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To assess which signs and eye prosthesis care habits are related to subjective discomfort in patients with dry anophthalmic socket syndrome (DASS), using standardized tools from daily practice. 62 anophthalmic sockets were compared with their healthy fellow eye using the Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) score. The correlations between SPEED questionnaire and the prosthesis care, discharge characteristics score, conjunctival inflammation score, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) scores and Schirmer I test were studied. The anophthalmic sockets group achieved a higher SPEED test score (p < 0.01), discharge score (p < 0.01), conjunctival inflammation score (p < 0.01), MGD scores (p < 0.01) and lower Schirmer I test (p < 0.01) compared with their fellow, healthy eye. Patients with a prosthesis replacement of one year or less, those with a current fit time of one year or less and those with a cleaning frequency above one month reported better SPEED, (p < 0.01), conjunctiva inflammation (p < 0.01) and MGD scores (p < 0.01). Most anophthalmic patients suffer mild to severe DASS, which seems related to discharge, conjunctival inflammation and MGD. Moreover, certain practices related to the care of the prosthesis such as replacing with a frequency lower than yearly, current fitting time inferior to one year and a removing and cleaning regime above one month, were related to a lower discomfort sensation, conjunctival inflammation and MGD. Clinicians should consider the DASS when facing patients with anophthalmic socket and discomfort symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drainage tubes are commonly used to remove unwanted fluid after surgery. However, they are not indicated in all situations, and there is no evidence to support their common utilization. A 31-year-old woman at 38 weeks of gestation with a history of five cesarean sections presented with lower abdominal pain following a tonic-clonic epileptic seizure. Emergency surgery was performed due to fetal distress, and the uterus was found to be ruptured. After delivering the baby and closing the uterus, a drainage tube was inserted into the pouch of Douglas. Two days after surgery, the right ampulla and infundibulum were eviscerated from the drain site during the drainage tube removal. A second surgery was performed to reduce the herniated uterine tube. Drainage tubes are typically easily removed without complications. Some reported complications related to drainage tube removal include herniation, anchoring and suctioning of the uterine tube to the drainage tube, knotting with the colonic epiploica, and fracturing and retraction of the drainage tube due to adhesions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of uterine tube evisceration during drainage tube removal. Evisceration after drainage tube removal is very rare. We believe that this is the first report of immediate evisceration after the removal process. Such complications can be avoided with more restricted instructions for the use of drainage tubes and more researches on the reasons for these complications. • Uterine tube evisceration after drainage tube removal is very rare. • This is the first report of immediate evisceration after the removal process. • Tube evisceration can be avoided with more restricted instructions for the use of drainage tubes. • More researches are needed to detect the reasons for these complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Zone 3 injuries were the most common location of injury among all mechanisms of sports related OGIs. • Final visual outcomes did not differ significantly between penetrating-object and blunt trauma associated mechanisms of OGIs. • Most of the study cohort were adolescent males, implying the need for increased use of eye protection among this demographic. To describe the mechanisms and visual outcomes of recreational and sports-related open globe injuries (OGIs). A retrospective case series of eyes experiencing OGI secondary to recreational and sports-related activities at Memorial Hermann Hospital – Texas Medical Center (MHH-TMC) from January 1st, 2010 through March 31st, 2015 was conducted. Exclusionary criteria included no documented ophthalmologic examination upon presentation and repairs performed by services other than ophthalmology. A two-tailed t -test and Fisher's exact test were utilized to assess for statistical significance (p < 0.05). A total of 20 eyes from 20 patients experiencing OGIs secondary to recreational and sports-related activities were included. Thirteen eyes (65 %) presented with OGIs from penetrating objects while seven eyes (35 %) had injuries from blunt injuries. Males comprised most of the total study group (17 of 20 patients), and zone 3 injuries were the most common location of OGI. While eyes with OGIs from blunt trauma underwent evisceration/enucleation procedures more frequently than OGIs from penetrating mechanisms (71% vs 23 %) (p = 0.10), the final visual outcomes were similarly poor between groups. Only three eyes in this series experienced an improvement from baseline VA; all three eyes had lacked initial findings consistent with severe injury. Recreational and sports related OGIs most commonly occur in zone 3 and in young males, regardless of injury type. OGIs due to both penetrating and blunt trauma mechanisms implicate poor functional outcomes, but the absence of certain presenting injury features may indicate possibility of eventual visual recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic evisceration is a very important production technology in the chicken industry In this study, an automatic chicken eviscerating robot system was developed and evaluatec based on machine vision for locating the chicken carcasses and anal incision. This systerr consisted of chicken carcass conveying device, robotic manipulator, end-effector, contro system and machine vision system. Based on machine vision, this system employed coloi space conversion, threshold segmentation, morphological operation method and active contour algorithm to obtain the chicken carcass images of the removed wings and legs Subsequently, anal incision contour was extracted and its position was detected by ths maximum inscribed circle algorithm. All the algorithms were implemented in the systen for recognizing the individual carcass and automatically locating the targets ot differen sizes, which guided the manipulator to complete the evisceration. Present results indicatec that the maximum location deviation of contour centroid of chicken carcass and anal inci sion was 5 and 4 pixels, respectively, while the average time of image processing was 954 ms Then the eviscerating manipulator could accurately grasp the viscera, the residual rate anc the breakage rate of viscera were 6.2% and 15%, respectively. The high accuracy obtainec from the evaluation results shows that the machine vision system can be applied success fully to robotic evisceration in the processing of chicken. Hence, the development of thf method for the eviscerating robot is necessary and significant, in particular for providing great foundation for robotic evisceration in poultry industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Patients with severe mechanisms of injury have a high mortality and morbidity. • Severe blunt injury to the abdomen requires timely intervention, especially if there is evisceration. • A multidisciplinary team approach is mandatory. Abdominal evisceration is uncommon after blunt abdominal trauma; therefore, it warrants urgent laparotomy. We report a young adult male who sustained multiple injuries due to a high impact mechanism resulting in blunt abdominal injury and underwent numerous laparotomies. In a high-speed motorcycle accident, a twenty-six-year-old male sustained a direct, blunt injury to his abdomen, which resulted in a right hemothorax, perforation of the stomach, and small bowel. Multiple mesenteric vessels tear, a retroperitoneal hematoma, liver, and pancreatic injury. The abdominal wall split transversely, extruding intact bowel. After resuscitation, according to the ATLS protocol, the patient underwent eight laparotomies for damage control. After 45 days in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit, then 11 days in the surgical ward, he was discharged in a satisfactory condition. Eight months later, he was admitted electively for ileostomy reversal, which was uneventful. Patients with high trauma mechanisms have high mortality and morbidity rate. Blunt injury with eviscerated abdominal contents requires prompt, expeditious, and timely intervention, particularly at the initial operative intervention with damage control procedures, both prompt management and structured approach, were tailored depending in the magnitude of the injury. A multidisciplinary approach is mandatory throughout the period of treatment until recovery and rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to provide an up-to date overall evaluation of visual contamination occurring on the slaughter line in order to provide a basis for implementing contamination control measures and to the hygienic quality of the processes. For this purpose, 627 contaminated pig carcasses in an industrial slaughterhouse in north western Germany were examined in 2021 for its distribution of type, areal extent and localization of slaughter contamination. Prior to official meat inspection, two persons visually scanned dorsal and ventral surfaces of the eviscerated but not yet split pig carcasses from cranial to caudal and recorded types, areal extent and localization of the contamination. The main contamination type were intestinal contents, bile, stomach contents, tubular rail fat and "others", which mostly consisted of a reddish foam from the respiratory tract. 103 out of 627 contaminated animals showed more than one contamination, which leads to a total number of 754 contaminations detected. Intestinal contents accounted for almost half of all contaminations and "others" for 30%. Forelimb, back and ham together counted for 70% of the contaminated regions. The affected area was smaller than that of a one euro coin (diameter about 23 mm) in 86% of the cases. • 103 out of 627 contaminated animals showed more than one contamination • Intestinal contents accounted for almost half of all carcass contamination • 30% of all pig carcass contamination was "other contaminations", for the most part a reddish tracheal foam • About 86% of the contaminated areas had a diameter smaller than about 23 mm • Regarding the contaminated carcass regions, 70% of contaminations were found at forelimb, back or ham [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Organ evisceration following abdominal stab wound (SW) is currently considered as an absolute indication for mandatory laparotomy due to the high incidence of associated intra-abdominal injuries, but literature describing the spectrum of organ injury encountered is limited.Materials and Methods: We reviewed our experience of 301 consecutive patients who were subjected to mandatory laparotomy over an eight-year period at a major trauma centre in South Africa.Results: Of the 301 patients with organ evisceration, 92% were male (mean age: 28 years). Ninety per cent (270/301) of the laparotomies were positive (85% (229/270) therapeutic, 15% (41/270) non-therapeutic). The frequencies of eviscerated organs were small bowel (70%), large bowel (26%), and stomach 3%. Three (1%) patients had combined evisceration of more than one of the above organs. The most commonly injured organs were small bowel and large bowel. The mean length of hospital stay was nine days. Seven patients required intensive care admission. The morbidity rate was 21% and mortality was 2%.Conclusions: The spectrum of injury associated with abdominal SW with organ evisceration is similar to smaller published series. Multiple organ injuries are common. The most commonly eviscerated organs were small bowel, large bowel and stomach, while the most commonly injured organs were small bowel and large bowel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Peritoneal cavity drainage is not riskless and several publications reported drain induced complications. However, till this day, abdominal drainage is still a subject of divergence between necessity and usual operative practice. We describe in this publication an exceptional complication of drainage, which is the drain site evisceration of the appendix. Case presentation We report the case of a 47-years-old patient, initially operated for perforated ulcer peritonitis, in whom an evisceration occured 48 h after the removal of an intraperitoneal drain placed in the Douglas pouch, the physical examination predicated the presence of a herniated omentum fringe, as a precaution a laparoscopic exploration was performed and revealed that the eviscerated organ was the vermiform appendix, then a two trocars appendectomy was performed and the orifice of the evisceration was safely closed. Discussion Since the first description in 1995, only seven cases were reported in the literature, we propose a new management of the drain site evisceration of the appendix, including laparoscopic exploration, and both side control of the drain site defect closure, our technique seems safer. Conclusion The laparoscopic approaches must have a place in the management of the drain site eviscerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Vaginal cuff dehiscence (VCD) and evisceration (VCDE) are rare but rather serious complications of hysterectomy procedures. We aimed to report a case of VCDE happening eleven years after the initial surgery and review a treatment protocol of this rare complication. Case A 68 years old Tunisian female patient In 2004, the patient underwent concomitant chemoradiation followed by total abdominal radical hysterectomy for a squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Eleven years later, after an abdominal thrust due to a strong cough the patient had a protrusion of the two small bowels. Patient was surgically treated following a combined approach. The follow-up did not show any sign of relapse. Conclusion VCDE is a rare complication of hysterectomy that carries a lot of mobimortality if not treated on time. Surgery without delay is usually a guarantee for a god outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wnt genes encode secreted glycoproteins that act as signaling molecules; these molecules direct cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and survival during animal development, maintenance of homeostasis and regeneration. At present, although the regeneration mechanism in Apostichopus japonicus has been studied, there is a little research on the Wnt signaling pathway in A. japonicus . To understand the potential role of the Wnt signaling pathway in A. japonicus , we cloned and sequenced the WntA gene in A. japonicus . Protein localization analysis showed that WntA protein was ubiquitously expressed in epidermal cells, the muscle and submucosa of the intestinal tissue. After stimulation and evisceration, the dynamic changes in expression of the WntA gene and protein showed that WntA was constitutively expressed during different stages of intestine regeneration in A. japonicus , with higher levels during the early wound healing stage and late lumen formation in the residual and nascent intestinal tissues, indicating its response to intestinal regeneration. Simultaneously, cell proliferation and apoptosis analysis showed that the patterns of cell proliferation were similar to the patterns of WntA protein expression during different intestinal regeneration stages in this organism. Taken together, these results suggested that WntA might participate in intestinal regeneration and may be connected with cell proliferation, apoptosis in different intestinal layers. This research could establish a basis for further examination of WntA functions in A. japonicus and Wnt genes in other echinoderms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Umbilical hernia is a condition that frequently affects children, with the majority resolving spontaneously. The appearance of redness, ulceration, or a sudden increase in the size of the umbilical hernia is indicative of a threatening rupture and suggests the requirement for surgical intervention. We hereby present a case of spontaneous umbilical hernia rupture with bowel evisceration. a 6-month-old infant was admitted to the hospital due to rupture of the umbilical hernia and intestinal evisceration. Following an assessment, a primary resuscitative approach was applied, including wet dressing of the bowel. A segment of the small bowel loop had a compromised blood supply at the time of the operation, so resection with a hand-sewn anastomosis was performed. No other abnormality was identified intraoperatively, and the abdomen was closed. The baby was discharged after a remarkable recovery. Umbilical hernia in infants is a common condition and may present with serious complications in less common occurrences, including rupture and intestine evisceration, as in our case. By publishing this case, we hope to raise the awareness of physicians regarding the early detection of such complications and urgent consultation with pediatric surgeons. It is important for both the parents and the clinicians to be aware of these red flags and to seek immediate consultation from a pediatric surgeon for timely intervention. This will help to lessen the severity of the complications that could otherwise put the infant at a higher risk for morbidity. • Umblical hernia rupture with bowel evisceration in infants is an exceptionally rare condition. • Physicians and parents should be informed and become aware of signs of umbilical hernia complication. • Surgical intervention is the mainstay of management in case where umbilical hernia becomes complicated as in our case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abdominal drains prevent fluid accumulation and help drain fluid (blood, pus). In recent years, abdominal drains have been used less frequently due to drain-associated complications, like infections, anastomotic leakage, and the potential for the evisceration of intra-abdominal organs on drain removal. We present a young female with evisceration of the appendix via the drain site, successfully managed by abdominal exploration and appendectomy. The use of prophylactic abdominal drain is controversial and is of limited use even in complicated appendicitis in the modern era of antibiotics. If a drain is inserted, it should be removed at the earliest to avoid associated complications. Abdominal drain usage should be minimized in children to avoid post-operative complications. • Abdominal drains can occasionaly cause evisceration of intra-abdominal organs on drain removal. • We present a young female with evisceration of the appendix via the drain site. • Abdominal drain usage should be minimized in children to avoid post-operative complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of common carcass preparation practices of wild red deer on the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory quality of venison was assessed by varying evisceration time and ageing method. Deer were head shot; half were eviscerated 30 min and the other half 4 h post mortem. In both groups (n = 18), 6 carcasses were skinned immediately after evisceration and aged for 24 h; 6 were aged unskinned for 24 h and 6 were aged unskinned for 72 h at 10 °C. Ageing method had a significant effect on the sensory quality of venison loin; unskinned ageing was associated with an increase of odour and taste intensity, and higher scores for gamey and sweet/caramel flavours. Carcasses aged for 72 h displayed darker and tender meat, but increased aerobic bacterial counts. Evisceration time had less influence on loin quality, although off-flavours were more often detected in deer eviscerated 4 h post mortem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When encountering adverse environmental conditions, some holothurians can eject their internal organs in a process called evisceration. As global warming intensified, eviscerated and intact sea cucumbers both experience heat stress, but how they performed was uncertain. We constructed 24 metabolomics profiles to reveal the metabolite changes of eviscerated and intact sea cucumbers under normal and high temperature conditions, respectively. Carboxylic acids and fatty acyls were the most abundant metabolic categories in evisceration and heat stress treatments, respectively. Neural transduction was involved in sea cucumber evisceration and stress response, and the commonly enriched pathway was "neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction". Lipid metabolism in eviscerated sea cucumbers differed from those of intact individuals and was more seriously affected by heat stress. Choline is a key metabolite for revealing the evisceration mechanism. Our results contribute to understanding the mechanisms of evisceration in sea cucumbers, and how sea cucumbers might respond to increasingly warming ocean conditions. [Display omitted] • The metabolomics of eviscerated and intact sea cucumbers varies with temperature. • Carboxylic acids and fatty acyls are respectively richest in eviscerated and stressed treatments. • Evisceration and stress responses of sea cucumbers may involve neural transduction. • Lipid metabolism was depressed in evisceration and heat stress treatments. • Choline is a significant metabolite involved in sea cucumber evisceration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First reported cases of umbilical cord herniation in neonatal foals • Spontaneous small intestinal evisceration via normally inserted umbilical stumps • Correct management on farm and in transport is essential • One foal died during transportation • One foal survived and raced successfully This report describes two cases of spontaneous small intestinal evisceration via normally inserted umbilical stumps, without abdominal wall trauma. Both cases occurred immediately following uneventful parturition. The authors believe that these represent cases of umbilical cord herniation. This is a well-recognised condition in humans, but has not been previously described in equines. One foal died before veterinary intervention. The second foal underwent a jejunal resection with end-to-end anastomosis and survived to successfully race. This report describes a previously unrecognised condition and highlights the importance of rapid and appropriate intervention on farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transvaginal evisceration is a rare life-threatening condition that is usually seen in postmenopausal women with past history of gynaecological surgery. A 54-year-old woman presented with sudden-onset abdominal pain and protrusion of a mass through the vagina after her grandson jumped on her abdomen while at play. She had undergone laparoscopic total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy 9 months earlier. Physical examination revealed an intestinal loop in the vagina. She was immediately taken to the operating room. Laparotomy was performed and the prolapsed intestine was reduced. The bowel from the duodenojejunal junction to the ileocecal valve looked healthy, with no areas of ischemia. The rupture in the vaginal vault was repaired with Vicryl. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on day 5 after the surgery. Less than 100 cases of transvaginal evisceration have been reported. The condition, which is more common in postmenopausal women, usually presents with sudden-onset abdominal pain. Some patients may be asymptomatic and only complain of swelling at the introitus. Diagnosis can usually be made by visual examination. Immediate surgery is necessary to reduce the risk of intestinal ischemia and necrosis. Transvaginal evisceration must be suspected in any woman presenting with sudden-onset abdominal/pelvic pain. Awareness of this rare condition is necessary to minimize mortality. • Transvaginal evisceration is a rare life-threatening condition. • It most commonly affects postmenopausal women with past history of hysterectomy. • Diagnosis can usually be made by physical examination alone. • Immediate surgical intervention is necessary to reduce risk of intestinal ischemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Since the beginning of the 21st century, consumption of wild game birds has been increasing, concurrent with a rise in consumer interest in free-range and ‘healthy-eating’ foodstuffs. Game birds can carry zoonotic pathogens, predominantly within the viscera. Whilst removal of the viscera is normal practice during the dressing of game birds, there is a specialised market in the UK for certain small game birds that are consumed uneviscerated. This qualitative risk assessment evaluates the risks to the consumer from the production and consumption of both uneviscerated and eviscerated small game birds for Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli (verotoxigenic), E. coli (antimicrobial resistant), Campylobacter spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Chlamydophila psittaci and Listeria monocytogenes. Whilst most pathogen/bird combinations were considered to have a very low risk, results suggest that Campylobacter spp. and T. gondii can pose an increased risk to consumers for some species of wild game birds. There was no greater risk associated with the consumption of uneviscerated game birds than for eviscerated birds. In some cases, the risk from eviscerated birds may even be slightly higher, as the risk of cross-contamination during evisceration can outweigh the reduction in pathogenic organisms due to removal of the viscera. Additionally, the current low frequency of consumption of uneviscerated game birds of most species reduced the overall risk estimate for these birds. If there is an increased frequency of consumption in the future, then this risk should be re-examined. Assuming a general level of compliance with regulations and basic hygiene practices, the results suggested that large outbreaks of infection among UK consumers are unlikely, but sporadic, infectious events could occur due to combinations of ‘rare-event, hygiene-related issues’ in the ‘field-to-fork’ chain and/or inadequate cooking of the bird. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Vaginal cuff dehiscence (VCD) is an extremely rare condition and requires emergency surgery due to the possibility of developing acute small bowel ischemia, peritonitis, and sepsis. Etiology is unclear but multifactorial. A 57-year-old nullipara postmenopausal female patient with small bowel evisceration due to vaginal cuff dehiscence while having sexual intercourse six hours earlier on arrival to the hospital. She had a history of laparoscopic hysterectomy 9 months before. For that reason, we performed an emergency laparotomy which we reduced the intestine and we closed vaginal cuff. Dehiscence of the vaginal cuff and evisceration involve rupture of the proximal vaginal cuff, resulting in the expulsion of intraperitoneal contents. This is unusual case can be identified clinically, and the management is surgical which can be performed transvaginal and transabdominal approach to repair the vaginal cuff. However, before repairing the vaginal defect, the bowel should be checked if there is any doubt about the need for bowel resection and anastomosis. Transvaginal evisceration is a very rare disease that can be life-threatening. It needs to be identified quickly and treated surgically to prevent small bowel ischemia. • Dehiscence of the vaginal cuff and evisceration is unusual occurrence and a life-threatening surgical emergency involve rupture of the proximal vaginal cuff, resulting in the expulsion of intraperitoneal contents. • It can be diagnosed clinically. • Early detection is necessary to prevent acute small bowel ischemia, peritonitis, and sepsis. • It is surgical case which be done transvaginal or transabdominal approaches to repair the vaginal cuff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major bile duct injuries (BDIs) are hazardous complications during 0.4%–0.6% of laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Major BDIs usually require surgical repair, ideally either immediately or at least six weeks after the damage. The complexity of our case lies in the coexistence of early BDI followed by 2-week biliary peritonitis with massive midline evisceration which, in combination, has over 40% mortality risk. We describe the case of a 65-year-old male, transferred to our tertiary HPB service on day 14 after common bile duct complete transection during cholecystectomy and postoperative laparotomy. The patient presented with biliary peritonitis along with full wound dehiscence and extensive evisceration. During emergency peritoneal wash-out surgery we deemed immediate BDI repair feasible by primary Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (HJ), with multi-stage abdominal closure. In the following days we performed progressive abdominal wall closure in multiple sessions under general anesthesia, aided by vacuum-assisted wound closure and intraperitoneal mesh-mediated fascial traction-approximation (VAWCM) with permeable mesh. An expected late incisional hernia was eventually repaired through component separation and biological mesh. The simultaneous use of Roux-en-Y HJ and VAWCM has proven safe and effective in the treatment of BDI and 2-week biliary peritonitis with massive midline evisceration. • Bile Duct Injuries (BDIs) are hazardous complications associated to 0.4%-0.6% laparoscopic cholecystectomies. • Major BDIs usually require surgery, ideally either immediately or at least six weeks after index surgery. • In this case a major BDI was associated with biliary peritonitis and abdominal evisceration, making high risk operative management necessary. • Primary Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy combined with contemporary management of the defect of abdominal wall with VAWCM has proven safe and successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Growth, metabolism and immune responses of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, following evisceration induced artificially, were investigated in this study. The body weight, specific growth rate (SGR), oxygen consumption rate (OCR), activities of immunoenzymes including acidic phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) from hydrolytic system, and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and malonyl-dialdehyde (MDA) from antioxidant system in muscle, intestine and respiratory tree were measured to evaluate the physiological responses of A. japonicus to evisceration and regeneration of viscera. The results showed that body weight of sea cucumber significantly dropped following evisceration and then increased gradually with digestive function resumed. Accelerated growth rates were observed in the regeneration group from the 10th day to 20th day, but there was no significant difference between the regeneration group and control group at the end of the experiment. OCR reduced rapidly after evisceration and increased gradually afterwards. Compared to the control, no significant difference in OCR was found on the 45th day (P >0.05). The immune responses of A. japonicus were highly tissue-specific during the regeneration of viscera. Both ACP and AKP activities in muscle peaked on the 10th day after evisceration, then decreased gradually to normal on the 45th day (P >0.05), while those in the regenerated tissues exhibited a differential rising trend from the 20th day after evisceration. SOD activity in muscle was not significantly influenced by evisceration; however, in the regenerated tissues it was enhanced and significantly higher than those in the control on the 45th day (P <0.01). CAT activity in muscle of the regeneration group was significantly higher than in the control during the experiment (P <0.05). Comparatively, CAT activity in the respiration tree increased invariably after evisceration, while in the intestine CAT activity was not significantly affected by evisceration (P >0.05). Significant increase was found in both T-AOC and MDA in all three tissues after evisceration (P <0.05); however, they all returned to normal at the end of the experiment. Results of this study indicated that growth, metabolism and immune responses including hydrolytic and antioxidant enzymes in sea cucumber were significantly influenced by evisceration. Although the regeneration group did not catch up with the control in body weight, SGR, OCR, major non-specific immune parameters resumed to normal level within 45days after evisceration, indicating that A. japonicus might have recovered physiologically from evisceration. Results from this study first presented comprehensive and valuable data of physiological responses to evisceration and the regeneration of viscera in A. japonicus, which would have important implications for those farmers engaged in sea cucumber culture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Vaginal cuff dehiscence and evisceration are rare but serious complications of pelvic surgery, specifically hysterectomy. The data on risks of vaginal cuff dehiscence are variable, and there is no consensus on how to manage this complication. In our review, we present a summary of the risk factors, with symptoms, precipitating events, and treatment options for patients with vaginal cuff dehiscence after pelvic surgery. In addition, we provide a review of the current literature on this important surgical outcome and suggestions for future research on the incidence and prevention of vaginal cuff dehiscence. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Harmful algal blooms cause important economical losses due to the accumulation of toxins in shellfish. Natural detoxification occurs but this mechanism is very slow in most cases. The achievement of a method for the rapid detoxification of commercial bivalves would be very interesting for the shellfish harvesting sector in order to diminish economical losses due to harvesting areas closure. In this work, four different methods easily applicable in the food industry (freezing, evisceration, ozonization and thermal processing) were studied to gain the detoxification of four species of bivalves (mussels, scallops, clams and cockles) contaminated with the three main types of toxins (ASP, DSP, PSP). Results show that for ASP a significant decrease of the toxin levels below the legal limit (20μg/g) is achieved by using hepatopancreas ablation or combination of simple steps (evisceration and/or thermal processing/and or freezing). In our hands, PSP toxin levels are sharply decreased under the limit of detection (35μg STX eq/100g) after a thermal processing, inducing percentages of detoxification higher than 50%. The effect of freezing on the levels of PSP is very dependent on the matrix studied. DSP toxins are not significantly reduced with none of these methods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A penetrating abdominal injuries with evisceration in a child caused by an explosion of a mobile phone battery, is a rare form of accident. This is a case report on a 7 year-old boy who has been brought by his parents to the Emergency Room of the Regional Hospital Center of Lomé Commune (Togo), for penetrating abdominal injury with bowel evisceration at the left flank. The boy was playing outside the house while a mobile phone battery exploded out of a burning waste, and hit him on the left flank. The examination revealed an evisceration of about 50 cm on the left flank. He benefited from a laparotomy 8 h later with lesion repair. The post-operative was simple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Vaginal cuff dehiscence after hysterectomy can be life-threating condition. Vaginal evisceration of bowel may lead to intestinal ischemia and intraabdominal infection. Immediate recognition and surgical repair are crucial for succesful management. Case report Herein, we report a case of vaginal cuff dehiscence with small bowel evisceration in a 32-year old woman who underwent laparoscopic type II hysterectomy for stage IA2 cervical cancer. Conclusion Patients who have undergone hysterectomy should be advised about when to restart coitus. Vaginal repair of vaginal cuff dehiscence is recommended if intestinal ischemia is excluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Transanal evisceration of small bowel is an extremely rare surgical emergency. Of the nearly 70 cases reported in the literature, rectal prolapse is the predisposing factor that has been most frequently related to this pathology. Presentation of case We report a 78-year-old female with history of chronic rectal prolapse who presented in our emergency department with evisceration of small intestinal loops through the anus. In surgery after complete reduction of the eviscerated bowel into the peritoneal cavity, almost 20 cm of the terminal ileum up to the ileocecal valve were necrotic and therefore a right hemicolectomy with primary anastomosis was performed. Additionally a 2 cm craniocaudally tear was revealed in the antimesenteric border of the upper rectum and a Hartman procedure was also performed. The patient was discharged after 10 days. Discussion Early recognition and timely surgical intervention offers the best prognosis, avoiding a fatal conclusion or an extensive intestinal resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listeriosis is a serious foodborne disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes, a pathogen often found in food processing plants. Poultry meat and its derivatives may harbor L. monocytogene even if good manufacturing practices are implanted in abattoirs. Little information exists in Brazil on the frequency of L. monocytogenes contamination, even though . the country is considered the top poultry meat exporter in the world. This study attempted to compare 2 exporters poultry facilities following same the standards but differing only in manual (plant M) or automatic (plant A) evisceration. Eight hundred fifty-one samples from food, food contact and non-food contact surfaces, water, and workers' hands were collected from cage to finished products over a 1-yr period. In plant A, 20.1% of the samples were positive for L. monocytogenes, whereas in plant M, 16.4% was found. The greatest incidence of contamination with the pathogen in plant A was found in non-food contact surfaces (27.3%),. while in plant M, it was found in products (19.4%). The most prevalent serovars were 1/2a or 3a (plant M) and 4b, 4d, or 4e (plant A). Despite having proper hygiene and good manufacturing practices, controlling the entry and persistence of L. monocytogenes in processing facilities remains a formidable task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orbital anatomy and the indications and surgical techniques for a variety of small animal orbital/globe surgical procedures are discussed. Details of the more common orbital surgical procedures, including ocular evisceration, intrascleral prosthesis implantation, enucleation, and proptosis repair, are given. Common complications and postoperative considerations for these procedures are also discussed with an emphasis on the practical aspects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The effects of shot wounds on the hygienic conditions of pheasants (particularly those in the body cavity) were studied. Slaughtered (n = 33) and hunted pheasants (31 specimens with, and 33 specimens without shots in the body cavity) were stored uneviscerated at 0 and 4°C. Specimens were taken at d 0, 3, 7, and 14. Hunted pheasants differed from slaughtered pheasants with respect to muscular hemorrhages and blood and fecal matter in the body cavity but also with regard to the presence of Escherichia coli in breast and thigh muscles. In addition, a higher thigh muscle pH (P < 0.05) was noted in hunted pheasants, with no significant (P > 0.05) increase observed during storage. Concentrations of biogenic amines in muscle tissue remained below the determination limit of 1 mg/kg for 90% of samples analyzed, with the maximum concentration for the remaining 10% of samples reaching 5.7 mg/kg, indicating a low incidence of contaminant bacteria. The observed changes in pH values and levels of biogenic amines failed to correlate with the presence or absence of shot lesions in the body cavity or abdominal region. Total aerobic counts increased significantly during storage, but the absolute numbers were consistently below 106 log10 cfu/g. Although E. coli were <1 log10 cfu/g in muscles of hunted pheasants on d 3 at 4°C, counts of up to 3.7 log10 cfu/g on d 7 at 4°C indicated a loss of hygienic quality. Therefore, it is recommended that hunted, uneviscerated pheasants be stored 3 d at 4°C, but not longer than 7 d after the hunt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper describes a novel method of measuring the contamination of raw foods with airborne bacteria during primary processing. To demonstrate the approach, this study aimed to quantify the role of airborne bacteria in the contamination of broiler chicken carcasses undergoing processing in an evisceration room. Settle plates and broiler carcasses were exposed to the evisceration room air or to ultra-clean air provided by a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) unit located within the room. The use of ultra-clean air reduced the total aerobic counts on horizontal settle plates by 68-fold, and on vertical settle plates by 14-fold. The use of ultra-clean air had no significant effect on the total aerobic counts on carcasses as measured by sponging (3.5 log10 CFU cm−2) or skin excision (4.0 log10 CFU cm−2). The novel approach was able to show that the carcasses entering the room were so heavily contaminated that the airborne bacteria in the evisceration room contributed less than 1% of the total numbers of bacteria on the carcasses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: I.V. infusion of pentagastrin (20μg/kg/h) or cholecystokinin (CCK)-8 (1μg/kg/h) for 10min caused secretion of salivary proteins from the parotid gland in the anaesthetized rat without any accompanying overt fluid secretion. This “occult” response was revealed by a subsequent wash-out injection of methacholine (5μg/kg, I.V.) 10min after the end of the infusion period (aiming at avoiding synergistic interactions). While the fluid response to methacholine was unaffected by the preceding infusion of pentagastrin and CCK-8, the output of protein increased by 147% (pentagastrin) and 74% (CCK-8) and that of amylase by 45% (CCK-8) compared to the responses to methacholine upon saline infusion. Those increases were abolished by the CCK-A receptor blocker (lorglumide), but not by the CCK-B receptor blocker (itriglumide). Evisceration, combined sympathetic and parasympathetic denervation of the glands and assay under adrenoceptor blockade excluded contribution from the gastro-intestinal tract, central or ganglionic mechanisms and circulating catecholamines to the increase in protein/amylase. Furthermore, Western blot demonstrated CCK receptors for both A and B subtypes in normal and chronically denervated glands. In the submandibular gland, both pentagastrin and CCK-8 evoked a trace secretion of saliva but, under the present experimental set-up, no statistically significant increase in protein output. Thus, in addition to the autonomic nervous system, gastrointestinal hormones may, in some types of glands, be involved in the secretion of salivary gland proteins. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Tropical sea cucumbers, Holothuria scabra, H. fuscogilva and Actinopyga mauritiana were collected from the wild, held in insulated containers and transported by a combination of sea, air and road transport for up to 12 h. Methods for obtaining reliable supplies of fertilised eggs from wild-caught broodstock were investigated. Of the 779 H. scabra collected, 4.5% eviscerated during transport, compared with 11.0% of the 181 H. fuscogilva and none of the 52 A. mauritiana. Experiments conducted in 20-l containers, with and without sea water and temperature control, determined that H. scabra survived for over 80 h, H. fuscogilva for 8 h and A. mauritiana for 20 h, in static seawater at 29 °C. Spawning of H. scabra in Solomon Islands can be induced throughout the year, but only in 3 months for H. fuscogilva (from August to October), and 2 months for A. mauritiana (from October to November). The peak spawning period for all three species was during the dry season: August–November. Collection, transport and thermal stress was an effective spawning induction method for H. scabra and A. mauritiana. Induced egg production in H. scabra was greatest in September, when 35% of broodstock spawned. Spawning appeared to be entrained to a lunar cycle in H. scabra, and occurred more readily during the afternoon and early evening. Addition of dried Schizochytrium sp. induced spawning in H. fuscogilva and was far more effective than thermal induction. Females of all three species were highly fecund and capable of multiple spawning. The mean number of fertilised eggs was: 1.9 million (±0.6 S.E., n=17) for H. scabra; 2.6 million (±0.2 S.E., n= 5) for H. fuscogilva and 2.6 million (±0.1 S.E., n=6) for A. mauritiana. The techniques for inducing spawning identified in this study allowed the collection of fertilised eggs for experimental and pilot-scale mass production of juvenile sea cucumbers. Further research should target improved spawning induction through the conditioning and holding of captive broodstock. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Evisceration is a peculiar behavior that happens frequently in the processes of aquaculture and transportation of sea cucumbers. This behavior involves a complex physiological process and results in the expulsion of the digestive tract and other viscera. However, studies on evisceration are insufficient, and the identification of the internal regulatory metabolites and potential pathways of evisceration in the sea cucumber are therefore likely to provide a scientific basis for this specific behavior. In this study, ultraperformance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was performed on the coelomic fluids that ejected by evisceration Apostichopus japonicus and in the coeloms of normal A. japonicus to detect changes in metabolites and metabolic pathways in the process of evisceration behavior. In total, nine metabolites were found to have increased and eleven to have decreased in the ejected coelomic fluids of evisceration sea cucumbers. These metabolites included phosphatidylethanolamine, glucosylceramide, L-tryptophan, carbamic acid, and cyclohexylamine. In addition, enrichment of metabolic pathway analyses revealed five significantly changed signaling pathways: Glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) -anchor biosynthesis, regulation of autophagy, sphingolipid metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis. These results contribute valuable data on the potential physiological mechanisms underlying evisceration behavior of A. japonicus , which could have important implications for the aquaculture and transportation of sea cucumbers. • Several metabolites and metabolic pathways are changed in the coelomic fluids of evisceration sea cucumbers. • Immune response and autophagy are involved in the evisceration behavior of sea cucumbers. • Glucosylceramide was decreased significantly in the coelomic fluids of sea cucumbers during evisceration behavior. • The decrease of L-tryptophan could alleviate the oxidative stress and stress response of sea cucumbers during evisceration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small bowel evisceration through spontaneous perforation of the rectum is an extremely rare condition in which the small bowel herniates mostly through a defect in the anterior rectal wall. We present the case of a 25-year-old otherwise healthy lady who denied any history of rectal prolapse or trauma. Small bowel evisceration through rectum is a rare surgical emergency with a mortality rate as high as 42.3%. Apart from trauma, chronic constipation, rectal prolapse, presence of a deep Douglas pouch and a sliding hernia formed by the cul-de-sac have also been described as etiological factors. It is extremely difficult to find out the actual cause of "spontaneous" small bowel evisceration, especially in young adults. • trans -Anal small bowel evisceration is an extremely rare condition with a high mortality rate. • If left untreated, this condition has 100% mortality. • It requires urgent surgical intervention. • Finding out its actual cause is very difficult. • rectal prolapse was commonly suggested as its main predisposing factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: More commonly, a vaginal cuff dehiscence is a complication of robotic or laparoscopic hysterectomy while dehiscence is less commonly observed following total abdominal or vaginal hysterectomies. PRESENTATION OF CASE: Three years after an uncomplicated total abdominal hysterectomy for fibroid uterus, a 50 year old female with a known, large adnexal mass presented with vaginal cuff dehiscence and prolapse of the adnexal mass through the vaginal cuff. DISCUSSION: We discuss surgical risk factors including route of hysterectomy, method of colpotomy and vaginal cuff closure as contributing factors for vaginal cuff dehiscence in our patient. CONCLUSION: Any large pelvic mass that may potentially exert pressure necrosis on the vaginal cuff, even remote from hysterectomy may result a vaginal cuff dehiscence. Emergent surgical intervention is warranted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two cases of evisceration after caesarean sections performed according the Misgav Ladach General Hospital procedure (Stark's procedure) are reported. In these cases, omentum was sutured between the edges of fascia recti, creating a weakness of the abdominal sheath. These cases claim about a strict procedure for fascia suture. Also, these cases question about the parietal peritoneal closure and the drawing of rectus muscles, which are vertical breaks; so, these sutures close transversal incision of the abdominal wall with cross sutures, which are very secure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We present a case of spontaneous intestinal evisceration through an umbilical hernia in a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis and long-standing ascites. Hernia rupture is an unusual and potentially life-threatening event in patients with tense ascites. Patients should be managed on an individual basis, balancing aggressive medical stabilization with the need for prompt surgical repair. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Evisceration following penetrating trauma or animal scavenging has the potential to affect the probative value of biological evidence and postmortem interval estimation. Autopsy presents an opportunity for controlled assessment of the rate of decomposition following evisceration. A balanced sample of twenty-six human cadavers was used to assess intergroup rate and trajectory of decomposition at the Forensic Investigation Research Station in Whitewater, Colorado. A linear mixed model using maximum likelihood estimates showed that the decomposition rate did not differ between autopsied and non-autopsied donors based on a comparison of slopes χ2(1)=0.223, p=0.637. The results demonstrate that penetrating trauma and the loss of systemic continuity following evisceration affect the pattern of decomposition, but not the rate. This suggests that the bloat phase may not be a major catalyst of decomposition, and that evisceration may not preclude the use of scopic methods for estimating postmortem interval, when sufficient peripheral tissue is retained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Umbilical hernias are a common complication of persistent ascites. Spontaneous rupture of these hernias is a less common complication. We report a case of spontaneous evisceration through an umbilical hernia in a cirrhotic patient with chronic ascites. Definitive surgical repair of the evisceration was not possible secondary to persistent ascites that was refractory to paracentesis and diuresis. Transjugular intrahepatic portocaval shunt (TIPS) placement was ultimately performed in an attempt to eliminate the ascites fluid. This case demonstrates a rare, but life-threatening complication of abdominal ascites that may be prevented by aggressive medical and surgical management. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background Vaginal cuff dehiscence following hysterectomy is considered an infrequent but potentially devastating complication. Different possible techniques for cuff closure have been proposed to reduce this threatening adverse event. Objective The aim of the present randomized study was to compare laparoscopic and transvaginal suture of the vaginal vault at the end of a total laparoscopic hysterectomy, in terms of incidence of vaginal dehiscence and vaginal cuff complications. Factors associated with vaginal dehiscence were also analyzed. This article presents the results of the interim analysis of the trial. Study Design Patients undergoing total laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign indications were randomized at the time of colpotomy to receive vaginal closure through transvaginal vs laparoscopic approach using a 1:1 ratio. Allocation concealment was obtained using a password-protected randomization database. Monopolar energy for colpotomy was set at 60W. Vaginal closure was performed with a single-layer running braided and coated 0-polyglactin suture. In all cases an attempt was performed to include the posterior peritoneum in the suture. Laparoscopic knots were tied intracorporeally. All patients were scheduled for a postoperative follow-up visit 3 months after surgery, to detect possible vaginal cuff complications. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of vaginal cuff dehiscence after total laparoscopic hysterectomy. Results After enrollment of 1408 patients, a prespecified interim analysis was conducted. Thirteen (0.9%) women did not undergo the postoperative assessment and were excluded. Baseline characteristics of the 1395 patients included (695 in the transvaginal group and 700 in the laparoscopic group) were similar between groups. Patients in the transvaginal group had a significantly higher incidence of vaginal dehiscence (2.7% vs 1%; odds ratio, 2.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.16–6.63; P = .01) and of any cuff complication (9.8% vs 4.7%; odds ratio, 2.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.43–3.37; P = .0003). Based on these findings, the data monitoring committee recommended that the trial be terminated early. After multivariable analysis, transvaginal closure of the vault was independently associated with a higher incidence of vaginal dehiscence and any vaginal complication; premenopausal status and smoking habit were independently associated with a higher risk of dehiscence. Conclusion Laparoscopic closure of the vaginal cuff at the end of total laparoscopic hysterectomy is associated with a significant reduction of vaginal dehiscence, any cuff complication, vaginal bleeding, vaginal cuff hematoma, postoperative infection, need for vaginal resuture, and reintervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Prolapse of rectum of varying degrees is a well-known entity in children. Spontaneous rupture of the rectum along with massive ileal evisceration because of increased intraabdominal pressure is a rare complication of rectal prolapse in the adults. Rectal prolapse in children is usually a benign condition. Known complications of the rectal prolapse in children include recurrent mucosal ulceration, bleeding, and proctitis. Spontaneous rupture of the rectum with or without ileal evisceration has not been previously reported in infants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Transrectal small bowel evisceration (TSBE) is a rare entity that can occur after traumatic injuries. It has been described after impalement, sexual assault, blunt abdominal trauma, and swimming pool drain suction. The authors encountered such a case in a 4-year-old by following a crush abdominal injury. A laparotomy was performed. The eviscerated bowel was pulled inside the abdominal cavity, revealing the rectal perforation. A portion of devascularized ileum was resected, a primary bowel anastomosis was performed, and the longitudinal rectal laceration was repaired with a two-layered closure. There was no fecal soilage, and no protective colostomy was performed. The mortality and morbidity of TSBE are usually related with the severity and type of trauma. The mesenteric laceration and concomitant injuries can cause significant bleeding leading to a hemorrhagic shock and multiorgan failure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Authors report the case of a 29-year-old woman who presented a 34-weeks abdominal pregnancy. Spontaneous foetal evisceration was observed on abdominal caesarean operation scar performed previously by median infra-umbilical incision. Clinical features and treatment are discussed in developing country environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Umbilical hernia is a common pediatric diagnosis for which the initial management is usually nonoperative. The high incidence of spontaneous closure and the infrequency of complications in the first few years of life justify this conservative management strategy. The authors present a case of a 5-month-old girl with a history of prematurity and prolonged ventilatory support, who subsequently experienced bowel evisceration via a previously uncomplicated umbilical hernia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]