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Insoluble fiber degradation by supplemented enzymes was previously shown to improve fermentation in poultry, and has been further postulated to disrupt the cereal cell wall matrix, thus improving nutrient digestion. Here, we characterized insoluble feed-derived polysaccharides and lignin in digesta from broilers fed wheat-soybean and maize-soybean diets without or with xylanase/glucanase supplementation. Enzyme supplementation in wheat-soybean diet increased the yield of water-extractable arabinoxylan (AX) in the ileum. Still, most AX (> 73 %) remained insoluble across wheat-soybean and maize-soybean diets. Analysis of so-far largely ignored lignin demonstrated that a lignin-rich fiber fraction accumulated in the gizzard, while both insoluble AX and lignin reaching the ileum appeared to be excreted unfermented. More than 20 % of water-insoluble AX was extracted by 1 M NaOH and 11–20 % was sequentially extracted by 4 M NaOH, alongside other hemicelluloses, from ileal digesta and excreta across all diets. These findings showed that enzyme-supplementation did not impact AX extractability by alkali, under the current experimental conditions. It is, therefore, suggested that the degradation of insoluble AX by dietary xylanase in vivo mainly results in arabinoxylo-oligosaccharide release, which is not accompanied by a more loose cell wall architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broiler breeders, flaxseed, yolk enrichment with omega-3 fatty acids, feed enzymes, hepatic fatty acids. [Extracted from the article]

Endo -xylanase and endo -glucanase are supplemented to poultry diets in order to improve nutrient digestion and non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) fermentation. Here, the action of these enzymes on alcohol insoluble solids (AIS) from wheat and maize grains as well as its implications for starch digestion in milled grains were evaluated in vitro , under conditions mimicking the poultry digestive tract. For wheat AIS, GH11 endo -xylanase depolymerized soluble arabinoxylan (AX) during the gizzard phase, and proceeded to release insoluble AX under small intestine conditions. At the end of the in vitro digestion (480 min), the endo -xylanase, combined with a GH7 endo -β-1,4-glucanase, released 30.5 % of total AX and 18.1 % of total glucan in the form of arabinoxylo- and gluco-oligosaccharides, as detected by HPAEC-PAD and MALDI-TOF-MS. For maize AIS, the combined enzyme action released 2.2 % and 7.0 % of total AX and glucan, respectively. Analogous in vitro digestion experiments of whole grains demonstrated that the enzymatic release of oligomers coincided with altered grain microstructure, as examined by SEM. In the present study, cell wall hydrolysis did not affect in vitro starch digestion kinetics for cereal grains. This study contributes to understanding the action of feed enzymes on cereal NSP under conditions mimicking the poultry digestive tract. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Amylase and xylanase production from apple pomace fermentation by Aspergillus niger. • Optimization of parameters of spray drying by response surface methodology. • In vitro test in simulated poultry gut to evaluate formulation efficacy. • Reducing sugar concentration measurement at end of digestion. • Higher reducing sugar concentration seen in feed supplemented with formulation. Abstract Xylanase and amylase were produced by Aspergillus niger by solid state fermentation of apple pomace. The enzyme formulation was produced by spray drying, for which, Response surface methodology was used to optimize inlet temperature (T inlet), atomization air pressure (P) and sample feed rate (F r). Optimal conditions obtained for spray drying were T inlet 120 °C, P 0.07 MPa, and F r 35 ml/min. The optimized spray dried powder contained 75.3 units/g xylanase, 40.3 units/g amylase, and the humidity and outlet temperature were 5.7% and 55 °C, respectively. Poultry feed for each growth phase was supplemented with enzyme formulation (500 U/kg xylanase and 267 U/kg amylase) and subjected to digestion in an in-vitro, poultry gut model, following which, the total reducing sugar concentration (RSC) of the digesta was measured. For the in vitro digestion, an increase of 23.4%, 14.70% and 116.9% in the RSC was observed in the ileal phase for the starter, grower and finisher phase, respectively. The enzyme supplemented feeds gave a higher RSC, as compared to the control, indicating the potential capacity of the formulation to improve nutrient availability, and therefore possibly broiler performance in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is now well established that exogenous β-1,4-xylanases improve the nutritive value of wheat-based diets for poultry. Among other factors, the mechanism of action of exogenous enzymes may involve a microbial route resulting from the generation of prebiotic xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) in the birds' gastro-intestinal (GI) tract. In a series of three experiments, the effect of XOS on the performance of broilers fed wheat or corn-based diets was investigated. In experiment 1, birds receiving diets supplemented with XOS displayed an increased weight gain (P = 0.08). The capacity of XOS to improve the performance of animals during a longer trial (42 d) was investigated (Experiment 2). The data revealed that diet supplementation with XOS, tested at two incorporation rates (0.1 and 1 g/kg), or with an exogenous β-1,4-xylanase resulted in an increased nutritive value of the wheat-based diet. An improvement in animal performance was accompanied by a shift in the microbial populations colonizing the upper portions of the GI tract. XOS were also able to improve the performance of broilers fed a corn-based diet, although the effects were not apparent at incorporation rates of 10 g/kg. Together these studies suggest that in some cases the capacity of β-1,4-xylanases to improve the nutritive value of wheat-based diets is more related to their ability to produce prebiotic XOS than to their ability to degrade arabinoxylans. The extremely low quantities of XOS used in this study also challenge the depiction of a prebiotic being a quantitatively fermented substrate. These data also bring into question the validity of the "cell wall" mechanism, as XOS elicited an effect with clearly no action on endosperm cell wall integrity and yet the performance effects noted were equivalent or superior to the added enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barley-based diets contain a significant proportion of highly soluble 1,3-1,4-β-glucans that display anti-nutritive properties for monogastric animals, in particular for poultry. Cleavage of mixed linked glucans by the addition of exogenous enzymes leads to a significant reduction in the degree of polymerization of the polysaccharide and a consequent reduction of digesta viscosity. Plant cell wall 1,3-1,4-β-glucans may be hydrolyzed by 1,3-1,4-β-glucanases (EC 3.2.1.73) or by 1,4-β-glucanases (EC 3.2.1.4), generally termed cellulases, although it remains unknown which enzymes are more effective in the degradation of feed mixed linked anti-nutritive glucans. Here we compared the capacity of two recombinant Clostridium thermocellum enzymes, 1,3-1,4-β-glucanase 16A ( Ct Glc16A) and 1,4-β-glucanase 8A ( Ct Cel8A), to improve the nutritive value of barley based diets for broilers. As already shown in a previous study ( Ribeiro et al., 2012 ), Ct Glc16A is very effective to improve the performance of broilers fed with a highly viscous barley-based diet. In contrast, although remaining active and retaining its molecular integrity during passage through the GI tract, Ct Cel8A was unable to affect the nutritive value of the cereal based diet. In vitro studies revealed that Ct Glc16A and Ct Cel8A are equally effective in reducing the viscosity of a purified 1,3-1,4-β-glucan solution. However, the capacity of Ct Cel8A to cleave 1,3-1,4-β-glucans is significantly affected by the presence of the barley-based feed. Taken together the results suggest that in vivo 1,4-β-glucanases tend to act preferentially on cellulosic substrates and not on mixed linked glucans. Although further work is required to extend these observations to other cellulases, the data suggest that exogenous 1,3-1,4-β-glucanases but not 1,4-β-glucanases are obligatory enzymes to improve the nutritive value of barley based diets for broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) the effect of wheat dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) inclusion, and (2) dietary feed enzyme (FE; Econase XT) supplementation in a finishing diet containing wheat DDGS on fatty acid profile of the pars costalis diaphragmatis muscle of beef cattle. A total of 160 crossbred yearling steers with initial BW of 495±38 kg were blocked by BW and randomized into 16 pens (10 head/pen). The pens were randomly assigned to one of the four treatments: (1) control (CON; 10% barley silage and 90% barley grain-based concentrate, dry matter (DM) basis); (2) diet containing 30% wheat DDGS in place of barley grain without FE (WDG); (3) WDG diet supplemented with low FE (WDGL; 1 ml FE/kg DM); and (4) WDG diet supplemented with high FE (2 ml FE/kg DM). The pars costalis diaphragmatis muscle samples were collected from cattle at slaughter at the end of the finishing period (120 days) with a targeted live weight of 650 kg. No differences in organic matter intake, final BW and average daily gain were observed among treatments. However, steers fed WDG had greater (P<0.01) feed conversion ratio than those fed CON, and increasing FE application in wheat DDGS-based diets tended (P<0.10) to linearly decrease feed conversion ratio. In assessing the effects of including WDG diets without FE, concentration of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in muscle tended to be greater (P<0.10) for steers fed WDG than steers fed CON. In addition, inclusion of wheat DDGS into the diet increased (P<0.05) concentration of CLA and vaccenic acid (VA) in muscle and also resulted in a higher (P<0.05) ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA compared with that from steers fed CON diet. Increasing FE application in wheat DDGS-based diets did not modify the concentrations of individual or total fatty acids. These results suggest that inclusion of wheat DDGS in finishing diets may improve fatty acid profile of beef muscle which could benefit human health. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purposes of this research were: 1) a bio-assay to evaluate the effects of 2 feed enzymes (Hostazym X) and Avizyme 1505) on the performance of Cobb broilers; and 2) to calculate the economic value from the technical response data. A broiler response model that includes benefits from improved performance and incorporates the expected changes in output from Hostazym X and Avizyme 1505 is presented. Each of the 4 diets [1) Basal (corn, dried grains with solubles, and soybean meal based diet with 1,360 kcal/lb), 2) Basal+ Hostazym X, 3) Basal+ Avizyme 1505,4) Basal+30 kcal/lb] was fed to 8 pens of 24 straight run Cobb chicks. Supplementing the basal diet with either enzyme showed significant effects on growth and feed efficiency. Quadratic equations were fitted through the response points for 49 d broilers: Body weights and feed intakes were: Basal, 6.085,11.446; Basal+ Hostazym X, 6.231,11.359; Basal+ Avizyme 1505, 6.165, 11.288; Basal+30 kcal, 6.455lb, 11.535 lb, respectively. Target live weights were compared at 4,6 and 8 lb, chicken prices at $0.68 and $ 1.0/lb and feed costs at $200 and $400/ton. The value of feed savings by adding Hostazym X ranged from $6.92/ton for 4.0 lb broilers fed $200 feed, to $17.52/ton for 8.0 lb broilers fed $400 feed. The value of extra meat by adding Hostazym X ranged from $21.19/ton for 6.0 lb broilers selling for $0.68/lb, to $32.76/ton for 8.0 lb broilers selling for $ 1.0/lb. The value of feed savings by adding Avizyme 1505 ranged from $5.58/ton for 4.0 lb broilers fed $200 feed, to $12.09/ton for 8.0 lb broilers fed $400 feed. The value of extra meat from AZ1 ranged from $16.97/ton for 6.0 lb broilers selling for $0.68/lb, to $24.95/ton for 8.0 lb broilers selling for $1.0/lb. The value of the extra salable meat from feeding enzymes is 2 to 3 times greater than feed savings. Enzyme value is directly dependent on the costs of feed and meat value, and indirectly on reduced environmental costs for feed production and reduced unutilized nutrients (pollution) per lb of meat (not included in this analysis). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the effects of feeding diets containing variable inclusion rates of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS), with and without supplemental enzymes, on growth performance of broilers but responses among these studies are inconsistent. Therefore, a systematic review and a meta-analysis of results from studies published from 2009 to 2018 was conducted to: 1) quantitatively summarize the impact of feeding cDDGS diets on body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F); and 2) evaluate the effect of adding various types of exogenous enzymes (xylanase; complex = multi-carbohydrases; cocktail = multi-carbohydrases plus protease) without or with phytase on growth performance of broilers. Mean differences of BWG, FI, and G:F were expressed as a percentage between feeding control corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based diets and diets containing cDDGS to broilers using data from 20 studies with 71 observations. Likewise, mean differences were determined for the same growth performance variables reported in 10 studies that provided 47 observations comparing the effects of adding exogenous enzymes to corn-SBM-based diets and cDDGS diets. The heterogeneity (I 2 -statistic, %) across studies was calculated based on Cochran's Q-statistic method, and was 66.7% for BWG, 63.4% for FI, and 33.1% for G:F, indicating low similarity (homogeneity) between studies. Mixed multi-variable models were applied to address the factors affecting high heterogeneity which included dietary energy system, oil content of cDDGS, and feeding period. Adding cDDGS to broiler diets resulted in a 1.0% decrease (P < 0.01) in G:F for the overall feeding period. Feeding cDDGS to finisher broilers resulted in a 0.78% improvement (P < 0.05) for BWG and 1.60% improvement (P < 0.01) for FI. However, starter broilers (1–21 days of age) fed cDDGS diets had 2.44% lower (P < 0.05) BWG and 3.18% less (P < 0.01) FI compared with feeding corn-SBM diets. Broilers fed diets containing less than 100 g/kg cDDGS had the greatest improvement (P < 0.01) in BWG (4.52%), followed by a 2.32% improvement in BWG when fed diets containing 100–200 g/kg cDDGS (2.32%), but BWG was reduced by 1.02% when feeding diets containing more than 200 g/kg cDDGS. Similarly, feeding diets containing less than 100 g/kg cDDGS had increased (P < 0.01) FI (2.83%), but including 100–200 g/kg cDDGS, and more than 200 g/kg cDDGS in the diets reduced FI by 1.30% and 2.48%, respectively. Covariance analysis indicated that each percentage unit increase in diet inclusion level of cDDGS was associated with a 0.30% decrease (P < 0.01) in BWG and 0.43% decrease in FI. Broilers had increased (P < 0.05) BWG when fed cDDGS diets containing xylanase (7.41%) and multi-carbohydrases (7.27%) for the overall feeding period. Results from this meta-analysis indicate that improvements in BWG and FI are greatest in finisher diets at inclusion rates of less than 100 g/kg cDDGS, and the addition of xylanase or carbohydrase mixtures were effective in ameliorating the reduction in BWG when added to cDDGS-based diets. • Increased dietary inclusion levels of corn distillers dried with solubles (cDDGS) decreased growth performance of broilers. • Feeding cDDGS diets caused greater growth performance reduction in the starter phase than in the finisher phase of growth. • Variation in energy and amino acid digestibility among cDDGS sources is a challenge for accurate broiler feed formulation. • Supplementation of xylanase and mixtures of carbohydrases improved growth performance of broilers fed cDDGS-based diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The use of enzymes has increased dramatically in the last 20years, and yet the fact that perhaps one of their most important actions is in mediating the size and composition of microbial populations is still largely unrecognized. As the public press for increasingly antibiotic (and by extension coccidiostat) free diets, it is clear that this under-investigated facet of enzyme action warrants far greater scrutiny. Until quite recently it was assumed that the intestinal microbiota were simply reactive to the nutrients left behind after digestion had completed. However it now seems that intestinal microbial population size and composition clearly plays a very large role in determining the extent of digestion accomplished by the host and by extension, growth rate and efficiency. This is becoming increasingly becoming apparent with the advent of new molecular techniques coupled with statistical methods which are beginning to identify desirable and undesirable clusters of organisms as far as good performance is concerned, although the variability in techniques utilised is hampering progress. The fact that exogenous enzymes not only influence the partitioning of nutrients to the host but also, through their action, produce nutrients for specific populations of bacteria, means that they are multifactorial in their effect. As a result their effects are influenced by many other factors such as presence of antibiotics, health status/disease challenge of the animals and quality of ingredients fed. Understanding of such interactions will lead to a more predictable and profitable outcome for the end user. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A study was completed to determine effects of exogenous enzyme treatment of high and low forage diets on growth performance of lambs. South African Mutton Merino lambs, 42, that were 5±0.2 months of age and 33.6±2.4kg body weight (BW), were used. All lambs received an adaptation diet, containing 750g/kg forage and 250g/kg concentrate, for the first 2 weeks. Lambs were then re-weighed to obtain the initial BW and randomly divided into six treatments with seven blocks/treatment. The high forage diets contained 920g/kg forage, while the low forage diets contained 600g/kg forage. The extracellular enzyme fraction (supernatant) of a fungal strain, ABO 374, isolated from South African soil was used as the feed additive. The supernatant was used in a liquid lyophilized form, which was reconstituted with water immediately before application to the diets. Liquid supernatant was applied to high and low forage diets (LIQ-HF and LIQ-LF), lyophilized supernatant applied to high and low forage diets (DRY-HF and DRY-LF) and high and low forage control diets treated with water instead of supernatants (CON-HF and CON-LF) constituted the six treatments. Supernatants were applied to the treatment diets at a concentration of 7.5ml/kg air dry feed, diluted with water to allow for a final application of 300mlliquid/kgfeed. In the control diets, 300mlwater/kgfeed was used. Diets were allowed to equilibrate for 15min before being fed to the lambs. The experiment was 12 weeks and lambs were weighed every fortnight. The liquid supernatant treatment improved BW gains and feed conversion ratios in both the high and low forage groups. Cumulative gain was 3.5kg for the HF groups and 9.0kg for LF groups. Within forage levels, cumulative gains were 4.4, 2.9, 3.3, 9.9, 8.9 and 8.3kg for LIQ-HF, DRY-HF, CON-HF, LIQ-LF, DRY-LF, and CON-LF, respectively. Dry matter (DM) intake was lower for the HF groups than for the LF groups, but within forage levels, treatment had no effect on DM intake. Mean feed conversion ratio (FCR) was 18.5kgDM/kggain for the HF groups and 9.8kgDM/kggain for the LF groups. Within forage levels, mean FCR values were 14.5, 22.1, 18.9, 8.8, 9.7 and 10.8kgDM/kggain for LIQ-HF, DRY-HF, CON-HF, LIQ-LF, DRY-LF, and CON-LF, respectively. We conclude that the enzyme cocktail derived from the ABO 374 fungal strain improved lamb performance when used as a feed additive. The lyophilized product showed limited potential in low forage diets. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An in vitro batch culture assay was used to determine the efficacy of five developmental feed enzyme products in terms of improving ruminal degradation of alfalfa hay. A second objective was to establish whether the length of time that alfalfa hay was incubated with ruminal fluid and buffer in a batch culture in vitro system influenced enzyme efficacy. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in four replications with treatments arranged as a 3 (incubation times)×5 (enzyme products) factorial. Two of the enzyme products (P1 and P2) were proteases, while the other three products (F1, F2, and F3) contained differing proportions of endoglucanases and xylanases. Milled alfalfa hay was incubated with buffer, ruminal fluid and enzyme product (1.5mg/g of dry matter; DM). Gas production (GP) and degradability of DM and fibre were measured after terminating the incubation at 12, 18 and 24h. At all incubation times, P1 increased GP by 5.6–7.9%, but GP was not affected by P2. Of the polysaccharidases evaluated, F1 and F2 increased GP by 3.7–10.6% at all incubation times, while F3 had no effect. Improvements in fibre degradability depended upon enzyme product and incubation time. Degradation of neutral detergent fibre (aNDF) was increased at 12h of incubation using F1 and F2 (12–13% increase), at 18h of incubation using P1 (11%) and F1 (7%), and at 24h by F1 (10.5%), F2 (16.5%), and F3 (11.3%). Improvements in acid detergent fibre degradation ranged from 17.5 to 44.4% for these enzymes, depending upon incubation time. Three of the enzyme products (F1, F2 and F3) decreased acetate to propionate ratio, suggesting that improvements in fibre degradation would increase availability of glucose precursors to the animal. Larger improvements in degradability of alfalfa hay occurred for enzyme products containing mainly fibrolytic, rather than proteolytic, activity. An in vitro bioassay that consists of incubating forage samples in the presence of ruminal fluid, buffer and enzyme can be a useful means of screening efficacy of exogenous feed enzymes for ruminants. Cost and labour of the assay can be reduced by using a single incubation time of 24h to assess enzyme effects on GP and degradability of DM and fibre. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A series of in vitro fermentation experiments was performed to assess the effects of 4 feed enzyme products (FE) that varied in enzymatic activities on the degradation of alfalfa hay and corn silage. The FE contained a range of endoglucanase, exoglucanase, xylanase, and protease activities, and a range of dose rates (DR) was used. The objective of the study was to identify effective formulations and optimum DR, and to establish if combining FE would further improve fiber degradation. For alfalfa hay, quadratic increases in gas production and degradation of dry matter (DM) and fiber were observed for all FE, with maximum responses at low to medium DR. For corn silage, none of the FE increased gas production or DM degradation, but all FE increased NDF degradation, with optimum DR in the low to medium range. The proteolytic enzyme papain improved fiber degradation of alfalfa hay and corn silage in a manner similar to that observed for polysaccharidase FE. Among the polysaccharidase FE, added activities of endoglucanase and exoglucanase were positively correlated with improvement in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability of corn silage, whereas only added endoglucanase activity tended to be correlated with improvement in NDF degradability of alfalfa hay. Combining effective polysaccharidase FE further improved fiber degradation of both forages, with greater improvements for corn silage. Combining polysaccharidase and proteolytic FE further improved NDF degradation of corn silage, but not alfalfa hay. Combination treatments generally resulted in additive effects with increases in fiber degradation equal to the sum of the improvements for the individual enzyme components. Improved fiber degradation of corn silage was associated with decreased acetate to propionate ratios. Enzyme products that improve in vitro degradation of forages may have the potential to improve lactational performance of dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of processing and multienzyme supplement (MES) on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids, apparent retention (AR) of components and metabolizable energy (AME) content in full fat soybean seeds (FFSB) were investigated in broiler chickens. The FFSB were either extruded (EFFSB) or roasted (RFFSB). A nitrogen free diet (NFD) was formulated for SID of AA calculation. The FFSB diets contained 20% crude protein with the ratio of corn starch: sucrose: soy oil (sole sources of energy in NFD) kept constant for calculation of AME. The FFSB diets were fed without or with MES containing phytase, protease, and fiber degrading enzymes. All diets had TiO 2 indigestible marker. A total of 400-dayu-old Ross 708 male chicks were fed a commercial diet to d 13. On d 14, birds were weighed individually and allocated to cages (10 birds/cage, n = 8). Birds had free access to feed and water. Excreta samples were collected on d 18 to 20, and all birds were necropsied on d 21 for terminal ileal digesta samples. There was no (P > 0.05) interaction between processing and MES on SID of AA. Birds fed EFFSB had higher (P ≤ 0.048) SID of Arg, Ile, Lys, and Met than birds fed RFFSB. Birds fed MES had higher (85.5 vs. 80.8%; P = 0.050) SID of Lys than birds fed non-MES diet. There was interaction (P ≤ 0.036) between processing and MES on AR of Ca and P; MES improved retention but largely in EFFSB. There was an interaction (P = 0.016) between processing and MES on energy utilization such that MES improved AR of GE, AME, and AMEn in RFFSB only. In general, birds fed EFFSB exhibited higher (P < 0.01) energy utilization than birds fed RFFSB. In conclusion, lower Lys and energy utilization in RFFSB relative to EFFSB reflected the impact of the processing regimen. Supplemental enzyme improvement on Lys and minerals digestibility in FFSB and energy utilization in RFFSB suggested value in heat processed feedstuffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Solid-state fermented canola meal (SSFCM) was fed to growing male broilers. • Improved feed intake was observed in broilers fed SBM and SSFCM diets from 1 to 21 d. • CM diet with enzyme supplementation improved FCR compared to SSFCM diet. • Dietary SBM, CM and SSFCM enhanced Ca digestibility while P digestibility was enhanced by dietary SBM and CM+PHY. • Dietary SSFCM and CM+PHY+XYL improved Ca retention while P retention was improved by dietary SSFCM, CM+PHY and CM+PHY+XYL. Two experiments were conducted to determine the performance and ileal amino acid digestibility in growing male broilers fed diets containing solid-state fermented canola meal (SSFCM) and enzyme-supplemented canola meal (CM). In experiment 1 (performance trial), a total of 300-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were allotted to six dietary treatments with five replicate pens of 10 birds each. Diet 1 was based on corn-soybean meal (SBM) as reference, diets 2 and 3 contained 300 g/kg CM and 300 g/kg SSFCM, respectively. Diet 4 contained 300 g/kg CM + phytase (PHY). Diet 5 contained 300 g/kg CM + xylanase (XYL). Diet 6 contained 300 g/kg CM + PHY + XYL. PHY at 500 FTU/kg and XYL at 1000 U/kg were added to the respective diets. During the experimental period (1–21 d), birds fed SBM and SSFCM diets recorded improved FI (p < 0.05). Broilers fed CM diet with enzyme supplementation had improved FCR compared to SSFCM diet. In experiment 2 (digestibility trial), a total of 240-twenty-one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were assigned to six dietary treatments with five replicate cages of eight birds each. Diet 1 was based on SBM, diets 2 and 3 contained 400 g/kg CM and 400 g/kg SSFCM, respectively. Diet 4 contained 400 g/kg CM + PHY. Diet 5 contained 400 g/kg CM + XYL. Diet 6 contained 400 g/kg CM + PHY + XYL. The inclusion of SSFCM and enzyme-supplemented CM in diets did not improve the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids. The AID of calcium (Ca) was highest (p < 0.05) in SBM, CM and SSFCM. The AID of phosphorus (P) was increased (p < 0.05) in SBM and CM + PHY. Ca retention was higher (p < 0.05) in SSFCM and CM + PHY + XYL. Feeding SBM, SSFCM, CM + PHY and CM + PHY + XYL diets enhanced P retention. Further studies are required to establish the practical and nutritional implication of SSFCM on performance and ileal amino acid digestibility in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The CAID and CATTD of nutrients in DRB- and EDRB-containing diets were evaluated using ileal cannulated pigs. • Extruding DRB at 130–135 °C led to negative effect on the amino acid digestion of EDRB-containing diets in the foregut of pigs. • Adding multi-enzymes can not ameliorate the negative effects induced by extruding process. • The extruding temperature adopted in this study was too high for DRB protein utilization as pig feed. To improve the efficiency of nutrient utilization in defatted rice bran (DRB) used as animal feed ingredient, the effects of enzyme supplementation and extruding process on the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) and apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD) of nutrients and nutraceutical phenolic acids were evaluated using growing pigs (initial body weight = 18 ± 1.2 Kg) permanently fitted with ileal T-cannula. The extruded DRB ingredient (EDRB) was prepared by extruding the DRB ingredient at 130–135 °C using a single-screw extruder. The enzyme preparation contained cellulase, xylanase, phytase, and ferulic acid esterase. Eight cannulated pigs were allocated according to a 4 × 4 double Latin square arrangement. In each period, 1 of 4 tested diets, i.e., DRB basal diet, EDRB basal diet, and their enzyme added counterparts were randomly distributed to 2 pigs (1 pig form each square). The feces were sampled on the 6th and 7th day, and the ileal digesta were collected on the 8th, 9th and 10th day in each period. The results shown that pigs fed EDRB containing diets exhibited higher CAID values of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE), and ether extract (EE) (P < 0.001), and CATTD values of DM, OM, GE, crude protein (CP) and EE (P < 0.002) comparing with that of DRB containing items. The CATTD values of most NSP fractions and their constituent residues in EDRB diets were positively affected by the extruding process; however, only the CAID values of insoluble arabinose and xylose were increased (P < 0.05). Enzyme inclusion improved the CAID of DM, OM, GE, ash, Ca, total phosphorus (TP) and phytate phosphorus (PP, P < 0.05), and the CATTD of ash, Ca, TP, PP, and Mg (P < 0.05). The added enzyme increased the digestion of NSP fractions in the foregut of pigs whereas the effect was not obvious in the large intestine of pigs except for insoluble arabinose. The enzyme addition did not show any effect on the CAID and CATTD of CP, and the CAID of amino acids in the rice bran containing diets. On the contrary, the CAID of amino acids were decreased and the CATTD of CP was increased by the extruding process. To sum up, the extruding temperature adopted in this study (130–135 °C) was too high for DRB processing with the aim of improving the efficiency of amino acids utilization, while it was helpful to improve the digestion of most of gross nutrients and NSP fractions over the whole digestive tract of pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cheese whey is a by-product of the dairy industry that is generated in large quantities. It is considered the main pollutant in dairy wastewaters due to its high organic load. The aim of this paper was to produce lipases using cheese whey as the sole nutrient source. Yeasts isolated from slaughterhouse fridge effluent and oil mill effluent were screened for lipolytic activities. The lipase activity of the target yeast strain was increased by improving the culture conditions using a statistical design and the lipase activity was biochemically characterized. Among 25 yeasts, the L1 strain, identified by molecular markers as Meyerozyma guilliermondii , was selected as a good lipase producer. The best results were obtained when M. guilliermondii was grown in 2.0% of cheese whey at pH 4.0 for 24 h. Under these optimal conditions, a 6.7-fold increase of lipase production was achieved, corresponding to the production of 285.82 U mL−1, which is higher than others reported in the literature. Biochemical characterization revealed that M. guilliermondii lipase was more active and stable at 35–40 °C and in acidic conditions (pH 2.5–5.5). It also exhibited remarkable stability in organic solvents, especially those of a hydrophobic nature and excellent tolerance to digestive components. The novel isolate M. guilliermondii showed potential for use in feed industry thank to its ability to produce acid lipases efficiently and at a low cost using an abundant and polluting waste material. • A new M. guilliermondii lipolytic strain was isolated. • Cheese whey was used as the sole nutrient source. • Overall the process is effective in terms of lipase yield. • An unusual acid lipase with characteristics desired for feed purposes is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "Betafin™ and Avizyme® 1500 improve performance and egg quality parameters in laying hens kept under heat stress and fed diets reduced in energy, methionine and choline chloride," by M. Fathi, A Galal, A. El-Ghandour, M.Hruby, and A. Ombabi is presented.