parameters in seedlings. Moreover, NaCl-induced oxidative injury enhanced the biosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation in treated plants. Conversely, Se-2 treatment alleviated NaCl stress by modulating the biosynthesis of total soluble sugar, and proline, and improving the activity of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT). Likewise, changes in the expression level of CAT, POD, SOD, and APX genes augmented ROS scavenging capacity in Se-treated plants. Additionally, Se treatment diminished Na+ content and enhanced Se content responsive for the higher defensive role in the treated seedlings. The in-silico data obtained through molecular docking of Na 2 SeO 4 , NaCl, and antioxidant macromolecules cytochrome P450 (CYP), lipoxygenase (LOX), and xanthine oxidase (XO) also confirmed the salt stress ameliorative potential of Se in B. rapa. Invitro and in silico results demonstrated that seed priming with optimum Se-2 concentration effectively mitigates salt toxicity and improves the growth and nutrition of B. rapa plants. The findings of the present study provide integration of conventional physiochemical and molecular techniques besides a novel computational modelling system to assess salt stress ameliorative efficacy of Se seed priming in B. rapa plants seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current consumer needs for functional and healthy foods, as well as for diversified diets that include a variety of food sources have created a market niche for novel horticultural products such as edible flowers and related food formulations. Considering the increasing interest on this crop production sector during the last few years, this review aims to compile the most relevant data regarding the production and marketing aspects of edible flowers, focusing on pre- and postharvest parameters that should be taken into account to facilitate their successful marketing. Moreover, this review presents the most important flower species that have been traditionally used or suggested for edible uses, while the sensorial attributes and the mineral profile of edible flowers are also presented. A special section is dedicated to the aroma components and the essential oils of several flower species focusing on those reports which refer to species with edible uses, while the bioactivities of these compounds are also cited. Finally, future remarks regarding the next steps that are required for the establishment of this new food segment in the market and the consumer awareness for related products are discussed. Edible flowers is a promising and challenging horticultural crop which could provide alternative solutions to farmers under the ongoing climate changing, having also in mind the sustainable use of natural resources, the diversification of agroecosystems and the preservation of biodiversity. Moreover, food industry could benefit by covering market demands for functional and healthy foods through the development of novel floral-based foods and food formulations, thus allowing the valorization of species that are unexplored or underexplored so far. • The current market trend asks for functional and healthy foods and diversified diets. • Edible flowers may enhance the visual quality and nutritional value of food products. • Edible flowers is a promising and challenging horticultural crop. • Cropping of edible flowers will assist farmers to adapt to modern agriculture needs. • New floral foods and food formulations will valorize underexplored species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant cuticle plays a crucial role in modulating postharvest quality and extending shelf life of horticultural crops. Passion fruit often suffers from quality degradation primarily due to peel wrinkling after harvest. Tea polyphenols (TPs) hold potential for enhancing postharvest preservation. However, the specific effects of TPs coating on preservation of passion fruit, as well as the underlying mechanisms involving cuticle regulation, have not been thoroughly investigated. This study demonstrated that treating 'Qinmi no.9' passion fruit with TPs at a concentration of 0.1 g L−1 significantly mitigates weight loss, maintains firmness, and reduces cell membrane permeability during storage at 10 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that TPs treatment notably enhances cuticle thickness and structural integrity. Furthermore, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and metabolomics analyses indicated that TPs treatment obviously promotes the accumulation of palmitic acid, stearic acid, and their derivatives—primarily 12-Octadecenoic acid and 10(E)-Octadecenoic acid—as well as increases the levels of 11-Octadecenoic acid, primary alcohols such as 1-Eicosanol, and long-chain alkanes (including C31 and C32 alkanes) in the fruit peel cuticle. These biochemical changes contribute to the quality maintenance of passion fruit during cold storage. The findings suggest that TPs treatment is a promising biological strategy for extending shelf life and mitigating quality degradation by regulating cuticle metabolism in postharvest passion fruit. [Display omitted] • TPs coating reduces weight loss and maintains storage quality of passion fruit. • TPs coating enhances cuticle thickness and structural integrity in passion fruit. • TPs coating promotes palmitic acid and stearic acid accumulation in peel cuticle. • TPs coating increases 11-Octadecenoic acid and long-chain alkanes in cuticle. • Improvement of cuticle properties contributes to quality maintenance of passion fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Self-circulated liquid desiccant system is developed for greenhouse cultivation applications. • Three different halide desiccants are studied: LiCl/H 2 O, CaCl 2 /H 2 O and HCOOK/H 2 O. • Dynamic moisture content and moisture effectiveness characteristics are studied in detail. • Maximum dehumidification effectiveness is found to be around 76% with LiCl solution. • Min moisture: 7.64 g/kg da via LiCl dehumidification, max regeneration: 23.9 g/kg da with CaCl 2. Effective thermo-hygrometric control is essential for buildings and greenhouses, particularly in green and low-carbon production. There is growing interest in integrating heat pumps with liquid desiccant systems to enhance energy efficiency and reduce system size in air moisture control. The current study investigates a novel liquid desiccant system combined with a heat pump for continuous, energy-efficient dehumidification and regeneration in horticultural crop cultivation in greenhouses. The uniqueness of the developed system lies in its integration, contrasting with previous liquid desiccant systems designed with separate dehumidifier and regenerator. A semi-theoretical model is developed and validated using in-house experimental datasets to simulate novel liquid desiccant system performance. Results demonstrate that the system effectively maintains air humidity levels, with a maximum enthalpy demand for dehumidification of 99.1 kJ/kg at a solution temperature difference of 40 °C during summer. The minimum achieved moisture content with lithium chloride, calcium chloride, and potassium formate is 7.64 g/kg da , 8.1 g/kg da , and 7.78 g/kg da , respectively, while regeneration produces maximum moisture contents of 23.5 g/kg da , 23.9 g/kg da , and 23.7 g/kg da. The system's maximum effectiveness reaches 76 %, 75 %, and 74 % for lithium chloride, calcium chloride, and potassium formate, respectively. When dehumidification demand exceeds 1,500 h annually, the payback period is five years or less, making the system suitable for new installations and retrofits. A case study considering outdoor conditions in the northeastern United Kingdom presents simulation results for two distinct scenarios, demonstrating the system's potential in real-world applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit are an important source of human dietary nutrition, in which carotenoids are crucial for their appearance and nutritional quality. However, the regulatory network of carotenoid biosynthesis in the fruit of horticultural crops remains obscure. Here, a natural tomato mutant, yellowing mutant (ym), in the genetic background of Solanum lycopersicum cultivar 'Zhongshu 4' (ZS4) was investigated. Phenotypic analysis showed that the coloring of ym fruit was delayed compared to their wild type, and carotenoid content in ym fruit was significantly lower than that of ZS4 fruit. Integrative metabolome and transcriptome profiling was used to analyze the dynamic changes of carotenoid metabolite content and gene expression in ZS4 and ym fruit during ripening, and differences in carotenoid metabolite content and gene expression between ZS4 and ym fruit were compared. In contrast to ZS4 fruit, the content of carotenes dramatically decreased in ym fruit, of which phytoene and lycopene levels were down-regulated in ym throughout fruit ripening. In the process of fruit ripening, the transcriptome fluctuation of ym was obviously stronger than that of ZS4. Differences in gene expression between ZS4 and ym gradually reduced with fruit ripening. Furthermore, 105 consistently up-regulated and 113 consistently down-regulated genes were found in ym fruit during ripening. KEGG pathway enrichment analyses indicated that differentially expressed genes between ZS4 and ym were implicated in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Correlation analysis showed that 28 genes were positively correlated with phytoene and lycopene content, including SlNF-YA3b (Solyc12G000315) encoding an NF-YA subunit of nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) transcription factors. Expression analysis exhibited that SlNF-YA3b presented a ripening-related expression pattern. Virus-induced gene silencing demonstrated that SlNF-YA3b positively regulated carotenoid accumulation in tomato fruit. Yeast-one hybrid and transcriptional activity assays showed that SlNF-YA3b could bind to the promoter of the carotenogenic gene SlPDS (Solyc03G003570) and promote its transcription. These data suggest that SlNF-YA3b may participate in the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato fruit by directly activating the expression of SlPDS. Our findings not only achieve deeper insights into the regulatory mechanisms of carotenoid biosynthesis in the fruit of horticultural crops but also provide better guidance for the improvement of fruit quality maintenance technologies. • Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analyses are performed in ym fruit. • Phytoene and lycopene are critical for the abnormal coloration of ym fruit. • A total of 28 genes are correlated with phytoene and lycopene in tomato fruit. • SlNF-YA3b positively regulates carotenoid accumulation in tomato fruit. • SlNF-YA3b activates the expression of SlPDS by binding its promoter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosa roxburghii Tratt is a well-known horticultural crop that produces fruits with extremely high l -ascorbic acid (AsA) levels, and GDP- l -galactose phosphorylase2 (RrGGP2) encodes a major enzyme operating in AsA biosynthesis. This study aims to elucidate the transcriptional mechanism of RrGGP2 underlying AsA overproduction under abiotic stress. Herein, the sequence of RrGGP2 promoter (PRrGGP2) was isolated. The analysis of the PRrGGP2 detected an upstream open reading frame encoding a 64-amino acid peptide as well as a number of cis -acting elements responsive to environmental factors and hormones. Several truncated promoter fragments were constructed for dual-luciferase assays which revealed a critical promoter region (−1949 to −2089 bp) for PRrGGP2 activity. Overexpressing β-glucuronidase (GUS) and RrGGP2 under the control of PRrGGP2 in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana increased the GUS activity and AsA content, respectively. Furthermore, the extent of the increases was significantly influenced by temperature and abscisic acid. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays indicated that RrNAC56 could activate PRrGGP2. Cold stress significantly increased the transcription of RrNAC56 and RrGGP2 in R. roxburghii fruits, which resulted in AsA accumulation. These findings offer a theoretical foundation for understanding the transcriptional regulation of RrGGP2 , while also uncover a novel mechanism of RrNAC56- RrGGP2 module-mediated abiotic stress response via regulating AsA synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cucumber as donor and melon as receiver crop were tested in a cascade soilless system. • Compared to monoculture the cascade system increased the water use efficiency by 22%. • Compared to monoculture the cascade system increased nutrients use efficiency by 20%. • Compared to monoculture the cascade system reduced about 80% nutrients leaching. Enhancing the sustainability of horticultural crops in the Mediterranean region is of great importance, with a particular focus on the simultaneous reduction of water and fertiliser consumption and the improvement in crop productivity. In the current study, the efficacy of a cascade soilless system was assessed, which utilised the drainage of a cucumber (donor) cultivation to meet the nutritional and water needs of a melon (receiver) crop, both grown in perlite slabs. Melon crop irrigated with standard nutrient solution, served as control treatment. The cascade system was assessed in terms of water (WUE), nitrogen (NUE), phosphorus (PUE), and potassium (KUE) use efficiency. In addition, the total consumption and the mineral composition of the supplied nutrient solution during cropping were monitored and the N and P emissions to the environment were estimated. The effects of the treatments on plant growth and yield as well as the nutrient absorption of the melon crop, was also examined. The results showed that the WUE of the cascade system demonstrated a 22% increase compared to the cucumber monoculture system. The NUE and PUE increased substantially by 21.7% and 21.8% compared to the monoculture system respectively, while the KUE increased by 9%. Notably, plant growth and yield of the receiver crop were not affected when fertigated with the drainage solution derived from a cucumber crop. Finally, the implementation of the cascade system contributed to a remarkable reduction in N and P leaching into the environment by 70% and 86%, respectively. These results underscore the potential of cascade soilless systems as a sustainable and resource-efficient approach in Mediterranean horticulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The shape of mature melons can be predicted by examining the ovary shape during the early developmental stages of the pumpkin. • At the cellular level, pumpkins with different fruit shapes exhibit variations in both cell number and size within their flesh. • Key genes and transcription factors involved in the auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways interact to collectively regulate the shape of pumpkin fruit. Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) is a prominent cultivar in China and is highly favored by consumers. Fruit shape is a critical agronomic trait in horticultural crops, which significantly contributes to their commercial value. In this study, we compared the two inbred lines of Cucurbita maxima , 'CNG2–3–1–1′ and 'BL27–3–2–1′, which exhibited significant difference in fruit shape. We observed that 'CNG2–3–1–1′ had a notably higher fruit shape index than 'BL27–3–2–1′, potentially due to variations in gene expression regulating cell division and expansion throughout fruit development. Furthermore, fruit shape was clearly discernible in both inbred lines at the ovary stage. Transcriptome sequencing was performed at five developmental stages of the inbred lines, coupled with weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and interaction networks of select differentially expressed genes involved in fruit shape regulation. The findings revealed the detection of 25,653 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In the growth hormone signaling pathway, CmaAux/IAA, CmaAUX1, CmaGH3 , and CmaSAUR , as well as CmaARR, CmaCRE1 , and CmaAHP in the cytokinin signaling pathway, exhibited differential expression between the two inbred lines. Moreover, analysis of differentially expressed transcription factors across various developmental stages suggested that CmabHLH, CmaERF, CmaWRKY, CmaHD-ZIP , and CmaMYB transcription factors may be associated with fruit expansion. It is postulated that these factors interact with target genes to collectively govern cell division and expansion in both horizontal and vertical directions, thereby influencing fruit shape difference between the two inbred lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sixty NAC transcription factors were identified, all having NAM domains, and phylogenetic trees revealed that they were grouped into three subgroups, and their promoters contained large numbers of cis-acting elements associated with light and hormones. • The screening that AcNAC12 and AcNAC17 has a correlation with AcFMO1 expression and may be involved in CSOs synthesis. • AcNAC12 and AcNAC17 binds to the AcFMO1 promoter, activates its expression. AcNAC12 and AcNAC17 was transiently silenced, AcFMO1 expression was downregulated. AcNAC12 and AcNAC17 may participate in cso synthesis by regulating AcFMO1 expression. • This study provides valuable insights into the regulation of CSOs synthesis by acnacs. The NAC family, a specific type of plant transcription factor, has been identified in various horticultural crops. Nevertheless, the comprehensive bioinformatics and biological function of the NAC family in onion remain unclear. S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxides (CSOs) are crucial for onion flavor quality and health effects. There is a growing interest in studying the mechanism of CSOs synthesis regulation in onions due to the increased realization of their potential value. In this study, sixty members of the NAC family was identified based on transcriptomic data. These transcription factors were distributed on eight chromosomes of onion. Phylogenetic tree showed that AcNAC members were divided into three groups with similar conserved protein motifs. Cis-acting elements analysis showed that the promoter of AcNACs contained a large number of photoresponsive and hormone-responsive elements. The correlation analysis of the expression patterns of transcriptome data selected 18 AcNACs that might regulate the synthesis of CSOs. Two putative NAC transcription factors, AcNAC12 and AcNAC17 , were speculated as potential regulators in the biosynthesis of CSOs in onions through the analysis of expression patterns of AcNAC genes across different growth stages and cultivars, as well as Y1H, dual luciferase, GUS staining, and gene suppression experiments. This study aims to provide suggestions and research directions for further investigation of the functions of AcNAC family members and regulatory pathways for CSO biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Developed a regression model linking moisture content to mechanical properties of tomato stems, facilitating prediction and analysis. • Constructed a comprehensive 3D microscopic model detailing the internal structure and behavior of tomato stalks under various conditions. • Optimized ultrasonic cutting parameters based on empirical data, enhancing efficiency and precision in harvesting. • Quantified the impact of varying moisture levels on the efficiency of ultrasonic cutting, providing insights into material adaptability. Ultrasonic vibration has notable benefits in the harvesting and processing of tomato stems, particularly in reducing cutting force and minimizing moisture loss. Given the anisotropic nature of biological materials, the moisture content of tomato stems significantly impacts their physical properties. This study investigates the influence of varying moisture content on temperature and cutting force during the ultrasonic cutting of tomato stems. Initially, the moisture content of tomato stems at different maturity stages was measured using a water activity meter. Mechanical properties were characterized using a universal testing machine, and thermal properties were analyzed with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Regression models were established to correlate moisture content with these material properties. Additionally, a three-dimensional microscopic model of stem skeletons, interfaces, and fiber bundles was created to simulate the fracture mechanisms during ultrasonic cutting under different moisture levels. Single-factor and response surface optimization experiments were conducted using a custom experimental setup under varying maturity stages, excitation frequencies, and voltage variations. Results showed that after 24 h, the peak temperatures for tomato stems at different maturity stages were 97.84 °C, 80.59 °C, and 74.15 °C, with corresponding cutting forces of 0.492 N, 0.544 N, and 0.998 N, respectively. The discrepancy between experimental results and simulation data was within 10 %. Higher moisture content was found to enhance the thermal conductivity of fiber materials, aiding in the fracture of fiber bundles, thus reducing cutting time and force. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the application of ultrasonic technology in the efficient harvesting and processing of industrial crops, with significant implications for horticultural crop treatment and processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanin is an essential pigment in all major horticultural crops especially in ornamental trees. Magnolia wufengensis (new species of Magnolia) with red color flower was recently found as a popular species for ornamental use, but anthocyanin synthesis and regulation in M. wufengensis are poorly understood. Herein, transcriptome analysis was used to decipher the gene network associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis. An R2R3-like MwMYB-1 transcription factor was found. MwMYB-1 overexpression resulted in anthocyanin accumulation in tobacco and Arabidopsis. MwMYB-1 worked independently rather than forming a protein complex with bHLH or WD40 protein. According to MwMYB-1 DAP-seq analysis in Arabidopsis, the MwMYB-1 transcription factor preferred to bind the "AAGAGAG" motif (DREME-5) in the third exon of the AtMYB75 gene. The yeast one hybrid assay and transcription activity assay further confirmed this. Thus, MwMYB-1 activated AtMYB75 gene expression and conducted cascade amplification of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Taken together, our findings provide a novel understanding of anthocyanin biosynthesis regulation in M. wufengensis and can be used to promote agronomic trait improvement in tree species. • MwMYB-1 is a R2R3-like transcription factor in Magnolia wufengensis. • MwMYB-1 prefers to bind the "AAGAGAG" motif in the third exon of the MYB75 gene. • MYB75 gene is the target of MwMYB-1 in anthocyanin synthesis regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy status of cells is a key factor in switching on the senescence process of horticultural crops. Extracellular ATP (eATP) and its receptor DORN1 play pivotal roles in responding to energy deficit signals and are involved in multiple biological processes, yet their mechanisms remain unclear. A total of 17 LcDORN1 genes were identified in the genome of litchi. During storage of litchi fruit, eATP gradually acummulated with the upregulated expression of LcDORN1s. However, this trend was delayed by the application of exogenous ATP, ultimately leading to delayed senescence of the litchi fruit. LcDORN1.2 and LcDORN1.6, which were verified to be localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, were specifically targeted and modulated by LcmiR3627f and LcmiR159b , respectively. The expression of LcPLD was upregulated, whereas the expression of LcAPY1 was downregulated in LcDORN1.6 silenced litchi fruit. This research provides novel insights into the roles of eATP and its receptor, LcDORN1s, in the ripening and senescence of litchi fruit. • Totally 17 LcDORN1s were identified as eATP receptor genes in litchi genome. • LcDORN1 negetively regulates energy homeostasis and litchi senescence. • LcDORN1.2 and LcDORN1.6 were seperately targeted by LcmiR3627f and LcmiR159b. • LcDORN1.2 and LcDORN1.6 were localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Botrytis cinerea is a devastating phytopathogen causing great losses to many horticultural crops. As an important environment factor, light has a decisive influence on the formation of conidia and sclerotia of B. cinerea. Several light-responsive genes have been identified in B. cinerea , but the metabolic basis of photomorphogenesis is still unclear. In this study, we compared the metabolite profile of B. cinerea culturing under light and dark conditions by untargeted metabolomics. The results indicated that the metabolite composition of B. cinerea showed significant separation under different light conditions or at different developmental stages. The formation of sclerotia involves more metabolite rearrangement than the conidiation process of B. cinerea. The biomarkers of conidia and sclerotia of B. cinerea were screened based on ROC curve analysis. In addition, we screened out 6 metabolites strongly induced by light, among which ferulic acid had a significant effect on the photomorphogenesis of B. cinerea. The results of this study will help us better understand the light responsive mechanism of B. cinerea at metabolic level and lay a foundation for the control of fungal disease. • Light is the determinant of the formation of conidia or sclerotia in B. cinerea. • Light regulates the metabolite composition of B. cinerea. • The biomarkers of conidia and sclerotia of B. cinerea were screened. • Ferulic acid has significant effect on the photomorphogenesis of B. cinerea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface-applied mulches help retain soil moisture and optimize soil temperature while preventing weed growth and benefiting many horticultural crops. The most common mulch material is low-density polyethylene (LDPE), is typically landfilled, buried, or burned at the end of growing season causing negative environmental impacts. The goal of this research was to develop soil-biodegradable, liquid-applied (i.e., hydromulch) alternatives to LDPE mulch and optimize formulations that are acceptable for organic horticulture. Hydromulch (HM) treatments contained mixtures of paper pulp, wood fiber, or hemp hurds (Cannabis sativa L.) combined with various tackifiers and water. The tackifiers were guar gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.), psyllium husk (Plantago ovata L.) , and camelina meal (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz), included at various proportions. Hydromulch samples were tested for physical properties (density, water holding capacity, C:N ratio, soil adhesion) and mechanical properties (tensile strength, puncture resistance). Hydromulches containing no tackifiers were included as controls to determine if the addition of tackifiers resulted in enhanced mechanical properties. The results showed addition of 6 % guar gum tackifier improved the tensile strength and puncture resistance by 182 % and 91 % respectively compared to control sample, and HM formulations containing paper were 200 % or more stronger than those containing wood or hemp hurds. Increased tackifier proportion was found to improve most mechanical properties, with guar gum performing best. Blending of tackifiers resulted in an interaction that decreased strength. Hydromulches containing wood fiber and hemp hurds did not show promising results. Paper in HM formulations helped to reduce mulch porosity and improved adhesion to soil. Results from the study provide a foundation on optimal formulations for expanded trials at field-scale. • Hydromulch (HM) manufactured using paper, wood fibers, hemp hurds and organic tackifiers. • Paper based HM demonstrated high mechanical properties compared to wood fiber and hemp hurds. • Guar gum and psyllium husk are most promising tackifiers. • The amount of tackifier has direct influence on the puncture resistance and tensile strength of HM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food security is a pressing global concern, particularly highlighted by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG 2), which focuses on enhancing the productivity and incomes of smallholder farmers. In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, horticultural crops are increasingly threatened by pests and diseases, exacerbated by climate change. Local farmers often lack the necessary expertise to effectively manage these issues, resulting in significant reductions in both yield and quality of their crops. This study seeks to develop an accessible mobile crop diagnosis application. By utilizing machine learning and deep learning technologies, the app is designed to help MENA farmers quickly and accurately identify and treat crop disorders. We used Open Data Kit (ODK) to gather a large dataset of crop images required to train deep learning models. These models, built on open-source deep learning architectures, were designed to classify 21 different leaf disorders, including diseases, pests, and nutritional deficiencies. The system was implemented in both a web app and an Android mobile app. Our deep learning models demonstrated an overall accuracy of 94 % in diagnosing plant disorders. The app, Doctor Nabat, includes a decision support system that offers treatment options in the three primary languages spoken in the MENA region. Doctor Nabat is an effective and scalable tool for enhancing crop management in the MENA region, promoting food security by minimizing crop losses through improved pest and disease diagnosis and treatment strategies. • Classification of 21 different plant disorders showed +90 % accuracy. • The combined model performance was similar to separate crop models. • Separate crop models may reduce user-induced error. • Open Data Kit Collect aided in collaborative dataset organization. • ODK Downloader tool supports ODK data management. • A complete framework is presented for repeatability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sirtuins (SRTs) are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) dependent II histone deacetylases (HDACs) that have been understudied in horticultural crops. However, their functions in regulating mitochondrial energy metabolism and influencing fruit development and quality formation remain unclear. In this study, we found that FaSRT2–1 exhibits diverse subcellular localizations. Overexpression of FaSRT2–1 promoted strawberry fruit quality formation (soluble sugars, organic acids, anthocyanins) and accelerated ripening. Conversely, knockout of FaSRT2–1 yielded opposite results. During fruit ripening, ATP content and ATP/ADP ratio gradually increased, and FaSRT2–1 promoted ATP accumulation and decreased before and after the deep red stage, respectively, indicating its role in fruit ripening and senescence. FaSRT2–1 interacted with energy-related proteins (FaRPT4a, FaATPβ and FaATPγ) to increase ATP content and the ATP/ADP ratio. Additionally, FaSRT2–1 collaborated with FaGDH2 and FaWDR5B to increase the accumulation of soluble sugars, organic acids and anthocyanins. Meanwhile, FaRPT4a, FaATPγ, FaGDH2 and FaWDR5B were co-localized with FaSRT2–1, while FaATPβ was localized in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Transient overexpression experiments further highlight the roles of FaRPT4a and FaGDH2/FaWDR5B in modulating ATP accumulation and fruit ripening, respectively. In summary, FaSRT2–1 plays important roles in promoting strawberry fruit ripening, senescence and quality formation by regulating energy metabolism. • FaSRT2–1 promotes strawberry fruit ripening by regulating energy metabolism. • FaSRT2–1 interacts with energy proteins, increasing ATP levels and ATP/ADP ratio. • FaSRT2–1 synergizes with FaGDH2 and FaWDR5B to regulate fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylene plays diverse roles in post-harvest processes of horticultural crops. However, its impact and regulation mechanism on the postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) of cassava storage roots is unknown. In this study, a notable delay in PPD of cassava storage roots was observed when ethephon was utilized as an ethylene source. Physiological analyses and quantitative acetylproteomes were employed to investigate the regulation mechanism regulating cassava PPD under ethephon treatment. Ethephon was found to enhance the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system, resulting in a significant decrease in H 2 O 2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The comprehensive acetylome analysis identified 12,095 acetylation sites on 4403 proteins. Subsequent analysis demonstrated that ethephon can regulate the acetylation levels of antioxidant enzymes and members of the energy metabolism pathways. In summary, ethephon could enhance the antioxidant properties and regulate energy metabolism pathways, leading to the delayed PPD of cassava. • Ethephon effectively delays postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) in cassava. • Ethephon enhances the antioxidant system in cassava, reducing malondialdehyde and H 2 O 2 levels. • Ethephon inhibits browning by regulating polyphenol oxidase activity. • This represents a comprehensive global acetylation profile conducted in cassava. • Ethephon regulates acetylation of antioxidant enzymes and energy metabolism pathways to delay PPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The fruit skin glossiness determine on the appearance quality of cucumber. • Candidates genes and genetic mechanism regulation into wax and bloom forming are summarized. • The future research direction of wax and bloom and its significance for future breeding were prospected. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important horticultural crop in China. Consumer requirements for aesthetically pleasing appearances of horticultural crops are gradually increasing, and cucumbers having a good visual appearance, as well as flavor, are important for breeding and industry development. The gloss of cucumber fruit epidermis is an important component of its appeal, and the wax layer on the fruit surface plays important roles in plant growth and forms a powerful barrier against external biotic and abiotic stresses. The wax of the cucumber epidermis is mainly composed of alkanes, and the luster of cucumber fruit is mainly determined by the alkane and silicon contents of the epidermis. Several genes, transcription factors, and transporters affect the synthesis of ultra-long-chain fatty acids and change the silicon content, further altering the gloss of the epidermis. However, the specific regulatory mechanisms are not clear. Here, progress in research on the luster of cucumber fruit epidermis from physiological, biochemical, and molecular regulatory perspectives are reviewed. Additionally, future research avenues in the field are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Orchard Mapping Index (OMI) and based-OMI orchard mapping algorithm are proposed. • OMI captures and amplifies greenness differences between orchards and non-orchards. • Based-OMI mapping algorithm accurately depicts the distribution of orchards. • Based-OMI mapping algorithm has inter-annual transferability. Agroforestry crops such as apples, peaches and pears are horticultural crops, which are an important part of modern agriculture and are of great economic and social importance. Accurate crop data at large scales (e.g., regional) are critical for effective agricultural management and resource regulation. However, existing orchard statistics, survey data, and expert knowledge are often lagging and of low confidence, lacking detailed data on the spatial distribution of orchards. The sparse distribution and indefinite characteristics of orchards compared to field crops, as well as the large intra-class variance of fruit tree spectra, make large-scale mapping of orchards a major limitation and huge challenge. To address these challenges, we developed an orchard mapping index (OMI) based on the phenology and green-holding characteristics of fruit trees, and automated orchard mapping algorithm using sentinel-2 time-series imagery and the Google Earth Engine platform (GEE). Fruit trees have unique phenological and greening characteristics: fruit tree canopies turn green earlier, turn yellow later, and have a long greenness saturation time in annual growth cycles. The proposed OMI index significantly captures the difference in green-holding between orchards and non-orchards [1.5*Interquartile Range (IQR): 0.72–39.5 for orchards, 0.10–3.36 for non-orchards]. The mapping algorithm successfully mapped 10 m-resolution orchard maps in the Loess Plateau region of China from 2020 to 2022, with an overall accuracy of 89.95–93.51 % and a kappa of 0.80–0.87. We have additionally identified that the implementation of a fine-grained agricultural plantation zoning mapping strategy exhibits the potential to enhance the performance of orchard mapping. Our study demonstrated the potential of a phenology-based approach, sentinel image data, and the GEE platform for orchard mapping, and for the first time developed a large-scale map of orchards in the Loess Plateau region of China. This study not only fills the gap of large-scale orchard mapping algorithm and products but also provides valuable spatial information for fruit tree flowering prediction, disease prevention and yield prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing resilience of agroecosystems of Mediterranean area is a challenge that involves both researchers and different stakeholders and, in this context, increasing crop diversity by redesigning agricultural systems can be considered among the most important tools. Therefore, the response of agroecological practices to climate change effects was tested in a long-term experiment on organic horticultural crops (MITIORG), which is characterized by a soil hydraulic arrangement in ridges, strips and the use (with different management options) of cover crops within cash crops rotations. The main objective of this study was to show how powerful is the sustainability assessment of agroecological practices by converting crops yield and biomass into energy outputs and carbon storages, in diversified horticultural systems. The obtained outputs (expressed in energy and carbon equivalents) were evaluated and analyzed considering the site-specific meteorological data in more than 10 horticultural cropping cycles, from autumn-winter 2014–15 to autumn-winter 2020–21. The Ridge and Strips (RS) system 1 (RS1 - cover crops as living mulch on ridges and break crops in strips, both with no-till termination) showed an enhancement of about 18 % of energy output and carbon (C) storages compared to RS2 (ridges and strips with green manured cover) when extreme precipitation events occurred. Moreover, RS3 (ridges and strips without cover crops) recorded a reduction of about 5 and 9 % of energy output and C storage, respectively, compared to the mean of RS1 and RS2 in periods with extreme events. Our results highlighted that using more diversified agroecological systems improved their overall average outputs, ensuring greater resilience during extreme weather events, since at least part of crop productions was safeguarded. Therefore, it is important to combine techniques that allow long-term resilience, such as choosing and well managing cover crops (agroecological service crops), according to site and systems specific conditions. [Display omitted] • Agroecological practices response to climate change was tested in an organic long-term experiment named MITIORG. • Sustainability was assessed considering energy outputs and carbon storages in diversified horticultural systems. • The outputs of more than 10 horticultural cropping cycles were analyzed considering the site-specific meteorological data. • The best results were obtained by more diversified agroecological systems in relation to extreme rainfall events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A Bacillus thuringiensis , isolated and bioprospected from Cuba's mountain region demonstrated a high phosphate solubilization potential, releasing up to 16.39 mg/mL of PO 4 3-. • This study revealed the bacterium's agrobiogtechnological potential, showcasing its ability to enhance plant nutrition and health, extending its use beyond pest control to broader agricultural applications. • The bacterium improved lettuce and tomato germination and root architecture, suggesting a possible 50 % reduction in synthetic fertilizer use during their early growth stages opening the possibility of directing Cuba horticulture towards sustainability. The biogeographic and climatic conditions of islands like Cuba generate distinctive ecosystems as reservoirs of microbial biodiversity. This study explores the potential of the B3 strain, isolated from the Guamuhaya Mountain in Cuba, in Cuban urban horticulture, where the soil phosphorus availability poses a significant challenge to crop productivity. The B3 strain demonstrates remarkable phosphorus solubilization capabilities, along with nitrogen fixation and nutrient mobilization, production of growth regulators, siderophores, lipases, and both volatile and diffusible antimicrobial compounds. The strain's multifaceted functionalities indicate its potential to limit phytopathogen proliferation, contributing to plant health. The strain showed Bacilli morphological characteristics, confirmed through MALDI-ToF MS and MLSA, classify it as Bacillus thuringiensis. The strain's safety profile, demonstrated by negative results in hemolysis and DNA degradation tests, underscores its suitability for agricultural applications. The Bacillus thuringiensis B3 significantly enhanced germination of lettuce and tomato seeds, root structure and early plant growth, confirming its value in horticultural production. The integration of this strain into Cuban urban horticulture represents a step forward in sustainable agriculture with low environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Melon/cowpea and broccoli/fava bean intercropping patterns compared to monocultures. • Cowpea showed no effects of competition with melon with high BNF under monoculture. • Fava bean was sensitive to intra- and interspecific competition with broccoli. • The higher the BNF in the fava bean, the higher the broccoli relative yield. Legume-based intercropping systems are a beneficial alternative for soil functioning, and rhizobacterial community diversity, while can contribute to reduce external inputs. Hence, the aims of this work were to assess: (i) the biological N fixation (BNF) process of cowpea and fava bean under different intercropping patterns compared to monocultures, (ii) the relationship between biologically fixed N and the crop biomass and yields, and (iii) the possible intra- and interspecific competition processes in each intercropping pattern. We compared, for three years, the monocultures of melon and cowpea with three different melon-cowpea intercropping patterns, and the monocultures of broccoli and fava bean with three different broccoli-fava bean intercropping patterns. The different intercropping patterns were: mixed intercropping, row intercropping 1:1 (vegetable:legume), and row intercropping 2:1 (vegetable:legume). Fertilization was reduced by 30 % in the diversified plots. After three years, BNF was higher in cowpea under monoculture (16.55 kg N ha-1), while fava bean showed higher BNF under intercropping row 1:1 (81.49 kg N ha-1). The relative crop yield (g plant-1) and plant biomass (g plant-1) were sensitive indicators to assess the intra- and interspecific interactions. Cowpea showed higher relative yield under mixed intercropping (41.45 g plant-1), coinciding with lower values of N derived from the air (Ndfa = 16.59 %). Fava bean showed the lowest relative yield in the mixed intercropping (195 g plant-1), coinciding with the highest value of Ndfa (92.71 %). The BNF by fava bean was positively correlated with the relative broccoli yield, not observed for cowpea/melon crop. Cowpea showed no effects of inter- or intraspecific competition with similar relative crop yield and plant biomass in monocultures than intercrops. On the contrary, fava bean was more sensitive to inter- and intraspecific competition, with increased biomass and relative crop yields when plant density was low. As a consequence, for fava bean, intercropping row 1:1 and 2:1 contributed to highest relative yield (551 g plant-1 and 613 g plan-1, respectively) and biomass (181 g plant-1 and 101 g plan-1, respectively), just the patterns with lower inter- and intraspecific competition. This research provides insights about how different legumes behave differently when grown intercropped with vegetables, in terms of NBF, growth and yields: competition and facilitation processes are different when comparing fava bean and cowpea grown as intercrops. Both legume species can be recommended for intercropping systems with a reduction in fertiliser rates and no negative effect on cash crops. However, excessive interspecific competition may reduce fava bean biomass and yields, not observed with cowpea intercropped with melon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We evaluated the effect of Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract (ASE) formulation on tomato under drought stress. • Tomato yielded more when ASE was applied at 5 mL L–1 as a soil drench than as a foliar spray. • Water productivity was maximized at 5 mL L–1 for all soil moisture levels. • Soil or foliar application of ASE at 5 mL L−1 could be regarded as an optimum dose. • ASE at 5 mL L−1 as a soil drench is more effective than its application as a foliar spray. The scarcity of irrigation water is a major threat restricting growth and productivity of almost all agronomic and horticultural crops. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is no exception. Seaweed extracts are widely used as biostimulants for the improvement of plant growth and development. Two independent pot experiments were conducted to find out the best soil drench or foliar spray dose of a commercial Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract (ASE) formulation (Amino Seaweed, SV Group, Bangkok, Thailand) on growth, physiological and biochemical parameters, fruit yield, quality, and water productivity of tomato under water-deficit stress. The commercial ASE formulation was applied in five doses (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mL L−1) as a soil drench (Experiment 1) or as a foliar spray (Experiment 2) under three soil moisture levels (50, 75, and 100% field capacity [FC]). Severe soil moisture deficit of 50% FC caused a 67 and 52% reduction in fruit yield, 11 and 11% reduction in fruit length, 25 and 29% decrease in leaf relative water content, while total soluble solids content was increased by 38 and 49% compared with 100% FC in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Soil drench or foliar spray of the commercial ASE formulation at 5 mL L−1 was effective at all soil moisture levels. Soil drench of the commercial ASE formulation at 5 mL L−1 resulted in 225% higher fruit yield in comparison to the untreated plants at 50% FC, whereas its application as a foliar spray resulted in 271% higher fruit yield in comparison to the untreated plants subjected to severe water-deficit stress (50% FC). Water productivity was found lower for the untreated plants regardless of soil moisture levels in both application methods; however, it was maximized at 5 mL L–1 for all soil moisture levels. The beneficial effects of 5 mL L–1 ASE formulation dose was also evident in physiological/biochemical traits and fruit quality of tomato regardless of application methods. Tomato yielded more when the commercial ASE formulation was applied at 5 mL L–1 as a soil drench (523.3 g plant–1 fruit yield) rather than as a foliar spray treatment (397.1 g plant–1 fruit yield). The results indicate that (i) 5 mL L−1 could be regarded as an optimum dose of the commercial ASE formulation for tomato applied either as a soil drench or foliar spray and (ii) exogenous application of the commercial ASE formulation at 5 mL L−1 as a soil drench treatment is more efficient, especially in fruit yield improvement, compared with its application as a foliar spray and, therefore, this technique holds promise for tomato cultivation under moderate water-deficit stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horticulture is one of the oldest agricultural practices with great popularity throughout the world. Horticultural crops include fruits, vegetables, ornamental plants, as well as medicinal and beverage plants. They are cultivated for food, specific nutrition, and medical use, or for aesthetic pleasure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which constitute a major class of endogenous small RNAs in plants, affect a multitude of developmental and physiological processes by imparting sequence specificity to gene regulation. Over the past decade, tens of thousands of miRNAs have been identified in more than 100 horticultural crops and their critical roles in regulating quality development of diverse horticultural crops have been demonstrated. Here, we review how miRNAs have emerged as important regulators and promising tools for horticultural crop improvement. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a major class of endogenous small RNAs in plants and their base pairing to complementary transcripts leads to gene silencing. Their functions in model plants suggest that they play critical roles in a variety of biological processes, including plant development and stress responses. In the past decade, the identification and functional analysis of miRNAs in various horticultural crops (plants of unique economical and ecological significance) have revealed that miRNAs are important and promising regulatory tools for crop quality improvement. Accumulating evidence supports a highly conserved regulatory circuit around the miR156/SPL module in horticultural crops, but there is obvious differentiation of this module in the regulation of growth and development, quality development in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro/nano-plastics (MNPs) are emerging non-point source pollutants that have garnered increasing attention owing to their threat to ecosystems. Studies on the effects of MNPs on horticultural crops are scarce. Specifically, whether MNPs can be absorbed and transported by grapevines have not been reported. To fill this gap, we added polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs, 100 nm) to a hydroponic environment and observed their distribution in grape seedlings of Thompson Seedless (TS, Vitis vinifera L.). After 15 d of exposure, plastic nanospheres were detected on the cell walls of the roots, stems, and leaves using confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. This indicated that PS-NPs can also be absorbed by the root system through the epidermis-cortex interface in grapevines and transported upward along the xylem conduit. Furthermore, we analyzed the molecular response mechanisms of TS grapes to the PS-NPs. Through the measurement of relevant indicators and combined omics analysis, we found that plant hormone signal transduction, flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and MAPK signaling pathway biosynthesis played crucial roles in its response to PS-NPs. The results not only revealed the potential risk of MNPs being absorbed by grapevines and eventually entering the food chain but also provided valuable scientific evidence and data for the assessment of plant health and ecological risk. [Display omitted] • PS-NPs can be absorbed and transported by TS grape in a hydroponic environment. • PS-NPs induce oxidative stress reactions and activate antioxidant enzymes. • Revealing the molecular response mechanism of TS grape seedlings to PS-NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Solar reduction affected the morphometric and biochemical profile of novel foods. • Rocket sprouts and baby-leaves exhibited the highest morphometric values. • Broccoli were significantly positively correlated with antioxidant capacity. • These findings useful for selecting genotypes efficient with solar reduction. • Optimizing the crop productivity valorising the reduction of solar radiation. The solar radiation (SR) is one of the key factors for plant adaptation, and of its growth and development, and for several horticultural crops is important for reaching good yield and produce quality. The SR vary in Europe from 2189 to 517 kwh m −2 from Sicily to North cape. Sprouts, microgreens, and baby-leaves, recognized as novel foods due to their high nutraceutical value, have attracted significant attention in the market. The novel foods production could be affected by solar radiation especially when it is carried out in greenhouse in several countries and along their latitudes. Our study aimed to investigate how solar radiation affects the growth of these plants by conducting a thorough analysis of their morphometric characteristics and biochemical profiles. Two different genotypes of commercial rocket, namely Eruca sativa L. var. darkita and var. lobata , along with the Sicilian Black sprouting broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck, Broccolo nero), were examined at different initial plant growth stages, sprouts, microgreens, and baby-leaves. The experimental trial was carried out in Sicily (Italy) utilizing black shade nets with varying levels of solar radiation (SR100, SR60, SR40). The harvested plantlets were analysed for their main morphometric traits, as sprout weight, hypocotyl length, cotyledon dimensions, in addition to the dimensions of the first true leaf for microgreens, and stem length for baby-leaves. Several biochemical parameters, such as total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and several antioxidant assays including DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) were determined. The total glucosinolate content, the sucrose, fructose, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and total sugars amount were detected. We observed significant variations in the sugar content, particularly under reduced solar radiation and during the baby-leaves stage, characterized by decreased FOS levels and simultaneous increases in sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Moreover, antioxidant capacity showed a progressive enhancement from sprouts to baby-leaves. FRAP and DPPH capacity were significantly affected by the genotype. Interestingly, TFC was the most influenced by SR100, particularly in microgreens. This expanded knowledge base not only advances scientific understanding of these novel foods but also provides substantial adaptation to the different solar radiation conditions in different latitude of the world, permitting to individuate the genotypes more efficient in relation to the solar radiation available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthetic cytokinin (CTK) 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), known to inhibit chlorophyll degradation, effectively retards leaf senescence in various horticultural crops. Although extensively implicated in root growth, shoot development, and abiotic stress response, the role of type-B ARRs in leaf senescence regulation remains relatively understudied. Hence, the involvement and mechanistic contribution of type-B ARR proteins in 6-BA-induced delay of postharvest leaf senescence in Chinese flowering cabbage merits closer investigation. In the present study, exogenous 6-BA treatment notably mitigated the decline in maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and total chlorophyll content, as well as the expression of chlorophyll catabolic genes BrPPH1 , BrNYC1 and senescence-associated gene BrSAG12 during Chinese flowering cabbage storage. Importantly, BrARR10, a type-B cytokinin response regulator, was induced by 6-BA treatment. Further, BrARR10 was characterized as a nuclear-localized transcriptional activator. Moreover, DAP-seq analysis identified BrARR10's potential target genes, which predominantly function within the phytohormone signal transduction pathway. EMSA, ChIP-qPCR and DLR assays revealed that BrARR10 directly bound the promoters of CTK biosynthesis genes (BrIPT5 , BrLOG3), GA biosynthesis genes (BrGA20ox1 , BrGA20ox3), and ABA catabolism genes (BrCYP707A1 , BrCYP707A3) in vitro and in vivo , simultaneously activating their expression. Additionally, leaves of transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing BrARR10 displayed increased expression of these genes, resulting in a delayed senescence phenotype. Overall, the novel 6-BA-ARR model in this study contributes a new insight into the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlying 6-BA-mediated plant leaf senescence and furnishing a new theoretical foundation for understanding plant hormone interaction in postharvest preservation. • 6-BA application delays leaf senescence in harvested Chinese flowering cabbage. • BrARR10, a type-B ARR transcription factor, is induced by 6-BA treatment. • BrARR10-DAP-Seq data analysis focuses on plant hormone signal transduction pathway. • BrARR10 is a transcriptional activator of CTK and GA biosynthesis, ABA catabolism. • Transient overexpression of BrARR10 delays leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions are a relevant contributor to the global warming potential of Mediterranean agro-ecosystems and therefore should be accurately quantified. Here, we investigated the quantitative relevance of considering postharvest N 2 O measurements when calculating annual soil N 2 O emissions from herbaceous crops (excluding rice). Data from 25 studies conducted in Mediterranean climates were compiled from a variety of crops and cropping systems, soil types, tillage practices, and nitrogen (N) fertilizer management practices. The differences between cumulative N 2 O emissions in the cropping period (preharvest emissions) and in the postharvest period were evaluated through a meta-analysis, as were the maximum N 2 O peaks in both periods and the resultant N 2 O emission factors (EFs). The relative contribution of the postharvest period to total cumulative N 2 O emissions was a mean 26%, but showed high variability. The average N 2 O EFs in the field experiments included in this study were 0.21% and 0.27% when not considering and when considering the postharvest period, respectively. The relative and absolute contribution of postharvest emissions was significantly greater for winter cereals than for either horticultural crops or maize. The maximum preharvest fluxes were higher than the maximum postharvest fluxes in 72% of the observations, but notable postharvest N 2 O peaks after soil rewetting were obtained in some studies. On average, postharvest emissions in nonfertilized plots were similar to those in fertilized winter crops. Other factors such as N source (greater relevance for organic fertilizers, particularly in summer crops), N rate, tillage intensity and soil texture significantly affected the amount of postharvest emissions. Taking measurements during the postharvest period in Mediterranean cropping systems are encouraged in studies that include winter crops, use of organic fertilizers or have unbalanced N rates. Our results may contribute to improving N 2 O measurement protocols and to re-evaluating N 2 O EFs in Mediterranean and semiarid areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Penman-Monteith equation has been worldwide adopted as the standard for calculating daily reference crop evapotranspiration (ET o) and standardised procedures for computing meteorological data (air temperature and humidity) have been recommended for its calculation. In passive greenhouses, which predominate worldwide, this ET o equation is also used to calculate irrigation water requirements, but the standardised climate data computation procedures for its calculation do not appear to be applicable. The mean daily greenhouse air temperature measured over five representative horticultural crop cycles in two representative Mediterranean greenhouse areas was overestimated when calculated as the average of maximum and minimum daily greenhouse values, especially in cold crop periods, while the mean daily air relative humidity was underestimated. Consequently, the daily greenhouse ET o was overestimated when calculated using standardised procedures of computing greenhouse air temperature and humidity data (the RMSE ranged between 0.1 and 0.3 mm day−1) throughout all the studied crops cycles in two representative Mediterranean greenhouse areas. Consequently, mean daily values of greenhouse air temperature and humidity have to be determined from hourly or shorter time-period measurements. • Mean daily greenhouse air temperature was overestimated when calculated as the average of maximum and minimum daily values • Mean daily greenhouse air relative humidity was underestimated when calculated as average of maximum and minimum daily values • Daily greenhouse ET o was overestimated when calculated with standardised procedures of computing climate data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is among the most widely planted and economically valuable horticultural crops globally. Over time, the apple fruit's cut surface undergoes browning, and the degree of browning varies among different apple varieties. Browning not only affects the appearance of fruits but also adversely affects their taste and flavor. In the present study, we observed browning in different apple varieties over time and analyzed the expression of genes in the polyphenol oxidase gene family. The results indicated a strong correlation between the browning degree of the fruit and the relative expression of the polyphenol oxidase gene MdPPO2. With the MdPPO2 promoter as bait, the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor MdbZIP44 was identified using the yeast single-hybrid screening method. Further investigation revealed that the overexpression of MdbZIP44 in 'Orin' callus could enhance the expression of MdPPO2 and promote browning of the callus. However, knocking out MdbZIP44 resulted in a callus with no apparent browning phenotype. In addition, our results confirmed the interaction between MdbZIP44 and MdbZIP11. In conclusion, the results indicated that MdbZIP44 can induce apple fruit browning by activating the MdPPO2 promoter. The results provide a theoretical basis for further clarifying the browning mechanism of apple fruit. • The expression level of MdPPO2 is the key factor affecting apple browning. • MdbZIP44 specifically binds to the promoter of MdPPO2 to induce apple fruit browning. • MdbZIP44 and MdbZIP11 interact in vivo and in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrobium loddigesii, a member of the Orchidaceae family, is a valuable horticultural crop known for its aromatic qualities. However, the mechanisms responsible for the development of its aromatic characteristics remain poorly understood. To elucidate these underlying mechanisms, we assembled the first chromosome-level reference genome of D. loddigesii using PacBio HiFi-reads, Illumina short-reads, and Hi-C data. The assembly comprises 19 pseudochromosomes with N50 contig and N50 scaffold sizes of 55.15 and 89.94 Mb, respectively, estimating the genome size to be 1.68 Gb, larger than that of other sequenced Dendrobium species. During the flowering stages, we conducted a comprehensive analysis combining volatilomics and transcriptomics to understand the characteristics and biosynthetic mechanisms pathways of the floral scent. Our findings emphasize the significant contribution of aromatic terpenoids, especially monoterpenoids, in defining the floral aroma. Furthermore, we identified two crucial terpene synthase (TPS) genes that play a key role in maintaining the aroma during flowering. Through the integration volatilomics data with catalytic assays of DlTPSbs proteins, we identified specific compounds responsible for the aromatic characteristics of D. loddigesii. This integrated analysis of the genome, transcriptome, and volatilome, offers valuable insights into the development and preservation of D. loddigesii's aromatic characteristics, setting the stage for further exploration of the botanical perfumer hypothesis. [Display omitted] • Construction of a chromosome-level reference genome for Dendrobium loddigesii. • Synergistic expression of the primary DlTPSs during flowering is critical for the formation of its aromatic characteristics. • Preliminary test and reflections on the botanical perfumer hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysine acetylation is a common post-translational modification of proteins in plants. Rosa roxburghii Tratt. is an economically important fruit tree known for its high nutritional value. However, the characteristics of acetylome-related proteins during fruit development in this crop remain unknown. This study aimed to explore the global acetylproteome of R. roxburghii fruit to identify key lysine-acetylated proteins associated with its quality traits. A total of 4280 acetylated proteins were identified, among them, 981 proteins exhibited differential acetylation (DA) while 19 proteins showed increased acetylation level consistently on individual sites. Functional classification revealed that these DA proteins were primarily associated with central metabolic pathways, carbohydrate metabolism, terpenoids and polyketides metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, highlighting the importance of lysine acetylation in fruit quality formation. Notably, the most significant up-regulated acetylation occurred in sucrose synthase (SuS1), a key enzyme in sucrose biosynthesis. Enzyme assays, RNA-seq and proteome analysis indicated that SuS activity, which was independent of its transcriptome and proteome level, may be enhanced by up-acetylation, ultimately increasing sucrose accumulation. Thus, these findings offer a better understanding of the global acetylproteome of R. roxburghii fruit, while also uncover a novel mechanism of acetylated SuS-mediated in sucrose metabolism in plant. Rosa roxburghii Tratt. is an important horticultural crop whose commercial value is closely linked to its fruit quality. Acetylation modification is a post-translational mechanism observed in plants, which regulates the physiological functions and metabolic fluxes involved in various biological processes. The regulatory mechanism of lysine acetylation in the fruit quality formation in perennial woody plants has not been fully elucidated, while most of the research has primarily focused on annual crops. Therefore, this study, for the first time, uses Rosaceae fruits as the research material to elucidate the regulatory role of lysine-acetylated proteins in fruit development, identify key metabolic processes influencing fruit quality formation, and provide valuable insights for cultivation strategies. [Display omitted] • The initial analysis of the acetylproteome was performed on fruits from perennial Rosaceae species. • Differentially acetylated proteins were enriched in a range of metabolic processes related to fruit quality formation. • Sucrose synthase may be regulated by lysine acetylation, ultimately influencing sucrose accumulation in developing fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root plays an important role in plant drought tolerance, especially in horticultural crops like apples. However, the crucial regulator and molecular mechanism in root development of apple trees under drought are not well unknown. Cys2/His2-type Zinc-finger proteins are essential for plant response to drought, while the members of C2H2 Zinc-finger proteins in apple are largely unknown. In this study, we identified the members of the C1-2i subclass family of C2H2 Zinc-finger proteins in apple (Malus × domestica). Among them, MdZAT5 is significantly induced in apple roots under drought conditions and positively regulates apple root development under drought. Further investigation revealed that MdZAT5 positively regulates root development and root hydraulic conductivity by mediating the transcription level of MdMYB88 under drought stress. Taken together, our results demonstrate the importance of MdZAT5 in root development under drought in apple trees. This finding provides a new candidate direction for apple breeding for drought resistance. • MdZAT5 positively regulates drought tolerance in apple. • MdZAT5 modulates plant drought tolerance by regulating root development. • MdZAT5 regulates root development under drought stress through activating MdMYB88. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern agriculture is primarily concerned with enhanced productivity of field crops linked with maximum resources use efficiency to feed the increasing population of the world. Exogenous application of biostimulants is considered a sustainable and ecofriendly approach to improve the growth and productivity of agronomic and horticultural field crops. The present study was carried out to explore the comparative growth enhancing potential of plant biostimulants (moringa leaf extract at 3% and sorghum water extract at 3%) and synthetic growth promoters (ascorbic acid at 500 μM and hydrogen peroxide at 100 μM) on growth, productivity and quality of quinoa crop (cultivar UAF-Q7) because it has gained significant popularity among agricultural scientists and farmers throughout the world due to its high nutritional profile. A field experiment was carried out at the Research Area of Directorate of Farms, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during quinoa cultivation season of 2016–2017 and repeated during next year (2017–2018). All the foliar treatments enhanced the physiological, biochemical, quality, growth and yield attributes of quinoa as compared to control group. However, maximum improvement was observed in chlorophyll a and b contents, photosynthesis and respiration rates, and water use efficiency by moringa leaf extract (MLE) application. MLE application was also found more responsive regarding the improvement in activities of peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, phenolics and glycine betaine as compared to other treatments. Mineral elements i.e. K, Ca and N in root as well as in shoot were found the highest in response to MLE application. Similarly, growth (plant fresh and dry biomass, plant length and grain yield) and grain quality parameters (protein, K and Ca) were also significantly enhanced. Application of MLE was found to be a viable approach to improve the growth and quality of produce as compared to synthetic compounds. • Quinoa is known as functional and superfood as its grains are gluten free. • Use of plant growth promoters is sustainable strategy to improve crop productivity. • Application of moringa leaf extract (MLE) is responsible for quality of produce. • MLE, sorgaab, ascorbic acid and H 2 O 2 are viable plant growth promoters. • Productivity and quality of quinoa crop can be improved by MLE application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Avocado fruit set in Kenya is highly dependent on insect pollination. • Smallholder avocado farms face a pollination deficit of 20.7%. • The placement of honey bee colonies mitigates this pollination deficit. • Small farm size benefits avocado fruit retention rates, possibly due to reduced nutrient competition and easy pest management. Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a major horticultural crop that relies on insect mediated pollination. In avocado production, a knowledge gap exists as to the importance of insect pollination, especially in East African smallholder farms. In this study, conducted in a leading smallholder avocado production region in Kenya, we assessed the dependence of avocado fruit set on insect pollination and whether current smallholder production systems suffer from a deficit in pollination services. Furthermore, we assessed if supplementation with colonies of the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) to farms mitigated potential pollination deficits. Our results revealed a very high reliance of avocado on insect pollinators, with a significantly lower fruit set observed for self- and wind-pollinated (17.4%) or self-pollinated flowers (6.4%) in comparison with insect-pollinated flowers (89.5%). We found a significant pollination deficit across farms, with hand-pollinated flowers on average producing 20.7% more fruits than non-treated open flowers prior to fruit abortion. This pollination deficit could be compensated by the supplementation of farms with A. mellifera colonies. Our findings suggest that pollination is limiting fruit set in avocado and that A. Mellifera supplementation on farms is a potential option to increase fruit yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expansin gene (EXP) family plays important roles in plant growth and crop improvement. However, it has not been well studied in the Brassica genus that includes several important agricultural and horticultural crops. To get insight to the evolution and expansion of EXP family in Brassica , Brassica EXP s which are homologues of 35 known AtEXP s of Arabidopsis were comprehensively and systematically analyzed in the present study. In total, 340 Brassica EXP s were clustered into four groups that corresponded multiple alignment to four subfamilies of AtEXP s, with divergent conserved motifs and cis-acting elements among groups. To understand the expansion of EXP family, an integrated genomic block system was constructed among Arabidopsis and Brassica species based on 24 known ancestral karyotype blocks. Obvious gene loss, segmental duplication, tandem duplication and DNA sequence repeat events were found during the expansion of Brassica EXP s, of which the segmental duplication was possibly the major driving force. The divergence time was estimated in 1109 orthologs pairs of EXP s, revealing the divergence of Brassica EXP s from AtEXP s during ~30 MYA, and the divergence of EXP s among Brassica species during 13.50–17.94 MYA. Selective mode analysis revealed that the purifying selection was the major contributor to expansion of Brassica EXP s. This study provides new insights into the evolution and expansion of the EXP family in Brassica genus. • Three hundred-forty Brassica EXPs were obtained from the Brassica plant genomeswith a summary of other fourteen plants. • Brassica Expansin genes of the same subfamily shared similar structures, conserved acids, and functions. • The expansion of Brassica Expansin genes family in B. napus and B. juncea is an indirect expansion. • We constructed an integrated genomic block system in five Brassica species based on 24 genomic blocks (GBs). • Purifying selection make most EXPs still retain their ancestral characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grafting is a technique that provides a substantial way to enhance nutrient utilization thereby improves plant growth and yield quality. Although it is commonly practised in horticultural crops, the impact of scion-rootstock interaction on nutrient distribution is still unclear. Here, 'Newhall' navel orange plants grafted on Trifoliate orange (T) as the original rootstock were inarched with trifoliate orange (N/Tt combination) or carrizo citrange (N/Tc combination) rootstock seedlings. The experimental plants were treated with isotope 10B solution for 7 weeks to investigate the effect of different inarched rootstocks on B distribution and translocation by using a two-root system. From this study, the original rootstock played a more dominant role in B distribution to scion tissues than the inarching rootstock either in N/Tt or N/Tc combination. From inarched combinations, the carrizo citrange in the N/Tc combination had a higher ability to distribute B to new leaves, new twigs and old twigs than trifoliate orange in the N/Tt combination. However, the original rootstock of N/Tt distributed more B to scion tissues than N/Tc and the B concentration in old leaves and new leaves of N/Tt plants was significantly higher than that of N/Tc plants. These results suggest that scion B status is influenced by the B distribution of two inarching rootstocks in an inarching plant, as well as the affinity between the inarching rootstock and grafted plant. In addition, by either adding 10B to the inarching rootstock or original rootstock, we could detect 10B in the other rootstock root in both N/Tt and N/Tc combinations. The results further suggest that B can translocate from rootstock to leaves and then, re-translocate from scion to rootstock through the cycling of B transportation. • 'Newhall' navel orange grafted plants with a split-root system were used to investigate the Boron distribution. • Different rootstocks have a specific characteristic of Boron distribution to scion tissues. • The carrizo citrange-inarching rootstock distributes more Boron to scion tissues than trifoliate orange-inarching rootstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of melatonin as a neurotransmitter has been much discussed and studied topic in the animal kingdom but its possible role as a ubiquitous biomolecule with the pleiotropic effect is still at infancy stage in the plant kingdom. Melatonin was just known to be the hormone in the human body which regulates our sleep through its involvement in circadian rhythm or biological clock until its detection in the plant kingdom in the early 90s. Since then, scientists worldwide started working prospectively about its various functions and roles in plants. Now its role in attenuating abiotic and biotic stresses in standing crops has been studied and validated at a commercial level in various cereal and horticultural crops. Food is thy medicine but the abusive use of chemicals rendered them poisonous and consumers being more vigilant and mindful about the food they are consuming are now demanding the chemical free food stuffs. So, in recent years, the trend of using safer alternatives for the control of postharvest diseases of fresh fruits and vegetables have shown a significant increase and hence pressurized the scientists to think about the potential use of melatonin for various postharvest problems. In this review, we have discussed briefly about melatonin's function as potent postharvest treatment for controlling biotic and abiotic stresses and had made an attempt to gather information on its possible roles in postharvest management of fruits and vegetables. Melatonin can be a good alternative to harmful chemicals which are used commercially in postharvest management of fruits. The use of melatonin addresses the major hurdles in postharvest management of fruits such as chilling injury and fruit decay, and it helps in extending the shelf life of fruits and vegetables by delaying ripening and senescence whilst maintaining better fruit quality. • Role of melatonin in attenuating chilling injury in sensitive crops has been discussed in detail. • Latest and up-to-date information on roles of melatonin on decay reduction in fruit and vegetable crops has been included. • Role of melatonin on senescence and ripening of horticultural produce has been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lily (Lilium spp.), with its beautiful flower, is an important horticultural crop and a popular ornamental plant, but because the abundant pollen pollutes the flowers and surroundings, its use is restricted. To solve this problem, the mechanism of pollen development in lily needs to be analyzed. However, the complex and delicate process of anther development in lily remains largely unknown. In this study, LoUDT1, a bHLH transcription factor (TF), was isolated and identified in lily. LoUDT1 was closely related to OsUDT1 of Oryza sativa and AtDYT1 of Arabidopsis. It was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus and showed no transcriptional activation in yeast cells. LoUDT1 interacted with another bHLH TF, LoAMS, and the interaction depended on their BIF domains. LoUDT1 and LoAMS were both expressed in the anthers but showed different expression patterns. LoUDT1 was continuously expressed during the entire development of anthers, whereas LoAMS was only highly expressed early in anther development. With overexpression of LoUDT1 in Arabidopsis , normal anther development was affected and defective pollens were produced, which caused partial male sterility of transgenic plants. These defects depended on the level of LoUDT1 accumulation. By contrast, with the appropriate expression of LoUDT1 in a dyt1-3 mutant, normal pollen grains were produced, showing partial fertility. Thus, LoUDT1 might be a key regulator of anther development in lily. By further increasing the understanding of anther development, the results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the molecular breeding of pollen-free lilies. • LoUDT1 was continuously expressed during the entire development of anthers. • LoUDT1 had no transactivation ability and can interact with LoAMS. • Overexpression of LoUDT1 causes male sterility and partially complement dyt1 mutant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methionine (Met) sulfoxide reductase (Msr) is a protein that converts free or protein-bound Met sulfoxide (MetSO) to Met in horticultural crops, thereby facilitating protein repair. In our previous study, we identified SlMsrB5 as a significant up-regulated gene in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. Many studies have shown that MeJA not only induces ethylene production and promotes ripening but also improves the postharvest quality of horticultural crops. However, the specific function and mechanisms of SlMsrB5 in MeJA-regulated postharvest fruit ripening and quality remain unclear. In this work, we analyzed the effect of SlMsrB5 -s on the ripening and physiological quality of postharvest tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum L.cv Jiaxina) treated with 0.05 mmol L−1 MeJA, which resulted in decreased fruit quality, and inhibited ethylene synthesis pathway. Through yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening and subsequent validation assays, we identified an interaction between SlMsrB5 and a member of the GRAS transcription factor family, namely SlGRAS4. Furthermore, oxidative treatment with 1 mmol L−1 hydrogen peroxide was shown to damage the protein structure of SlGRAS4 and its capacity to bind DNA, as demonstrated by protein migration tests and gel shift assays. However, the interaction between SlMsrB5 and SlGRAS4 partially restored the structure of SlGRAS4 and its ability to bind to DNA. SlGRAS4 is recognized to play a critical role in the ethylene biosynthesis regulation and stress responses in tomato fruit. Thus, current findings demonstrate the participation of SlMsrB5 in modulating postharvest tomato fruit ripening and quality by regulating the oxidation-reduction status of SlGRAS4. These findings shed light on the function and potential mechanisms of SlMsrB5 in the MeJA-mediated regulation of postharvest tomato fruit ripening and quality, contributing to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that govern impact of MeJA on postharvest fruit quality. • MeJA promotes tomato fruit ripening by enhancing the ethylene synthesis pathway. • MeJA improves antioxidant capacity and reduces fruit quality loss caused by ripening. • SlMsrB5 silencing reduced the action of MeJA on ethylene synthesis and fruit quality. • SlMsrB5 regulates tomato fruit ripening by regulating the redox state of SlGRAS4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important horticultural crop across the world, but its growth process is susceptible to various phytopathogenic fungi. In February 2022, naturally rotten tomato fruit were observed in greenhouses in Panjin City, Liaoning province, China. Thirty-two morphologically similar fungal strains were isolated from symptomatic tomato fruit. One representative isolate, Guo 1-4, was selected for subsequent experiments and identified as Talaromyces stipitatus through morphological analysis and multigene phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA (ITS), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), and β-tubulin (tub2). Pathogenicity tests revealed that the pathogenic fungi caused symptoms similar to those observed on tomato fruit in greenhouses and could also infect tomato leaves, thus confirming Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. stipitatus infecting tomato fruit and leaves in China. This research lays the foundation for developing effective disease management measures to reduce tomato yield losses. • Tomato fruit rot was found in Liaoning province, China. • The pathogen associated with tomato fruit rot was Talaromyces stipitatus. • This is the first report of T. stipitatus as the causal agent of tomato fruit rot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytopathogenic oomycetes constitute some of the most devastating plant pathogens and cause significant crop and horticultural yield and economic losses. The phytopathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi causes dieback disease in native vegetation and several crops. The most commonly used chemical to control P. cinnamomi is the oomyceticide phosphite. Despite its widespread use, the mode of action of phosphite is not well understood and it is unclear whether it targets the pathogen, the host, or both. Resistance to phosphite is emerging in P. cinnamomi isolates and other oomycete phytopathogens. The mode of action of phosphite on phosphite-sensitive and resistant isolates of the pathogen and through a model host was investigated using label-free quantitative proteomics. In vitro treatment of sensitive P. cinnamomi isolates with phosphite hinders growth by interfering with metabolism, signalling and gene expression; traits that are not observed in the resistant isolate. When the model host Lupinus angustifolius was treated with phosphite, proteins associated with photosynthesis, carbon fixation and lipid metabolism in the host were enriched. Increased production of defence-related proteins was also observed in the plant. We hypothesise the multi-modal action of phosphite and present two models constructed using comparative proteomics that demonstrate mechanisms of pathogen and host responses to phosphite. Phytophthora cinnamomi is a significant phytopathogenic oomycete that causes root rot (dieback) in a number of horticultural crops and a vast range of native vegetation. Historically, areas infected with phosphite have been treated with the oomyceticide phosphite despite its unknown mode of action. Additionally, overuse of phosphite has driven the emergence of phosphite-resistant isolates of the pathogen. We conducted a comparative proteomic study of a sensitive and resistant isolate of P. cinnamomi in response to treatment with phosphite, and the response of a model host, Lupinus angustifolius, to phosphite and its implications on infection. The present study has allowed for a deeper understanding of the bimodal action of phosphite, suggested potential biochemical factors contributing to chemical resistance in P. cinnamomi , and unveiled possible drivers of phosphite-induced host plant immunity to the pathogen. [Display omitted] • The oomyceticide phosphite may possess a bimodal function on Phytophthora cinnamomi and the model host Lupinus angustifolius. • Phosphite interferes with metabolism, signalling and gene expression in sensitive strains of P. cinnamomi. • Phosphite-treated L. angustifolius enhances defence responses, photosynthesis, carbon fixation and lipid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The review describes the role of amiRNAs in the improvement of horticultural crops. • Recent trends and implications of amiRNA demonstrate a significant role in the development of desirable horticultural crops, including biotic and abiotic resistance plants. • The review also highlights the future prospects of amiRNAs for the development of desirable horticultural plants. Gene silencing by artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) is one of the most crucial methods for the development of desired horticultural plants. amiRNAs are highly specific, around 21 nt long, and designed to repress gene expression post-transcriptionally. A number of studies have shown that amiRNA technology can be used as a cutting-edge biotechnological tool for horticulture crop improvement. This is a potent and reliable method that is rapidly being applied for improving useful traits in horticultural plants, including fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals, as well as unveiling new insights into metabolic pathways and gene functions across numerous disciplines. Keeping with the growing interest in amiRNA application, this review paper emphasizes the background of artificial miRNA in general and how the technology has contributed to orchestrating features like disease resistance, productivity, and quality in horticultural plants. In the available literature, amiRNA's benefits, limitations, and possibilities for the future are also examined. As far as the authors are aware, no prior review has rigorously examined how amiRNA can potentially be applied for gene regulations and agronomic trait improvement in horticultural crops. In general, this review enhances the technology's worth in plant science and may be useful to academics and researchers who are implementing amiRNA for accelerating breeding programs and developmental studies in crop plants. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonols are one class of flavonoids that play a crucial role in regulating plant growth and promoting stress resistance. They are also important dietary components in horticultural crops due to their benefits for human health. However, flavonol levels in commonly consumed horticultural crops are insufficient to provide optimal benefits, and their role in regulating postharvest pathogen resistance in fruit remains poorly understood. In this study, overexpression of MrMYB12 or MrMYB12/MrF3'5'H from Morella rubra in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) resulted in high accumulation of flavonols in fruit up to 3.2 g kg-1 by upregulating expression of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway including SlPAL , SlC4H , Sl4CL , SlCHS1 , SlCHI-like , SlF3H , and SlFLS. Transgenic tomato fruit showed high free radical scavenging activities including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and they also possessed excellent inhibitory effects against α -glucosidase. Postharvest storage experiments indicated that the flavonol-rich tomato fruit exhibited less surface shrinkage than wild type (WT), and they also showed decreased weight loss and increased antioxidant activity. Experiments of Botrytis cinerea infection showed that overexpression of MrMYB12 or MrMYB12 / MrF3'5'H in tomato improved their resistance against B. cinerea during postharvest storage. Improvement of B. cinerea resistance in the flavonol-rich tomato fruit was associated with increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities and upregulated expression of defense-related genes such as SlPAL , SlβCA3 , SlNPR1 , SlPR1a , SlPR1b1 , and SlPR3a. This study provides new insights for improving the nutritional value and postharvest pathogen resistance of horticultural crops by metabolic engineering. • Overexpression of MrMYB12 or MrMYB12/MrF3'5'H generates flavonol-rich tomato. • Flavonol-rich tomato has higher antioxidant and α -glucosidase inhibiting properties. • Flavonol accumulation improves resistance against Botrytis cinerea in tomato shelf life. • Increased B. cinerea resistance correlates with upregulated defense-related genes. • Increased B. cinerea resistance also correlates with high ROS scavenging activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is a widely favored horticultural crop renowned for its unique taste and flavor. To develop an accurate predictive model for strawberry freshness, colorimetric data, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were investigated in fully ripe 'Jukhyang' and 'Merry Queen' strawberries. Data measurements were conducted after 0, 4, 8, and 12 days of cold storage (10 °C, 79% RH). While conventional quality determinants exhibited subtle changes during storage, the extensive data of VOC metabolites proved sufficient for constructing a strawberry freshness predictive model. Of the algorithms evaluated, including orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS), random forest, partial least square (PLS) regression, and artificial neural network multi-layer perceptron (MLP), the multi-layer perceptron algorithm yielded the highest accuracy. Utilizing variations in 25 VOCs, a multi-layer perceptron model was developed with an accuracy of test set R2 = 0.999. Compounds such as 1-hexanol, toluene, ethyl isovalerate, ethyl propionate, and isoamyl alcohol were identified as significant biomarkers for MLP freshness prediction model. These findings highlight the potential of VOCs as key indicators for predicting strawberry freshness during storage. [Display omitted] ● Changes in strawberry quality properties during storage is observed. ● Key VOCs for strawberry freshness predictive models were pinpointed. ● Models based on VOC data demonstrated high accuracy: R2 score range 0.88 to 0.99. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]