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Tandem GGGGCC repeat expansion in C9orf72 is a genetic cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Transcribed repeats are translated into dipeptide repeat proteins via repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation. However, the regulatory mechanism of RAN translation remains unclear. Here, we reveal a GTPase-activating protein, eukaryotic initiation factor 5 (eIF5), which allosterically facilitates the conversion of eIF2-bound GTP into GDP upon start codon recognition, as a novel modifier of C9orf72 RAN translation. Compared to global translation, eIF5, but not its inactive mutants, preferentially stimulates poly-GA RAN translation. RAN translation is increased during integrated stress response, but the stimulatory effect of eIF5 on poly-GA RAN translation was additive to the increase of RAN translation during integrated stress response, with no further increase in phosphorylated eIF2a. Moreover, an alteration of the CUG near cognate codon to CCG or AUG in the poly-GA reading frame abolished the stimulatory effects, indicating that eIF5 primarily acts through the CUGdependent initiation. Lastly, in a Drosophila model of C9orf72 FTLD/ALS that expresses GGGGCC repeats in the eye, knockdown of endogenous eIF5 by two independent RNAi strains significantly reduced poly-GA expressions, confirming in vivo effect of eIF5 on poly-GA RAN translation. Together, eIF5 stimulates the CUG initiation of poly-GA RAN translation in cellular and Drosophila disease models of C9orf72 FTLD/ALS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pipelines play a pivotal role in transporting large volumes of oil and gas within refineries. However, over time, they are susceptible to deterioration, leading to potential failures. Effective monitoring is imperative to maintain their optimal performance and safety. This research introduces a machine learning (ML) approach to pinpoint failure sources in oil and gas pipelines. Analysing an industrial dataset, we compared six ML models to predict failures in refinery pipelines. Leakage sources are predicted based on three operational parameters: transported fluid, temperature, and pressure. The models are evaluated and compared in terms of precision, recall, F1-score, accuracy, and the ROC-AUC. Remarkably, the XGBoost classifier exhibited a 99.7% accuracy, outperforming other algorithms in predicting the failure source. Emphasizing the value of Industry 4.0 solutions, this study underscores the potential of advanced ML in enhancing pipeline monitoring. Such predictions empower operators to pre-empt failures, reinforcing industry safety and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research paper, a new research path was opened with a new scientific view and a new philosophy for the goals of crude oil production through the development of important joints in the production process of crude oil where a horizontal three-phase separator was developed to produce green electrical energy without the need for combustion processes by creating a design for rotating parts capable of converting the momentum of the flow into electrical energy, the first part is the rotating diverter, which collides with the input mixture, which leads to a reduction in the momentum of the flow and an initial separation of gas from liquid, the collision results in the rotation of the wheel on which the concave bowls are installed, and thus generates electrical power by the dynamo connected to it. The second part of the separator that has been developed is to add a cone-shaped rotating external mist extractor with helical fin to perform two functions at the same time separating suspended liquid particles from the gas and generating clean electric power by the dynamo connected to it when it rotates under the influence of gas pressure. The efficiency of the developed separator parts was tested in performing their traditional function to separate the different phases and it was found that the developed separator is more efficient in addition to its ability to generate clean energy. [Display omitted] • A new vision for the purpose of investing in hydrocarbon fuels and develop production equipment. • The study of generating green electric power from crude oil and natural gas without combustion. • The rotating parts in the upgraded separator to make it more efficient in separating the three phases gas,oil,water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the molecular characteristics, phylogenetic evolution, and gene functions of the SQUAMOSA-PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) genes in Paulownia fortunei , a whole genome sequence analysis was carried out, and a total of 23 PfSPL genes were identified. Tandem duplication and fragment replication were the main patterns of gene expansion in the PfSPL family. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 23 identified PfSPLs formed seven subgroups, and the structures of the proteins in the same subgroup were similar. Functional analysis indicated that PfSPL11 may regulate flowering, PfSPL5 was involved in gibberellin signaling, PfSPL1 / 4 / 23 regulated branching, and PfSPL9 / 16 / 18 were related to pathogen resistance. Yeast one hybrid technology confirmed that PfSPL4 and PfSP23 can bind to the promoter of PfTCPa. The transcriptome analysis indicated that PfSPL10 was sensitive to both drought and salt stress. Ten PfSPLs that responded to phytoplasma infection were identified. Molecular docking showed that PfSPL10 and PfSPL 4/5/9/10/11/13 formed active pockets in the conserved SBP domain that could bind methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) and rifampicin (Rif) through stable hydrogen bonds, respectively. This study provides a basis for further studies on the functions of the PfSPL transcription factor family, and for genetic improvement and breeding of trees resistant to Pa WB disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms by which low light accelerates starch macromolecules degradation by auxin and gibberellin (GA) in geophytes during sprouting remain largely unknown. This study investigated these mechanisms in saffron, grown under low light (50 μmol m−2 s−1) and optimal light (200 μmol m−2 s−1) during the sprouting phase. Low light reduced starch concentration in corms by 34.0 % and increased significantly sucrose levels in corms, leaves, and leaf sheaths by 19.2 %, 9.8 %, and 134.5 %, respectively. This was associated with a 33.3 % increase in GA 3 level and enhanced auxin signaling. Leaves synthesized IAA under low light, which was transported to the corms to promote GA synthesis, facilitating starch degradation through a 228.7 % increase in amylase activity. Exogenous applications of GA and IAA, as well as the use of their synthesis or transport inhibitors, confirmed the synergistic role of these phytohormones in starch metabolism. The unigenes associated with GA biosynthesis and auxin signaling were upregulated under low light, highlighting the IAA-GA module role in starch degradation. Moreover, increased respiration rate and invertase activity, crucial for ATP biosynthesis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, were consistent with the upregulation of related unigenes, suggesting that auxin signaling accelerates starch degradation by promoting energy metabolism. Upregulated of auxin signaling (CsSAUR32) and starch metabolism (CsSnRK1) genes under low light suggests that auxin directly regulate starch degradation in saffron corms. This study elucidates that low light modulates auxin and GA interactions to accelerate starch degradation in saffron corms during sprouting, offering insights for optimizing agricultural practices under suboptimal light conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed germination is a critical process in the seed life cycle, especially for annual submerged macrophytes Vallisneria natans which is a model species for the restoration of degraded shallow lakes. Fresh seeds of V. natans have a very high germination rate but with no significant responses to the aggregation effect; meanwhile, these recalcitrant seeds quickly lose seed viability under dry storage. This study aims to explore the response of seed germination of V. natans after dry storage to aggregation effect by several microcosm experiments. We observed that seed aggregation has a significant positive effect on germination, and among the seven experimental densities between 10 ∼ 640 seeds, higher seed densities resulted in significantly enhanced germination. In contrast, daily removal of germinated seeds led to a significant decrease in the overall germination rate, suggesting that germinated seeds may secrete chemicals that promote the germination of ungerminated seeds. However, further experiments indicated that ethylene and gibberellins had no noticeable impact on seed germination, which was consistent with additional experiment results from spectrophotometer and high-throughput targeted metabolomics. We concluded that the promoting effect of aggregation on the seed germination of V. natans may be an adaptation of this species to its natural habitat but detailed mechanisms warranted further study. • Germination of Vallisneria natans seeds after long-term dry storage was investigated. • Seed density above ∼300 seeds per petri dish promoted seed germination. • Germinated seeds facilitate the germination process. • The functional chemicals that promote germination were unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Doping of atomic cluster Mo 3 can weaken the adhesion of H 2 O molecule on Mo 3 -TiS 2 monolayer. • The surface of Mo 3 -TiS 2 monolayer can generate a large amount of chemically adsorbed oxygen. • Mo 3 -TiS 2 monolayer has the ability to detect SO 2 in real-time at low temperatures. Monitoring the SF 6 decomposition gas (DPA) by gas sensors can be used to predict the operating status of power equipment, and the sensitivity performance of gas sensors is deeply influenced by the humidity resistance and surface oxygen adsorption performance of their sensing materials. The present research aims to explore a high‐valence transition‐metal ion doped transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayer that hosts high moisture resistance and abundant surface-chemisorbed oxygen suitable for detecting DPA. Using first-principles methods, the adsorption behavior of three representative types of gases (HF, SO 2 , and CO 2) in DPA, H 2 O, and O 2 on Mo 3 -TiS 2 monolayer are considered. Our results show that SO 2 and CO 2 molecules are adsorbed above the Mo 3 cluster through chemical adsorption, while HF molecule is physically adsorbed. The desorption times for SO 2 and CO 2 on Mo 3 -TiS 2 adsorbent are 9.89 s at 348 K and 34.96 s at 398 K, respectively. Introducing dopant Mo 3 resulted in better anti-humidity performance of TiS 2 , as the force of Mo 3 -TiS 2 monolayer towards H 2 O molecule is weakened compared to the intrinsic adsorption system. Additionally, Mo 3 -TiS 2 monolayer exhibits an exceptionally high affinity for O 2 molecule, leading to the rupture of chemical bond in O 2 , and the chemisorbed oxygen ions are acquired through the charge transfer between Mo 3 cluster and O 2 molecule. The computational findings in this article offer theoretical backing for advancing the development of gas sensors utilizing Mo 3 -TiS 2 and its utilization in the realm of DPA detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Determining GAs contents in lychee improves our understanding of its physiological mechanisms of fruit and flower development. • A straightforward pre-treatment procedure was optimized for the extraction of lychee GAs. • A high-efficiency UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS method was established for simultaneous quantitation of bioactive GAs in diverse lychee samples. • GA 1 and GA 3 may be important for lychee fruit development, while GA 4 and GA 7 may be vital for the flower development. Gibberellins (GAs) are a group of phytohormones that have profound and diverse effects on plant growth and development. Within this group, bioactive GAs, including GA1, GA3, GA4, and GA7, play a particularly significant role in regulating these processes. Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a tropical fruit tree native to southern China. Optimization of rapid and precise methods for analyzing bioactive GAs in lychee is crucial to enhance our understanding of the underlying physiological mechanisms of fruit and flower development and to explore its potential industrial applications in this fruit tree. In this study, we developed a high-efficiency method for simultaneous quantitation of bioactive GAs in lychee using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS). Ultimately, this method was effectively utilized to quantify the bioactive GAs in various tissues of lychee, including fruits, seeds, and flowers. The developed method exhibited satisfactory recoveries and precision, as well as short chromatographic run time and low limits of detection and quantitation of bioactive GAs in lychee. This protocol provides a valuable method for the characterization of physiological roles and molecular mechanism of GAs in lychee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial biofilms, especially ones caused by multi-drug resistant strains, are increasingly posing a significant threat to human health. Inspired by nature, we report the fabrication of glucose oxidase-loaded iron-phenolic networks that can power the cascade reaction to generate free radicals to eradicate bacterial biofilms. A soft template, sodium deoxycholate, is employed to guarantee glucose oxidase activity during encapsulation, yielding the porous nanocomplexes after removing the template. The porous nature of nanocomplexes, characterized via transmission electron microscopy, N 2 adsorption isotherms, and thermogravimetric analysis, facilitates the diffusion of substrates and products during the cascade reaction and protects glucose oxidase from protease attack. Our optimized nanocomplexes (Fe-GA/GOx) could efficiently kill drug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens, including the clinically isolated strains and eradicate their biofilms. In this regard, Fe-GA/GOx could induce over 90% of the biomass of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. In the murine peritonitis infection model induced by Staphylococcus aureus and pneumonia model induced by Klebsiella pneumoniae , our Fe-GA/GOx nanocomplexes could efficiently eradicate the bacteria (over 3-log reduction in colony-forming units) and alleviate the inflammatory response without notable side effects on normal tissues. Therefore, our strategy may provide an efficient alternative treatment to combat bacterial biofilms and address the emergence of drug resistance. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen gas (H 2), a gaseous signaling molecule, is involved in plant growth and development. This review collates emerging evidence to show that H 2 regulates the postharvest senescence of horticultural products through critical biochemical processes, including the improvement of antioxidant systems, the activation of cell wall metabolism, the promotion of energy metabolism, the inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis and the regulation of bacterial communities. Additionally, the interactions between H 2 and other signaling molecules are also discussed. This paper presents the current status of H 2 research in terms of its biological effects and safety in postharvest products by combining the research results on the molecular mechanisms of biological effects and H 2 signaling. The action mechanism of H 2 for postharvest preservation is also proposed, and it reflects the complexity and diversity of the pathways involved. Furthermore, a growing body of evidence has found a large number of downstream pathways or targets for the medical effects of H 2. Therefore, the scientific and practical aspects of H 2 biology are proposed for the postharvest preservation of horticultural products. • The H 2 postharvest preservation methods are usually divided into gas, solid or liquid preservation. • H 2 has a wide range of biological effects and safety in postharvest products. • H 2 regulates the postharvest senescence of horticultural products through critical biochemical processes. • H 2 can crosstalk with other signaling molecules to regulate various physiological processes. • Identifying relevant hydrogenases and related biosynthetic pathways is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The F-box protein (FBP) family plays diverse functions in the plant kingdom, with the function of many members still unrevealed. In this study, a specific FBP called PmFBK2, containing Kelch repeats from Persicaria minor , was functionally investigated. Employing the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay, PmFBK2 was found to interact with Skp1-like proteins from P. minor , suggesting its potential to form an E3 ubiquitin ligase, known as the SCF complex. Y2H and co-immunoprecipitation tests revealed that PmFBK2 interacts with full-length PmGID1b. The interaction marks the first documented binding between these two protein types, which have never been reported in other plants before, and they exhibited a negative effect on gibberellin (GA) signal transduction. The overexpression of PmFBK2 in the kmd3 mutant, a homolog from Arabidopsis, demonstrated the ability of PmFBK2 to restore the function of the mutated KMD3 gene. The function restoration was supported by morphophysiological and gene expression analyses, which exhibited patterns similar to the wild type (WT) compared to the kmd3 mutant. Interestingly, the overexpression of PmFBK2 or PmGID1b in Arabidopsis had opposite effects on rosette diameter, seed weight, and plant height. This study provides new insights into the complex GA signalling. It highlights the crucial roles of the interaction between FBP and the GA receptor (GID1b) in regulating GA responses. These findings have implications for developing strategies to enhance plant growth and yield by modulating GA signalling in crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of 50 mg L−1 GA 3 spraying at 65+75 days after flowering (DAF) (GA 3 _a), 75+85 DAF (GA 3 _b) and 85+95 DAF (GA 3 _c) on the room-temperature storability were compared to screen the ideal treatment time-points. GA 3 _b significantly inhibited the increasing of mass loss, rotting, aril breakdown, electrolyte leakage and pericarp browning. More importantly, GA 3 _b enhanced ROS-scavenging capacity through up-regulating activities of PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), CAT (catalase) and APX (ascorbate peroxidase), therefore reduced H 2 O 2 and malondialdehyde, retained phenolics, chlorophylls and carotenoid in pericarp at the later storage stages. GA 3 _b significantly inhibited pericarp enzymatic-browning by down-regulating expression and activities of POD (peroxidase), PPO (polyphenol oxidase) and LAC (laccase) and postharvest flavan-3-ols' polymerization. Moreover, GA 3 _b up-regulated GA 3 , SA and MeJA content at ripening & earlier storage, inhibited ABA biosynthesis at 85 DAF, up-regulated postharvest expression of NCED (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase) , ABF (Abscisic acid-insensitive 5-like protein) , NPR1 (non-expresser of pathogenesis related [PR] 1) expression but down-regulated PR1 (pathogen-related protein 1) and might promote survival of pericarp cell. In summary, 50 mg L−1 GA 3 spraying at 75+85 DAF was an ideal treatment to effectively improved the storability of longan fruit through enhancing ROS-scavenging capacity, inhibiting enzymatic-browning and promoting the survival of pericarp cell by reprogramming phytohormone. [Display omitted] • The best room-temperature storability was obtained by 50 mg/L GA 3 spray at 75+85 DAF. • Mass loss, rotting, electrolyte leakage, aril breakdown & pericarp browning decreased. • H 2 O 2 and MDA were reduced while phenolics, chlorophylls, and carotenoid were retained. • Activities of POD, PPO, and laccase and flavan-3-ols' polymerization were inhibited. • Reprogrammed variation and signaling of phytohormone might rescue pericarp cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Review of microencapsulation methods: mechanisms, features, and advances. • Discussion on benefits and performances of microencapsulated oilfield chemicals. • Exposition of all controlled-release mechanisms in microcapsules. • Challenges and prospects in designing microencapsulated oilfield chemicals. Oilfield chemicals play a pivotal role in optimizing the development of oil and gas resources. Emerging technologies for the controlled release of these chemicals have captured considerable interest among petroleum engineers. Microencapsulation, a method widely employed for controlled release in various industries such as biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture, is gaining traction in the realm of oil and gas exploitation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of encapsulation technologies, including solvent evaporation, coacervation, and polymerization methods. Special emphasis is placed on recent advancements in the applications of microcapsules within the oil and gas sector. Given the profound impact of release behavior on storage and engineering performance, the controlled-release mechanisms of environment-responsive microcapsules in challenging reservoir conditions are thoroughly examined. This article concludes by shedding light on potential future research directions for microcapsules in the oil and gas industry, providing valuable insights into intelligent chemical release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a cyanobacteria-bacteria consortium containing native wastewater bacteria and immobilized Synechococcus sp. was constructed. The cyanobacterial cellular responses (including growth, biomass and lipid productivity) and contaminant removal ability (for TN, TP, COD and antibiotics) in the consortium were evaluated during the advanced treatment of wastewater containing 10–50 μg/L of mixed antibiotics (amoxicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, sulfadiazine and ciprofloxacin) with the addition of a certain phytohormone (indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellin A3 or 6-benzylaminopurine) at trace level within a period of four days. Each phytohormone promoted the growth of Synechococcus sp. and increased the tolerance of Synechococcus sp. to mixed antibiotics. Indole-3-acetic acid coupled to moderate antibiotic stress could elevate lipid productivity and lipid content of Synechococcus sp. to 33.50 mg/L/day and 43.75%, respectively. Phytohormones increased the pollutant removal performance of the cyanobacteria-bacteria consortium through the stimulation of cyanobacterial growth and the regulation of cyanobacteria-bacteria interaction, which increased the abundances of microalgae-associated bacteria including Flavobacterium , Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium , Bosea , Sphingomonas and Emticicia. Up to 80.83%, 98.06%, 83.26%, 99.84%, 99.50%, 89.41%, 65.61% and 60.65% of TN, TP, COD, amoxicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, sulfadiazine and ciprofloxacin were removed by the consortium with the addition of phytohormones. In general, indole-3-acetic acid was the optimal phytohormone for enhancing lipid production and contaminant removal performance of the cyanobacteria-bacteria consortium. [Display omitted] • Phytohormones increase the tolerance of cyanobacteria to mixed antibiotics. • Antibiotics and phytohormones regulate cyanobacteria-bacteria interaction. • Phytohormones elevate cyanobacterial lipid productivity. • Phytohormones elevate pollutant removal property of cyanobacteria-bacteria consortium. • Indole-3-acetic acid show optimal promotion performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BBXs are B-Box zinc finger proteins that can act as transcription factors and regulators of protein complexes. Several BBX proteins play important roles in plant development. Two Arabidopsis thaliana microProteins belonging to the BBX family, named miP1a and miP1b, homotypically interact with and modulate the activity of other BBX proteins, including CONSTANS, which transcriptionally activates the florigen, FLOWERING LOCUS T. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing miP1a and miP1b showed delayed flowering. In tomato, the closest homologs of miP1a and miP1b are the microProteins Sl BBX16 and Sl BBX17. This study was aimed at investigating whether the constitutive expression of Sl BBX16/17 in Arabidopsis and tomato impacted reproductive development. The heterologous expression of the two tomato microProteins in Arabidopsis caused a delay in the flowering transition; however, the effect was weaker than that observed when the native miP1a/b were overexpressed. In tomato, overexpression of SlBBX17 prolonged the flowering period; this effect was accompanied by downregulation of the flowering inhibitors Self Pruning (SP) and SP5G. Sl BBX16 and Sl BBX17 can hetero-oligomerize with TCMP-2, a cystine-knot peptide involved in flowering pattern regulation and early fruit development in tomato. The increased expression of both microProteins also caused alterations in tomato fruit development: we observed in the case of SlBBX17 a decrease in the number and size of ripe fruits as compared to WT plants, while for SlBBX16 , a delay in fruit production up to the breaker stage. These effects were associated with changes in the expression of GA-responsive genes. [Display omitted] • MicroProteins interact with and regulate the activity of large protein complexes. • Tomato BBX16 and BBX17 are microProteins belonging to B-Box family. • Sl BBX16 and Sl BBX17 interact with a tomato cystine-knot peptide. • Increasing expression of Sl BBX17 prolongs the flowering period. • Both Sl BBX16 and Sl BBX17 affect fruit development and GA metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postharvest pear fruit is highly susceptible to infection by pathogens, particularly by Penicillium expansum. The cytochrome P450 family plays a crucial role in the plant's defense response against pathogen invasion. However, the mechanism underlying CYP714C2 defense in pear fruit remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the molecular and physiological changes in pears after overexpressing CYP714C2 using transient expression technology and transcriptomics analysis. Our findings demonstrate that the up-regulation of CYP714C2 significantly enhances the expression of genes related to pear resistance, including CDPK , CNGC , FLS2 , WRKY22 , WRKY29 , PYL1 , E TR , ERS , EIL3 , ERF1 , NPR , GST , BGLU and others. Moreover, CYP714C2 overexpression altered starch and sucrose metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, glutathione metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling pathway - Plant, plant-pathogen interaction and other resistance-related pathways. Meanwhile, SOD, POD and GST activities of pear were increased. The transient expression of CYP714C2 also resulted in reduced incidence and severity of pathogen infection in pears. It was also found that CYP714C2 protein can interact with GA2ox1 which is a key protein in gibberellin metabolic pathway. As a result, the research showed that CYP714C2 played a role in enhancing resistance in pear fruit and detailed its molecular mechanism for enhancing fruit resistance. This provides a theoretical foundation for future exploration of fruit disease resistance. • The up-regulation of CYP714C2 enhances the expression of genes related to resistance. • CYP714C2 overexpression activated resistance-related pathways. • The transient expression of CYP714C2 reduced severity of pathogen infection in pears. • Elaborated on CYP714C2's molecular mechanism for improving fruit resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the potential of liposome encapsulated silica immobilized cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (LSICY) for bioremediation of mercury (Hg2+). Current limitations in Hg2+ reduction, including sensitivity to factors like pH and cost, necessitate alternative methods. We propose LSICY as a solution, leveraging the enzymatic activities of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYPM) for Hg2+ reduction through hydroxylation and oxygenation. Our investigation employs LSICY to assess its efficacy in mitigating Hg2+ toxicity in Oryza sativa (rice) plants. Gas chromatography confirmed gibberellic acid (GA) presence in the Hg2+ reducing bacteria Priestia megaterium RP1 (PMRP1), highlighting a potential link between CYP450 activity and plant health. This study demonstrates the promise of LSICY as a sustainable and effective approach for Hg2+ bioremediation, promoting a safer soil environment. [Display omitted] • A sustainable Hg2+ reduction system using liposome-encapsulated CYP450 in a silica nanoshell was engineered. • Liposome-encapsulated CYP450 protected Oryza sativa from Hg2+ toxicity and helped restore Hg-contaminated soil. • NADPH electron transfer enables cytochrome P450 (CYP450) to reduce Hg2+ to Hg0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jatropha curcas (J. curcas) is a perennial oil-seed plant with vigorous vegetative growth but relatively poor reproductive growth and low seed yield. Gibberellins (GAs) promotes flowering in most annual plants but inhibits flowering in many woody plants, including J. curcas. However, the underlying mechanisms of GA inhibits flowering in perennial woody plants remain unclear. Here, we found that overexpression of the GA biosynthesis gene JcGA20ox1 inhibits flowering in J. curcas and in J. curcas × J. integerrima hybrids. Consistent with this finding, overexpression of the GA catabolic gene JcGA2ox6 promotes flowering in J. curcas. qRT PCR revealed that inhibits floral transition by overexpressing JcGA20ox1 resulted from a decrease in the expression of JcFT and other flowering-related genes, which was restored by overexpressing JcFT in J. curcas. Overexpression of JcGA20ox1 or JcGA2ox6 reduced seed yield, but overexpression of JcFT significantly increased seed yield. Furthermore, hybridization experiments showed that the reduction in seed yield caused by overexpression of JcGA20ox1 or JcGA2ox6 was partially restored by the overexpression of JcFT. In addition, JcGA20ox1 , JcGA2ox6 and JcFT were also found to be involved in the regulation of seed oil content and endosperm development. In conclusion, our study revealed that the inhibitory effect of GA on flowering is mediated through JcFT and demonstrated the effects of JcGA20ox1 , JcGA2ox6 and JcFT on agronomic traits in J. curcas. This study also indicates the potential value of GA metabolism genes and JcFT in the breeding of new varieties of woody oil-seed plants. • GA 4+7 and GA synthase gene JcGA20ox1 suppressed flowering in Jatropha , whereas the GA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol and GA degradation gene JcGA2ox6 promoted flowering. • JcGA20ox1 decreased the expression of JcFT ; while, the inhibition of floral transition by JcGA20ox1 could restored by JcFT , and the seed yield suppression phenotype could partially restored by JcFT. • JcGA20ox1 also decreased JiFT expression and delayed floral transition in J. curcas × J. integerrima hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of ornamental horticulture, crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) stands out for its aesthetic appeal, attributed largely to its vibrant flowers and distinctive branching architecture. This study embarked on a comprehensive exploration of the gibberellin oxidase (GAox) gene family in crape myrtle, illuminating its pivotal role in regulating GA levels, a key determinant of plant developmental processes. We identified and characterized 36 LiGAox genes, subdivided into GA2ox, GA3ox, GA20ox, and GAox-like subgroups, through genomic analyses. These genes' evolutionary trajectories were delineated, revealing significant gene expansions attributed to segmental duplication events. Functional analyses highlighted the divergent expression patterns of LiGAox genes across different crape myrtle varieties, associating them with variations in flower color and branching architecture. Enzymatic activity assays on selected LiGA2ox enzymes exhibited pronounced GA2 oxidase activity, suggesting a potential regulatory role in GA biosynthesis. Our findings offered a novel insight into the molecular underpinnings of GA-mediated growth and development in L. indica , providing a foundational framework for future genetic enhancements aimed at optimizing ornamental traits. • A total 36 LiGAox genes were identified from the Lagerstroemia indica. • The LiGAoxs participated in formation of flower colours and branching architecture. • The LiGA2ox2 displayed higher GA2 oxidase vitality, implying LiGA2ox2 participates in GA metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we studied the effects of gibberellic acid (GA) on chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolites and related gene expression during the regreening process in Valencia orange fruits (Citrus sinensis Osbeck). During the regreening, fruits treated with GA turned green much faster than those of the control. Compared with untreated fruits, chlorophyll accumulation was induced and the content of carotenoids (β-cryptoxanthin, all- trans -violaxanthin, and 9- cis -violaxanthin) was decreased by the GA treatment. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents following GA treatment appeared to be highly regulated at the gene transcription level. Correspondingly, the up-regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis genes (CitGGDR , CitCHL27 , CitPORA , and CitCAO) and down-regulation of degradation genes (CitCLH1 , CitSGR , CitPPH , CitPAO , and CitRCCR) led to the increase of chlorophyll contents, and the down-regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis genes (CitPSY , CitPDS , CitZDS , CitLCYb2 , and CitHYb) led to the decrease of carotenoid contents. These observations indicated that GA acted as a crucial regulator in the regreening process of citrus fruits. [Display omitted] • GA treatment induced regreening in citrus fruit. • Chlorophylls contents increased in the GA-treated regreening fruit. • Carotenoid accumulation was decreased in the GA-treated regreening fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pickering emulsions have been known to be promising candidates for encapsulating and delivering a wide range of bioactive compounds with antioxidant potentials. In this work, we formulated and characterized zein (ZN)/chitosan (CS) stabilized Pickering emulsion. The prepared emulsions were firstly characterized by droplet size after preparation and after storage for one month at room temperature as well as after the addition of prebiotic gum Arabic (GA). Rheological measurements were further carried out to see the behavior and stability of these emulsions after storage. Thereafter, vit-D 3 was encapsulated, and the antioxidant activity of the emulsions system were evaluated. The results showed that no significant change in the mean droplet diameter of the emulsions was observed after storage for a month. This claim was further confirmed by their rheological measurements particularly, the emulsions prepared with ZN/CS ratio of 1:2 having 50% oil contents exhibited significant stability. GA addition caused a gradual increase in the droplet size up to some level, after which it led to complete destabilization of the emulsion. Finally, to protect and deliver, vit-D 3 was successfully loaded in these emulsions. No significant difference in the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the vit-D 3 encapsulated emulsions was observed, showing their capability as delivery vehicles irrespective of their composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gum arabic (GA) is widely used as an emulsion stabilizer and coating in several industrial applications, such as foods and pharmaceuticals. GA contains a complex carbohydrate moiety, and the nonreducing ends of the side chains are often capped with L-rhamnose; thus, enzymes that can remove these caps are promising tools for the structural analysis of the carbohydrates comprising GA. In this study, GA-specific L-rhamnose-α-1,4-Dglucuronate lyase from the fungus Fusarium oxysporum 12S (FoRham1) was cloned and characterized. FoRham1 showed the highest amino acid sequence similarity with enzymes belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 145; however, the catalytic residue on the posterior pocket of the β-propeller fold protein was not conserved. The catalytic residues of FoRham1 were instead conserved with ulvan lyases belonging to polysaccharide lyase family 24. Kinetic analysis showed that FoRham1 has the highest catalytic efficiency for the substrate α-L-rhamnose- (1→4)-D-glucuronic acid. The crystal structures of ligand-free and α-L-rhamnose-(1→4)-D-glucuronic acid –bound FoRham1 were determined, and the active site was identified on the anterior side of the β-propeller. The three-dimensional structure of the active site and mutagenesis analysis revealed the detailed catalytic mechanism of FoRham1. Our findings offer a new enzymatic tool for the further analysis of the GA carbohydrate structure and for elucidating its physiological functions in plants. Based on these results, we renamed glycoside hydrolase family 145 as a new polysaccharide lyase family 42, in which FoRham1 is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum P3 (L. paraplantarum P3) cell-free supernatant (CFS) with good antifungal effect was sprayed on fresh in-shell peanuts stored at 5 °C and 30 °C to explore its effect on the microorganisms and quality of fresh in-shell peanuts during storage process. Results showed that L. paraplantarum P3 CFS effectively maintained good quality of fresh in-shell peanuts by not only reducing fungi amount and the mildew rate, but also improving the morphology, color and flavor. Besides, L. paraplantarum P3 CFS activated plant mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and plant hormone signaling pathway to produce more ethylene, gibberellin regulatory proteins and other substances to enhance plant resistance to pathogenic microorganisms. L. paraplantarum P3 CFS could also induce the biosynthesis of glycerophospholipid and arginine to increase the stress resistance of fresh peanuts. This study provides research data for the application of L. paraplantarum P3 CFS in the preservation and antimildew of fresh in-shell peanuts. Graphical abstract is shown as Fig. S1 in the supplementary file. [Display omitted] • L. paraplantarum P3 CFS could effectively maintain good quality of fresh peanuts. • L. paraplantarum P3 CFS could enhance plant resistance to pathogens. • L. paraplantarum P3 CFS could increase the stress resistance of fresh peanuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • LaZnO SOS sensor has been obtained and characterized. • The sensor presented temporal stability over 60 days. • The SOS signal was resistant to the 6–8 pH range. • LaZnO presented high selectivity. • Low detection limit (LOD = 550 ng/mL). Here, we presented a second-order scattering sensor based on the Zn 0.97 La 0.03 O compound (LaZnO) for selective and stable detection of glycated albumin (GA, glycemic long-term biomarker). The LaZnO sample was obtained through the co-precipitation method and then characterized using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Furthermore, the selectivity, molecular interference, temporal stability, and pH effects of the LaZnO SOS signal in the absence and presence of GA were investigated. The results indicate the stability of the SOS signal over more than 60 days. Assays conducted within the pH range of 5 to 8 indicate that the detection of GA remains unaffected under the given conditions. Selectivity studies show that the SOS signal of LaZnO is reduced only upon contact with GA, while interference studies show that detection is not affected by other chemical species. Additionally, the calibration curve test showed high sensitivity of the material, with a detection limit of 0.55 µg/ml. All the results suggest that LaZnO can deliver efficiency, selectivity, accuracy, and fast response as a GA biosensor, emphasizing LaZnO's usefulness in detecting protein biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice growth and production are severely constrained by alkali stress. However, the mechanism underlying the rice tolerance to alkali stress is unclear. OsDSR3 , a novel gene from the domains of unknown function 966 (DUF966) family, was identified and characterized for its function in the response of rice to alkali stress. The result of this study clearly showed that alkali stress significantly induced OsDSR3 expression level. Moreover, the expression of OsDSR3 was up-regulated by drought, salt, cold, H 2 O 2 and abscisic acid (ABA), and down-regulated by gibberellic acid (GA 3), and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) treatments. Subcellular localization exhibited that OsDSR3 was detected in the nucleus and membrane. OsDSR3 -overexpressing (OsDSR3 -OE) plants showed higher tolerance to alkali stress than the wild-type (WT). In contrast, OsDSR3 knockout (OsDSR3 -KO) mutants were more vulnerable to alkali stress. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among OsDSR3 -OE and WT seedlings were mainly enriched in porphyrin and chlorophyll, starch and sucrose, and carotenoid metabolic pathways. Among these DEGs, 26 were identified as potential alkali stress-responsive genes, including several up-regulated genes like OsHAK5 , OsGRX23 and OsNIR2. Consistent with the expression profiles of metabolic pathways-related genes, most of the metabolite contents and metabolite synthases activities were improved in OsDSR3 -OE lines and decreased in OsDSR3 -KO lines compared to WT. This may explain the higher tolerance of OE lines and lower tolerance of KO lines to alkali stress. These findings suggested that OsDSR3 positively regulates rice tolerance to alkali stress, which will help to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying rice alkali tolerance. • OsDSR3 gene from DUF966 family was cloned. • Overexpression of OsDSR3 enhanced the tolerance to alkali stress in rice. • Knockout of OsDSR3 reduced the tolerance of rice to alkali stress. • Twenty-six alkali-tolerant candidate genes were identified by RNA sequencing. • OsDSR3 positively controls rice tolerance to alkali stress by modulating sucrose and pigment related metabolic pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks play a crucial role in the petroleum industry, particularly in the exploration of unconventional oil and gas resources. This study focuses on a petroliferous fine-grained succession deposited prior to the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), specifically, the Paleocene second member of the Funing Formation. This formation represents the primary target for shale oil exploration in the Qintong Depression of the Subei Basin. Employing detailed sedimentological descriptions and utilizing multiple geochemical proxies, our investigation aimed to investigate lithofacies distribution and reconstruct the paleoenvironmental conditions prevalent in the Qintong Depression. Through the integration of lithological observation and well log data, the second member of the Funing Formation was categorized into three distinct system tracts: the early expanding system tract (EEST), the late expanding system tract (LEST), and the highstand system tract (HST). Within the established sequence stratigraphy framework, six lithofacies were identified, displaying comparable lateral and planar distributions. Results indicate that lithofacies exhibit greater thickness in the Deep Sag zone compared to the Slope and Fault Terrace. The EEST is characterized by laminated calcareous mudstone (LCM), laminated dolomitic mudstone (LDM), and massive argillaceous dolomite (MAD). Whereas the LEST predominantly comprises LCM and massive calcareous mudstone (MCM). These lithofacies were deposited under relatively arid climatic conditions, characterized by high salinity and strong terrigenous input, with a moderate abundance of organic matter consisting of type Ⅱ and type Ⅲ kerogen. In contrast, the HST is dominated by MCM with stable thickness, indicative of deposition under relatively humid climatic conditions with low salinity and terrigenous input. These conditions fostered an environment conducive to plankton and algae, resulting in a high abundance of organic matter composed of type Ⅰ kerogen. These new characterizations have significant implications for considering favorable lithofacies regarding the vertical orientation and target zones regarding the planarity of shale oil resources in the Qintong Depression of the Subei Basin. • The Paleocene second member of the Funing Formation is highly heterogeneous and moderately organic matter-rich. • The paleoclimate shifts from arid to humid, possibly linked to multiple hyperthermal events in the Early Paleogene. • The organic matter enrichment was influenced by changes of paleoclimate and redox conditions. • Laminated calcareous shale and dolomitic shale are the most favorable lithofacies in the second member of the Funing Formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kimmeridge Clay Formation (KCF) forms the source rock for most conventional hydrocarbon accumulations within the UK North Sea. However, only a few previous studies have analyzed the potential of the KCF for unconventional resources (i.e., shale oil and gas). Here, we use machine learning techniques combined with established rock property equations to generate geochemical, petrophysical and geomechanical logs for 16 wells within Quadrant 15 of the Outer Moray Firth, UK North Sea. The neural network models used to generate geochemical logs are trained using the Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation algorithm. The generated well logs and new KCF depth maps, constrained by an existing Base Cretaceous Unconformity (BCU) map of the UK North Sea and well top information from 48 wells, are used for 3D geostatistical modelling of KCF properties across the area. The resulting KCF property maps allow us to assess the shale oil and gas play potential across the region. Our results suggest good organic richness and hydrocarbon yield potential for the KCF within the study area, with up to 9 wt% original total organic carbon (TOC o), 48 mg/g original hydrocarbon yield (S 2o), and 607 mg/gTOC original hydrogen index (HI o). Modelled total porosity values range between 2 and 13%, and brittleness indices lie between 25 and 65%, within the range reported for proven shale oil and gas plays. A sweet spot map, created by integrating our modelled KCF properties, indicates prospective areas for shale oil and gas exploitation within the central Witch Ground Graben, and to a lesser extent areas of the Piper Shelf and Claymore-Tartan Ridge. These areas show good potential based on all investigated properties, with respect to industry standards. • The Kimmeridge Clay Formation has been evaluated for its shale oil & gas potential. • Methodology includes 3D geostatistical modelling of key evaluation parameters. • An integrated sweet spot map shows areas within the central Witch Ground Graben. • The map simplifies the identification of areas with shale oil & gas potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Representative simulations evaluate gas transport mechanism due to NSZD. • Soil microbiome, fluid flow, multi-component transport and partitioning are considered. • Relative pressure changes and consequent scales of advective / diffusive transport are quantified. • Findings confirm assumptions of diffusion dominance in vapour transport and NSZD. Quantifying the interlinked behaviour of the soil microbiome, fluid flow, multi-component transport and partitioning, and biodegradation is key to characterising vapour risks and natural source zone depletion (NSZD) of light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) petroleum hydrocarbons. Critical to vapour transport and NSZD is transport of gases through the vadose zone (oxygen from the atmosphere, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), methane and carbon dioxide from the zone of LNAPL biodegradation). Volatilisation of VOCs from LNAPL, aerobic biodegradation, methanogenesis and heat production all generate gas pressure changes that may lead to enhanced gas fluxes apart from diffusion. Despite the importance of the gaseous phase dynamics in the vadose zone processes, the relative pressure changes and consequent scales of advective (buoyancy and pressure driven) / diffusive transport is less studied. We use a validated multi-phase multi-component non-isothermal modelling framework to differentiate gas transport mechanisms. We simulate a multicomponent unweathered gasoline LNAPL with high VOC content to maximise the potential for pressure changes due to volatilisation and to enable the joint effects of methanogenesis and shallower aerobic biodegradation of vapours to be assessed, along with heat production. Considering a uniform fine sand profile with LNAPL resident in the water table capillary zone, results suggest that biodegradation plays the key role in gas phase formation and consequent pressure build-up. Results suggest that advection is the main transport mechanism over a thin zone inside the LNAPL/capillary region, where the effective gaseous diffusion is very low. In the bulk of the vadose zone above the LNAPL region, the pressure change is minimal, and gaseous diffusion is dominant. Even for high biodegradation rate cases, pressure build-up due to heat generation (inducing buoyancy effects) is smaller than the contribution of gas formation due to biodegradation. The findings are critical to support broader assumptions of diffusive transport being dominant in vapour transport and NSZD assessments. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of biomass, such as cellulose, into carbonaceous materials by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has great potential as an energy source. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of temperature, water, and reactants on product distribution during the HTC process. The carbonization reaction mechanism was determined using the ReaxFF method, and the results showed that high temperature accelerated the HTC charring process. Although the rate of reactant polymerization increased at high temperatures, this also led to an increase in the decomposition of gaseous products. Simulation results showed that water played a dual role as both a solvent and reactant in HTC; this role hindered the formation of certain carbon-containing gases, which in turn facilitated the HTC process. It was also observed that 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural did not interact, but furfural was converted at a faster rate. At 2200 K, HMF polymerized within 3000 ps to form an insoluble polymer with considerable molecular weight. Based on the formation of the polymer, it was evident that reactive small molecule compounds continued to participate in polymerization. An aromatization reaction occurs during polymerization, leading to the formation of stable fragments with high aromaticity; therefore, polymerization and aromatization reactions are the two fundamental processes driving carbonation reactions. These processes give rise to the production of insoluble polymers characterized by an amorphous network structure and high aromaticity, and polymers with atomic weights exceeding 1000 can be formed under suitable conditions. The results indicate that it is relatively simple to study the HTC mechanism using molecular dynamics methods. [Display omitted] • Temperature plays a crucial role in hydrothermal carbonization. • Higher temperatures accelerate the formation of solid products. • Water functions as both a solvent and reactant. • An interaction between 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural was not observed. • Polymerization and aromatization drive the charring reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics and antibiotics are emerging contaminants that can elicit considerable adverse effects on carbon and nitrogen cycles and greenhouse gas emissions. The effect of the combined occurrence of antibiotics and different types of microplastics on soil ecosystem is poorly understood. We investigated the effects of oxytetracycline (OTC), polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics, and polyethylene (PE) microplastics alone and in combination on plant root growth traits, soil extracellular enzymatic activity, and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions from the soil. Plant root growth traits including root area, root surface area, root volume and root branches were negatively affected by all treatments; soil extracellular enzymatic activity was also negatively affected by all treatments expect for the cellobiohydrolase. The results showed that CO 2 emission increased in all treatments, with a maximum increase of 505 % in the PLA treatment; however, N 2 O emissions increased in the OTC treatment by 44 % but decreased in all other treatments as compared to the control. Furthermore, partial least squares path modeling analysis suggested that soil extracellular enzymes significantly influenced soil N 2 O and CO 2 emissions (P < 0.05) and had a strong correlation with root growth traits (P < 0.05). We thus concluded that changes in soil extracellular enzymatic activities and plant root growth traits, which were affected by different microplastic and antibiotic treatments, influenced soil CO 2 and N 2 O gas emissions. • Antibiotic enhanced but microplastics in soil reduced the N 2 O gas emission. • Degradable microplastics enhanced more CO 2 emission as compared to other treatments. • Antibiotic and microplastics negatively affect plant root growth and soil enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gibberellin oxidases (GAoxs) identified from many species play indispensable roles in GA biosynthesis and GA signal transduction. However, there has been limited research conducted on the GAox family of Salix matsudana , a tetraploid ornamental tree species. Here, 54 GAox genes were identified from S. matsudana and renamed as SmGA20ox1–22 , SmGA2ox1–24 , SmGA3ox1–6 , and SmGAox-like1/2. Gene structure and conserved motif analysis showed that SmGA3ox members possess the 1 intron and other SmGAoxs contain 2–3 introns, and motif 1/2/7 universally present in all SmGAoxs. A total of 69 gene pairs were identified from SmGAox family members, and the Ka/Ks values indicated the SmGAoxs experience the purifying selection. The intra species collinearity analysis implied S. matsudana , S. purpurea , and Populus trichocarpa have the close genetic relationship. The GO analysis suggested SmGAoxs are dominantly involved in GA metabolic process, ion binding, and oxidoreductase activity. RNA-sequencing demonstrated that some SmGAox s may play an essential role in salt and submergence stresses. In addition, the SmGA20ox13/21 displayed the dominant vitality of GA20 oxidase, but the SmGA20ox13/21 still possessed low activities of GA2 and GA3 oxidases. This study can contribute to reveal the regulatory mechanism of salt and submergence tolerance in willow. • A total of 54 SmGAoxs were identified from the Salix matsudana genome. • SmGAoxs were involved in GA metabolic process, ion binding, and oxidoreductase activity. • The SmGA20ox13/21 displayed the dominant vitality of GA20 oxidase, but they still possessed low activities of GA2 and GA3 oxidases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peptides are recognized as promising adsorbents in metal selective recovery. In this study, the designed gallium-binding peptide H 6 GaBP was immobilized by the polysaccharide polymer sodium alginate (SA) for gallium recovery. The synthesized H 6 GaBP@SA microspheres exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 127.4 mg/g and demonstrated high selectivity for gallium at lower pH values. The adsorption process aligned well with the pseudo-second-order equation and Langmuir model. To elucidate the adsorption mechanism, a comprehensive characterization including molecular docking, scanning electron microscope coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), were conducted. These analyses revealed that gallium ions were initially adsorbed through electrostatic interaction by H 6 GaBP@SA, followed by a cation exchange reaction between Ga(OH)2+ and Ca2+, as well as coordination between gallium and histidine residues on the peptide. Moreover, the H 6 GaBP@SA exhibited improved thermal stability compared to sole sodium alginate microspheres, and the coordination of gallium with peptides can also defer the decomposition rate of the adsorbents. Compared to other adsorbents, the peptide-encapsulated hydrogel microspheres exhibited superior gallium selectivity and improved adsorption capacity, offering an environmentally friendly option for gallium recovery. [Display omitted] • The designed peptide H 6 GaBP was immobilized by sodium alginate for Ga recovery. • The H 6 GaBP@SA hydrogel exhibited improved adsorption and superior Ga selectivity. • Histidine on the peptide contributed significantly to the Ga binding ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • GA 3 and ICI182,780 reversely regulated the electrochemical signals of cells. • GA 3 and ICI182,780 reversely regulated intracellular purines. • GA 3 induced purine de novo synthesis by regulating PRPP amidotransferase and IMPDH. • GA 3 induced purine catabolism, mainly regulated ADA. The estrogenic effect of plant growth regulators has been received little attention, which leads to the lack of relevant toxicity data. In this study, the estrogenic effect induced by gibberellin with ERα-dependent manner was found by E-screen and western blot methods, and the electrochemical signals of MCF-7 cells regulated by gibberellin and fulvestrant were investigated. The results showed that the electrochemical signals of MCF-7 cells were increased by gibberellin, while reduced by fulvestrant significantly, and displayed an extremely sensitive response to the effects of estrogenic effect induced by ERα agonist and antagonist. Western blot results showed that the expressions of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase and hypoxanthine nucleotide dehydrogenase in de novo purine synthesis and adenine deaminase in catabolism were more effective regulated by gibberellin and fulvestrant, resulting in significant changes of the levels of guanine, hypoxanthine and xanthine in cells, and then electrochemical signals. The results provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of new electrochemical detection method of the estrogenic effect of plant regulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient operation of the gas field supply chain is an important guarantee for oil and gas energy security, and it needs to dynamically adapt to upstream and market fluctuations. This paper proposes an innovative design and operation optimization mixed integer nonlinear programming (MILP) method for distributed supply chain based on skid equipment. Unlike the traditional methods, the proposed MILP method can simultaneously obtain upstream production planning, midstream modular equipment and processing capacity allocation, and downstream transportation allocation schemes for various natural gas products such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG) and pipeline natural gas (PNG) of each time periods by making the maximum net present value (NPV) of the full development cycle as the target. In order to prove the superiority and usability of the proposed method, four operation scheduling modes are compared through two comprehensive case analysis. Additionally, the effects of gas well productivity, market demand and product price are investigated through sensitivity analysis. The results show that comparing with the traditional method, the proposed method can effectively improve the loading rate of the processing equipment, increase the overall revenue of gas field development, integrate the operation in the upstream, midstream and downstream of the supply chain, dynamically adapt to the gas production and marketing fluctuations. This study provides a creative way to obtain better profit, reduce energy utilization and promote cleaner production for sustainable supplies management in gas industry. • A sustainable supply chain of distributed multi-product gas field based on skid equipment. • Production planning of upstream gas wells and allocation of downstream multiple products are considered. • Multi-product, modular facilities and multiple transportation mode are integrated. • The practicality of the optimization method is testified by two case studies. • Sensitivity analysis is employed to investigate the impact of uncertainty parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to construct a novel corn starch-glycyrrhizic acid (CS-GA) ink and systematically investigate the effects of GA on the water distribution, microstructure, rheology and 3D printing properties of CS hydrogels. The results showed that the CS chains could form strong hydrogen bonds with GA molecules, inhibit the formation of short-range ordered structure of CS and reduce the content of B-type starch. The low-field nuclear magnetic results showed that the introduction of GA could increase bound water content in CS-GA hydrogels. With the increase of GA content, the CS-GA hydrogel changed from CS-dominated to a GA-dominated gel network system. Rheological results showed that all samples exhibited typical shear thinning behavior. High GA concentration was beneficial to increasing the self-supporting properties and thixotropic recovery of CS-GA hydrogels. Compared with the pure CS hydrogel, the 3D printing characteristics of CS-GA hydrogels were significantly enhanced due to the increased bound water content and the enhancement of rheological properties. At 40 % GA content, CS-GA hydrogel showed the highest printing accuracy of 96.4 % ± 0.30 %. The printed product could perfectly replicate the preset model. Therefore, this study provided a theoretical basis for regulating starch's rheology and 3D printing characteristics and developing novel food-grade 3D printing inks. • Corn starch-glycyrrhizic acid (CS-GA) hydrogel was constructed. • GA could regulate the rheological properties of CS-GA hydrogel. • The CS-GA hydrogel with 40 % GA exhibited high 3D printing accuracy. • Correlation between rheology and 3D printing properties was elaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of multifunctional hydrogel dressings to effectively promote wound healing is highly desirable in clinical trauma and surgery. Inspired by excellent mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and strong adhesion of polyphenols, gallic acid was grafted onto chitosan molecular chain (CS-GA) by free radical polymerization in this study, and PVA/CS-GA hydrogels were successfully prepared by repeated freeze-thaw method, without introducing toxic crosslinking agents. The prepared PVA/CS-GA hydrogels could adhere to various substrates, which confirmed excellent universal adhesion properties. The red blood cells adhesion ratio was 67.1%, indicating its potential for promoting wound coagulation. Meanwhile, the mechanical strength of PVA/CS-GA hydrogel was significantly enhanced, exhibiting approximately twice tensile strength and failure stretch compared with PVA hydrogel. Furthermore, attributing to GA molecule, PVA/CS-GA hydrogels not only showed favorable antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), but also could scavenge free radicals, showing effective antioxidant activity. The hydrogels also had good biocompatibility, met the basic requirements of biomedical materials and may promote wound repair. It should be noted that the content of GA had significant impact on cytotoxicity. Therefore, multifunctional PVA/CS-GA hydrogels with excellent mechanical, adhesion, antioxidant, antibacterial and biocompatible properties show promising potential applications in the biomedicine field, especially as functional wound dressings. Inspired by excellent mechanical properties of PVA and strong adhesion of polyphenols, PVA/CS-GA hydrogels with antibacterial, antioxidant, hemostatic, good biocompatibility, suitable adhesion and strong mechanical properties were successfully prepared by freeze-thaw method, which have great potential and application prospect as functional wound dressings. [Display omitted] • Multifunctional composite hydrogels are designed by non-toxic freeze-thaw method. • Polyphenol endows hydrogels with universal adhesion, and polyvinyl alcohol endows hydrogels with good elasticity. • The hydrogels exhibit excellent antioxidant, antibacterial and biocompatible properties. • The hydrogels can meet the requirements of ideal wound dressings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Atomic modification with Rh, Pd and Ag significantly enhance the adsorption and conductivity of GaTe monolayers. • Rh-GaTe, Pd-GaTe, Ag-GaTe demonstrate promise as gas-sensitive materials for detecting SF6 gas. • Rh-GaTe and Pd-GaTe serve as effective gas scavengers, capable of eliminating H2S and SO2 gases, and SOF2 gases, respectively. In this study, a novel gas-sensitive material based on transition metal (Rh, Pd and Ag) doped GaTe monolayer is proposed. The adsorption properties of Rh-GaTe, Pd-GaTe and Ag-GaTe single molecule membranes on four SF 6 decomposition gases (H 2 S, SO 2 , SOF 2 , SO 2 F 2) were investigated by using density functional theory (DFT). The adsorption energy, Q T , DOS, work function and energy band structure were analyzed. For further analysis, differential charge density, molecular orbital theory and recovery time were also investigated. The results show that Rh-GaTe, Pd-GaTe and Ag-GaTe are promising materials for gas detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acidity and Ga-species status in the zeolite play a crucial role in the CO 2 -assisted propane dehydroaromatization (CO 2 -PDA). In this work, a copper modified Ga-MFI zeolite (Cu/Ga-MFI) with well dispersed framework Ga species was fabricated. A remarkable aromatics selectivity of 73% at propane conversion of 93.6% was achieved on Cu/Ga-MFI catalyst. The Ga atoms in MFI framework can create a moderate acid strength, while the introduced Cu provide an appropriate Brønsted/Lewis acid distribution, enhancing the synergy between metal-related species and the zeolite. Besides, DFT results indicate that the acid sites in Ga-MFI are more preferable for the dehydrogenation of propane instead of the C-C cleavage. Moreover, CO 2 can inhibit coke formation through reverse Boudouard and reverse water gas shift reaction, which endows Cu/Ga-MFI catalyst with superior anti-coking ability and regeneration stability. This work provides a novel approach for designing catalysts with high activity, aromatics selectivity, and stability for CO 2 -PDA reactions. [Display omitted] • H-type Al-free Ga-MFI with Ga located in frameworks is successfully fabricated. • Cu/Ga-MFI shows a superior aromatics selectivity and stability in CO 2 -PDA reaction. • The moderate acid strength from Ga in MFI is favored by propane dehydrogenation. • The synergy between Brønsted/Lewis acid is crucial for catalytic performance. • The introduction of Cu promotes CO 2 activation and inhibits the carbon deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Related to ABI3/VP1 (RAV) transcription factors play important roles in regulating plant growth and stress tolerance, which have been studied in many plant species, but have remained largely unidentified in legumes. To functionally characterize RAV in legumes, MtRAV3 from legume model plant Medicago truncatula was isolated and its function was investigated by overexpressing MtRAV3 in M. truncatula. Expression analysis demonstrated that MtRAV3 was markedly induced by NaCl and polyethylene glycol (PEG). MtRAV3 overexpression enhanced tolerance of transgenic M. truncatula to mannitol, drought and salt stresses, and induced the expression of adversity-related genes, including MtWRKY76 , MtMYB61 , cold-acclimation specific protein 31 (MtCAS31), alternative oxidase 1 (MtAOX1) and ethylene response factor 1 (MtERF1). There were lower relative electrolyte leakage and higher chlorophyll content of leaves in the MtRAV3 overexpression plants than in wild type plants under both salt and drought stress. MtRAV3 overexpression M. truncatula were featured by some phenotypes of dwarfing, late flowering, more branches, smaller flower and leaf organs. Further investigations showed that the expression levels of DWARF14 (MtD14), CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASES 7 (MtCCD7) and GA3-oxidase1 (MtGA3ox1), which related to dwarf and branch phenotype, were obviously reduced, as well as MtGA3ox1' (MTR_1g011580), GA20-oxidase1 (MtGA20ox1), MtGA20ox1' (MTR_1g102070) and GA20-oxidase2 (MtGA20ox2) involved in gibberellins (GAs) pathway. Overall, our results revealed that MtRAV3 exerted an important role in adversity response and plant growth, was a multifunctional gene in M. truncatula , which provided reference for genetic improvement of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). • MtRAV3 Transgenic Medicago truncatula showed dwarfing, late flowering and increased branching. • Compared with wild-type plants, the expression of some branching and flowering regulation genes were obviously changed in MtRAV3 transgenic plants. • MtRAV3 transgenic plants showed enhanced tolerances to osmotic and salt stress. • The potential downstream genes regulated by MtRAV3 were reasonably hypothesized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major strides have been made over the past decade in elucidating the mechanisms that mediate shade-avoidance responses. The canonical PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF)–auxin pathway that begins with inactivation of phytochrome B (phyB) by a low red:far-red (R:FR) ratio, and that leads to increased elongation, has been thoroughly characterized in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. Nevertheless, studies in other life stages and plant species have demonstrated the role of other wavelengths, photoreceptors, and hormones in the orchestration of shade-avoidance responses. We highlight recent developments that illustrate how canopy light cues regulate signaling through auxin, gibberellins (GAs), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), and strigolactones (SLs) to modulate key aspects of plant growth, metabolism, and defense. Plants obtain information about the proximity of other plants by using specialized photoreceptors that cover a wide range of wavelengths. Photoreceptors regulate shade avoidance via two major, interrelated mechanisms: (i) direct inhibition of transcription factors of the PIF family, and (ii) suppression of the function of the COP1/SPA E3 ligase complex. In addition to auxin, other hormones including gibberellin (GA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and strigolactone (SL) are emerging as central regulators of shade avoidance. When competition for light is strong, plants prioritize responses that improve their capacity to forage for light while becoming more susceptible to herbivores and pathogens. Attenuation of JA responses under low red:far-red ratios is dependent on PIF-mediated changes in JA metabolism, which divert JA molecules away from the formation of bioactive conjugates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural fluorescence of tree peony is short. Forcing culture, mainly by defoliation and gibberellin (GA) treatment, is frequently used for its industrial production. We previously found forcing culture to be coordinated by non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs). Herein, we further revealed the specific role of NSCs during this process. We observed that both defoliation and GA treatment increased the photosynthesis in the bracts, and defoliation had a greater effect on NSC assimilation. We further determined the NSC content and PsSWEETs expression in the bracts, and the results indicated that GA may contribute more to NSC allocation by inducing PsSWEET7. Furthermore, we determined the trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) content and sugar signaling-related gene (PsTPS1 , PsSnRK1, and PsHXK1) expression in both the petals and bracts and found that both defoliation and GA treatment induced T6P levels as well as PsTPS1 expression in both tissues. This indicated that the sugar signaling pathway may also be involved in NSC-coordinated tree peony flowering. In particular, PsSnRK1 was more rapidly induced in the bracts (as an energy shortage response) in the control plants and was completely prohibited by defoliation and GA treatment, indicating the key role of the bracts in sugar signaling. In conclusion, NSCs induced tree peony flowering both as an energy substrate and sugar signaling trigger, with the bracts playing an essential role. These results may provide further evidence on the mechanism of NSC-coordinated flower opening in tree peony under forcing culture conditions, which may also provide a foundation for improving this technology. • NSC coordinate tree peony flowering both as energy substrates and sugar signaling trigger. • Defoliation may have a greater effect on NSC assimilation. • GA treatment may contribute more to NSC allocation by inducing PsSWEET7. • Both defoliation and GA treatment triggered sugar signaling by inducing T6P level. • Bracts play an essential role in tree peony flowering by prohibiting PsSnRK1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycosylated secondary metabolites constitute a large proportion of nutrients or ingredients in consumed plants and related products. The glycosyl decoration largely depends on the activity of plant UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Mechanisms underlying the substrate selectivity and specificity of these reactions remain elusive. Here we report the cloning and functional characterization of a UGT, UGT78H2 in blackberry fruits. In vitro enzyme substrate specificity analysis and enzymatic kinetics evidenced that UGT78H2 glycosylate exclusively quercetin using uridine-5′ diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDP-glucuronic acid) and uridine-5′ diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose). Site-directed mutagenesis was introduced into two residuals (N340P, K360N) previously unexplored. The mutation enhanced the protein catalyzing efficiency, especially toward UDP-galactose (23% higher), and expanded the sugar donor selectivity, which can use UDP-glucose as well. Molecular modeling and biochemical analysis results enable identification of the 23rd residue (360th in UGT78H2) of the PSPG (plant secondary product glycosyltransferase) motif as a key residue in defining this sugar selecting spectrum. Additionally, promoter of UGT78H2 was obtained. Transgenic analysis using the UGT78H2pro::GUS reporter system demonstrated that transcripts controlled by the promoter predominantly expressed in younger tissues. Subcellular localization study revealed that UGT78H2 was a soluble protein in the nucleus and cytoplasm. These results clarified the bio-function of UGT78H2 and provided a valid approach for substrate selectivity modification in horticultural plants, particularly for sugar donor selectivity. • Enzyme substrate specificity analysis evidenced that UGT78H2 glycosylate exclusively quercetin using UDP-GA and UDP-GAL. • Mutations (N340P, K360N) enhanced the catalyzing efficiency, especially toward UDP-GALand expanded the donor selectivity. • Several hormone responsive elements were observed in the UGT78H2 promoter sequence • UGT78H2 was a soluble protein function in the nucleus and cytoplasm [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gα proteins promote dynamic adjustments of cell shape directed by TIN-cytoskeleton reorganization via their respective RhoGEF effectors. For example, Gα13 binding to the RGShomology (RH) domains of several RH-RhoGEFs allosterically activates these proteins, causing them to expose their catalytic Dbl-homology (DH)/pleckstrin-homology (PH) regions, which triggers downstream signals. However, whether additional Ga proteins might directly regulate the RH-RhoGEFs was not known. To explore this question, we first examined the morphological effects of expressing shortened RH-RhoGEF DH/PH constructs of p115RhoGEF/ARHGEF1, PDZ-RhoGEF (PRG)/ARHGEF11, and LARG/ARHGEF12. As expected, the three constructs promoted cell contraction and activated RhoA, known to be downstream of Gα13. Intriguingly, PRG DH/PH also induced filopodia-like cell protrusions and activated Cdc42. This pathway was stimulated by constitutively active Gas (GasQ227L), which enabled endogenous PRG to gain affinity for Cdc42. A chemogenetic approach revealed that signaling by Gs-coupled receptors, but not by those coupled to Gi or Gq, enabled PRG to bind Cdc42. This receptor-dependent effect, as well as CREB phosphorylation, was blocked by a construct derived from the PRG:Gas-binding region, PRG-linker. Active Gαs interacted with isolated PRGDHand PH domains and their linker. In addition, this construct interfered with GαsQ227L's ability to guide PRG's interaction with Cdc42. Endogenous Gscoupled prostaglandin receptors stimulated PRG binding to membrane fractions and activated signaling to PKA, and this canonical endogenous pathway was attenuated by PRG-linker. Altogether, our results demonstrate that active Gαs can recognize PRG as a novel effector directing its DH/PH catalytic module to gain affinity for Cdc42. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the effects of high temperature (HT) at veraison (the onset of ripening) on coloration and anthocyanin biosynthesis in berry skins of 'Kyoho' grapevines (Vitis labruscana L.). The vines were subjected to control, HT (6 °C higher than the control for 10 days), and intermittent HT (IHT; 6 °C higher than the control for 4 days followed by control temperature for 3 days and then 6 °C higher than the control for another 3 days) conditions from 50 to 60 days after full bloom (DAFB) in temperature-controlled rooms. Under control conditions, berry skins were tinted purple from 55 DAFB and turned to reddish-purple thereafter until 80 DAFB, concurrently with the anthocyanin accumulation. The HT and IHT treatments greatly inhibited the coloration and anthocyanin accumulation, with greater inhibition by the HT treatment. The HT and IHT treatments significantly inhibited the expressions of early (EBGs) and late anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (LBGs), and the transcription factor gene VlMYBA2. Abscisic acid (ABA) contents in the control berry skins increased from 50 DAFB, peaked at 55 DAFB, and decreased thereafter. The HT and IHT treatments reduced the increase in ABA contents, with no significant difference between HT- and IHT-treated vines. Gibberellin (GA) contents decreased during veraison in the berry skins of control and IHT-treated vines, but remained unchanged in those of HT-treated vines. These results suggest that the coloration and anthocyanin biosynthesis in berry skins are associated with changes in the ABA/GA ratio. • High temperature inhibited anthocyanin accumulation in grape berry skins. • High temperature differentially inhibited expressions of early anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. • High temperature inhibited expressions of all late anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and VlMYBA2. • Anthocyanin contents in grape berry skins are related to ABA/GA ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to determine the phytohormone profile of sweet briar rose (Rosa rubiginosa L.) seedlings and privileged synthesis pathways of individual hormones including gibberellins, cytokinins and auxins in response to long-term soil drought. We detected eight gibberellins, nine auxins and fifteen cytokinins. Abscisic acid (ABA) was also detected as a sensitive indicator of water stress. Thirty days of soil drought induced significant increase of ABA content and species-specific quantitative changes of other phytohormones. We established preferred synthesis pathways for three gibberellins, six auxins and eight cytokinins. Both an increase and decrease in gibberellin and cytokinin levels may modulate sweet briar's response to soil water shortage. In the case of auxins, induction of effective adaptation mechanisms to extremely dry environments is mostly triggered by their rising levels. Under drought stress, sweet briar seedlings increased their gibberellin pool at the expense of reducing the pool of cytokinins and auxins. This may indicate a specific role of gibberellins in adaptation mechanisms to long-term soil water deficit developed by sweet briar. • Rosa rubiginosa indicates high adaptive potential to soil drought. • 32 plant hormones were evaluated under drought stress. • We established preferred synthesis pathways for three gibberellins, six auxins and eight cytokinins. • Sweet briar seedlings increased gibberellin pool at the expense of reducing the pool of cytokinins and auxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short and concentrated natural fluorescence hinders tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) annual production, and defoliation and gibberellin (GA) application is used to induce its reflowering in autumn. Here, the individual roles of defoliation and GA treatment were determined by monitoring morphological and soluble sugar changes in buds and leaves, and by investigating carbon allocation- and metabolism-related gene expression. Both defoliation and GA treatment induced early bud development, but induction was faster using the GA treatment. Only defoliation, not GA treatment, induced the final reflowering, although their combination accelerated it. Furthermore, defoliation decreased the sucrose content in buds much faster than the GA treatment. This sucrose reduction may play a key role in tree peony reflowering, and the higher carbon metabolism activity in young leaves after defoliation may further help the reflowering process. Defoliation enhanced the expression of sucrose transporters PsSUT4 and PsSWEET12 in buds, and their expression in young leaves was greater than after GA treatment. This indicated that PsSUT4 and PsSWEET12 may help transport carbon into buds after defoliation. In addition, the invertases, PsCIN2 and PsCWIN1 in young leaves were more highly expressed after defoliation, indicating that they may contribute to reflowering after defoliation by accelerating sucrose hydrolysis in young leaves. In addition, the expression levels of PsVIN1 and PsVIN2 in leaves, and PsVIN2 in buds were more highly induced by GA treatment than by defoliation, indicating that PsVINs may mainly respond to GA treatment. These results may help improve the tree peony forcing culture technology and related industrial production. • Defoliation, not GA treatment, induced tree peony reflowering in autumn. • Defoliation induced faster sucrose hydrolysis in buds during reflowering process. • Defoliation also increased the sucrose supply and hydrolysis in young leaves. • After defoliation, PsSUT4 and PsSWEET12 may help transport carbon into buds. • PsCIN2 and PsCWIN1 may be more involved in sucrose hydrolysis in the young leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants and crops are widely suffered by shade stress in the natural communities or in the agricultural fields. The three main phytohormones auxin, gibberellins (GAs) and brassinosteroids (BRs) were found essential in shade avoidance in Arabidopsis. However, their relationship have been seldom reported in plant shade avoidance control. Here, we report our investigation of the crosstalk of auxin, GAs and BRs in shade-induced hypocotyl elongation of soybean. Exogenous feeding of indol-3-acetic acid (IAA), GA3 or 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) distinctly promoted hypocotyl elongation in the white light, while the potent biosynthesis inhibitors of GA3, IAA, BRs severely diminished shade-induced hypocotyl elongation. Synergistic treatment of their biosynthesis inhibitors showed that GA3 fully, while EBL slightly, restored the hypocotyl elongation that was efficiently repressed by IAA biosynthesis inhibitor, GA3 and IAA dramatically suppressed the hypocotyl growth inhibition by BR biosynthesis inhibitor in the shade, whereas both IAA and EBL feeding cannot suppress the elongation inhibition by GA biosynthesis inhibitor. Further analyses revealed that shade remarkably upregulated expression of key genes of IAA, GA and BR biosynthesis in the soybean hypocotyls, and GA biosynthesis genes were effectively blocked by IAA, GA and BR biosynthesis inhibitors in the shade. Taken together, these results suggest that GAs modulate shade-induced hypocotyl elongation downstream of mutual promotion of auxin and BRs in soybean. • Gibberellins, auxin, and brassinosteroids are essential for soybean hypocotyl elongation in the shade. • Auxin and brassinosteroids contribute a mutual promotion in shade-induced soybean hypocotyl elongation. • Gibberellin biosynthesis genes were effectively blocked by IAA, GA and BR biosynthesis inhibitors in the shade. • Gibberellins are downstream of the Yin-Yang balance of auxin and brassinosteroids in shade-induced elongation in soybean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• GA3 exposure affect ovarian follicle development by inducing apoptosis. • The mechanism may be related to GA3-induced activation of apoptotic signaling pathways. • The death ligand-receptor pathway are primarily involved. • Aberrant DNA methylation patterns may contribute to the upregulation of caspase-3. Information on the effects of gibberellic acid (gibberellin A3, GA3) on ovarian follicle development is limited. In our present study, 21-day-old female Wistar rats were exposed to GA3 by gavage (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight, once per day) for eight weeks to evaluate the influence of GA3 on ovarian follicle development. After treatment, significant (P < 0.05) increases (to 40.17 % and 44.5 %, respectively) in atretic follicle proportions and significant decreases (to 19.49 % and 17.86 %, respectively) in corpus luteum proportions were observed in the 50 and 100 mg/kg treatment groups compared to the control group. Significant (P < 0.05) increases (to 31.3 % and 42.0 %, respectively) in follicle apoptosis were observed in the 50 and 100 mg/kg treatment groups by transmission electron microscopy and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays. Significantly increased expression of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and Fas was observed by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) revealed obviously decreased total methylation percentages of the caspase-3 promoter region in the two treatment groups. Real-time quantitative PCR also showed significantly decreased mRNA expression of DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) 3a and Dnmt3b. Further in vitro studies showed that a DNA methylation inhibitor could enhance the GA3-induced increase in the mRNA expression of caspase-3. Overall, our present study indicates that GA3 administration from weaning until sexual maturity can affect ovarian follicle development by inducing apoptosis and suggests that signaling through the Fas-mediated apoptotic pathway may be an important underlying mechanism of this apoptosis. In addition, GA3-induced aberrant DNA methylation patterns might be partly responsible for upregulation of caspase-3 gene expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Copper stress negatively affected growth and physiology of pepper. • Copper increased antioxidant enzyme activity and proline content. • Chrysin mitigated copper stress by regulating phytohormones content in pepper. • Chrysin enhanced plant nutrient uptake under copper stress. • Exogenous Chrysin can be suggested for reducing copper stress impact. Copper (Cu) has an important role in physiological processes. High concentrations of Cu can cause toxic effects for plants. To evaluate the effect of Cu and chrysin (Chr) on the seedling growth, some physiological and biochemical properties of pepper, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design was carried out. The treatments were T1= Control, T2= 0.1 mM Chr, T3= 0.5 mM Chr, T4= 50 mM Cu, T5= 50 mM Cu+ 0.1 mM Chr and T6= 50 mM Cu+ 0.5 mM Chr. Plant morphological characters were significantly affected by Cu and Chr treatments. The results showed a significant decrease in plant growth parameters due to Cu stress while Chr alleviated negative impacts of Cu on growth these parameters. The hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), malondialdehyde (MDA), prolin and sucrose content increased in pepper seedlings grown under Cu stress conditions. The MDA and H 2 O 2 content showed a decrease with the effect of Chr treatment. Chr treatments also increased prolin and sucrose content of pepper plants under non-stressed conditions. Catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity elevated considerably compared to the control plants under Chr treatments. Moreover, higher values were observed for Chr treated plants under Cu stress. The findings of the study showed that Cu stress lowered all plant nutrient elements except for Cu content. 0.1 and 0.5 mM Chr treatments increased plant nutrient elements content of pepper seedlings under normal and Cu stress conditions. In conclusion, Chr mitigates Cu stress by regulating antioxidant enzymes activity, plant nutrient and phytohormones content in pepper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]