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The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Dietary carbohydrate manipulation can be used to reduce enteric CH 4 emission, but few studies have focused on the interaction of the different types of carbohydrates that can affect feed intake and ruminal fermentation. Understanding this interaction is necessary to make the most out of CH 4 mitigation feeding strategies using different dietary carbohydrates. The aim of this study was to test the effect on enteric CH 4 emission, feed intake, and milk production response when cows were fed either grass-clover silage (GCS) or corn silage (CS) as the sole forage source (55% of dry matter, DM), in combination with either barley (BAR) or dried beet pulp (DBP) as a concentrate (21.5% of DM). A total of 24 (half first-parity and half second-parity) cows were used in a crossover design with 2 periods of 21 d each, receiving 2 of 4 diets obtained from a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of the experimental diet. Feed intake, CH 4 emission metrics, and milk production were recorded at the end of the experimental periods. The diets had NDF concentrations between 258 and 340 g/kg of DM and starch concentrations between 340 and 7.45 g/kg of DM (CS-BAR and GCS-DBP, respectively). The effects of silage and concentrate on dry matter intake (DMI) were additive, with the highest feed intake in cows fed CS-BAR, followed by cows fed CS-DBP, GCS-BAR, and GCS-DBP (21.2, 19.9, 19.1, and 18.3 kg/d, respectively). Energy corrected milk (ECM) yield was not affected by silage source in first parity cows, but it was higher for cows fed CS than cows fed GCS in second parity. The effects of silage and concentrate on CH 4 production (g/d), yield (g/kg of DMI), and intensity (g/kg of ECM) were not additive, as cows fed GCS had similar responses regardless of the concentrate used, but cows fed CS had lower CH 4 production, yield, and intensity when fed BAR instead of DBP. The lower CH 4 production, yield, and intensity in cows fed CS-BAR compared with other diets could be partially explained by the nonlinear relationship between ruminal VFA and carbohydrates (NDF and starch) concentration reported in the literature; however, we observed a linear relationship between the acetate/propionate ratio and CH 4 yield, suggesting possible other effects. The effects of silage and concentrate on the ruminal VFA were additive in first parity cows, but not in second parity cows. The interaction between dietary carbohydrate type and parity might indicate an effect of feed intake or the energy balance of the cow. Feeding cows silage and concentrate both rich in starch can result in the lowest enteric CH 4 emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. The objectives of this study were to determine the farm-level hyperketolactia (HKL) prevalence, as diagnosed from the milk BHB concentration, on dairy farms milking with an automated milking system (AMS) and to describe the farm-level housing, management, and nutritional risk factors associated with increased farm-average milk BHB and the within-herd HKL prevalence in the first 45 DIM. Canadian AMS farms (n = 162; eastern Canada, n = 8; Quebec, n = 24; Ontario, n = 75; western Canada n = 55) were visited once between April and September 2019 to record housing and herd management practices. The first test milk data for each cow under 45 DIM were collected, along with the final test of the previous lactations for all multiparous cows, from April 1, 2019, to September 30, 2020. The first test milk BHB was then used to classify each individual cow as having or not having HKL (milk BHB ≥0.15 mmol/L) at the time of testing. Milk fat and protein content, milk BHB, and HKL prevalence were summarized by farm and lactation group (all, primiparous, and multiparous). During this same time period, formulated diets for dry and lactating cows, including ingredients and nutrient composition, and AMS milking data were collected. Data from the AMS were used to determine milking behaviors and milk production of each herd during the first 45 DIM. Multivariable regression models were used to associate herd-level housing, feeding management practices, and formulated nutrient composition with first test milk BHB concentrations and within-herd HKL levels separately for primiparous and multiparous cows. The within-herd HKL prevalence for all cows was 21.8%, with primiparous cows having a lower mean prevalence (12.2 ± 9.2%) than multiparous cows (26.6 ± 11.3%). Milk BHB concentration (0.095 ± 0.018 mmol/L) and HKL prevalence for primiparous cows were positively associated with formulated prepartum DMI and forage content of the dry cow diet; however, they were negatively associated with formulated postpartum DMI, the major ingredient in the concentrate supplemented through the AMS, and the partially mixed ration to AMS concentrate ratio. Multiparous cows' milk BHB concentration (0.12 ± 0.023 mmol/L) and HKL prevalence were positively associated with the length of the previous lactation, milk BHB at dry-off, prepartum diet nonfiber carbohydrate content, and the major forage fed on farm, while tending to be negatively associated with feed bunk space during lactation. This study is the first to determine the farm-level risk factors associated with herd-level prevalence of HKL in AMS dairy herds. The results may help to optimize management and guide diet formulation and thus promote the reduction of HKL prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First study to compare nutrients in meal plans created by ChatGPT and Bard. • Most meal plans fell below the requirements for energy exceeded them for protein and were below the requirements for vitamin D and fluoride. • ChatGPT occasionally recommended vitamin B 12 supplementation for vegan meal plans. • Bard included milk-based products in vegan diets. • Currently, ChatGPT offers a slight advantage over Bard in the generation of meal plans. Artificial intelligence chatbots based on large language models have recently emerged as an alternative to traditional online searches and are also entering the nutrition space. In this study, we wanted to investigate whether the artificial intelligence chatbots ChatGPT and Bard (now Gemini) can create meal plans that meet the dietary reference intake (DRI) for different dietary patterns. We further hypothesized that nutritional adequacy could be improved by modifying the prompts used. Meal plans were generated by 3 accounts for different dietary patterns (omnivorous, vegetarian, and vegan) using 2 distinct prompts resulting in 108 meal plans total. The nutrient content of the plans was subsequently analyzed and compared to the DRIs. On average, the meal plans contained less energy and carbohydrates but mostly exceeded the DRI for protein. Vitamin D and fluoride fell below the DRI for all plans, whereas only the vegan plans contained insufficient vitamin B 12. ChatGPT suggested using vitamin B 12 supplements in 5 of 18 instances, whereas Bard never recommended supplements. There were no significant differences between the prompts or the tools. Although the meal plans generated by ChatGPT and Bard met most DRIs, there were some exceptions, particularly for vegan diets. These tools maybe useful for individuals looking for general dietary inspiration, but they should not be relied on to create nutritionally adequate meal plans, especially for individuals with restrictive dietary needs. We compared the nutritional adequacy of meal plans generated by the artificial intelligence tools ChatGPT and Bard for omnivorous, vegetarian, and vegan meal plans. Although most plans exceeded protein requirements, they consistently fell short in energy and carbohydrate content. Deficiencies in vitamin D, fluoride, and vitamin B 12 for vegan plans were noted. ChatGPT occasionally recommended vitamin B 12 supplementation for vegans, whereas Bard did not. Bard further included milk-based products in the vegan plans. Overall, the analysis underscores strengths and limitations, especially for more restrictive dietary patterns in artificial intelligence–generated meal plans. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adherence to a vegan diet may lower risk of cardiovascular disease among African Americans (AAs). Feasibility and sustainability of adopting a vegan diet may be challenging among AAs who live in regions where soul food is a predominant cuisine. Our hypothesis was that AAs randomized to a culturally adapted vegan diet will have greater adherence to their assigned diet compared with those randomized to a culturally adapted omnivorous diet. AAs (N = 113) with overweight/obesity from South Carolina were included. Dietary intake was measured at months 0, 3, 6, and 12 using 24-hour recalls. Adherence was defined based on recommended animal product intake for each group. Differences in nutrient intakes and dietary indices (Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010 and healthy plant-based diet index) between groups were evaluated using t -tests. At 12 months, adherence was higher to the vegan (51%) versus omnivorous (35%) diet. Participants assigned to the vegan diet had higher intake of carbohydrates (P =.01) and fiber (P <.001), and lower intake of cholesterol P <.001) and protein (P =.001) compared with participants assigned to the omnivorous diet. Participants adherent to the vegan diet had lower cholesterol intake (P <.001) and higher fiber intake (P =.02) compared with those adherent to the omnivorous diet. Compared with those assigned to the omnivorous diet, participants assigned to the vegan diet had higher Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010 (P =.01) and healthy plant-based diet index (P <.001) scores. AAs with overweight/obesity were more adherent to a culturally adapted vegan diet versus an omnivorous diet after 1 year, and nutrient and food group intake changes were sustained. We analyzed data from 113 African Americans with overweight/obesity from the Nutritious Eating with Soul Study. Compared with participants assigned to a culturally adapted omnivorous diet, participants assigned to a culturally adapted vegan diet had greater adherence, higher consumption of carbohydrates and fiber, lower consumption of cholesterol and protein, and higher diet quality after 1 year. AHEI-2010, Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010; hPDI, healthy plant-based diet index. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction of dietary carbohydrate profile and soybean meal (SBM) replacement with either Chlorella pyrenoidosa (CHL) or Spirulina platensis (SPI) on in vitro fermentation. This experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design, with fermentation run (3 runs) considered as blocks. The treatments were arranged in a 2 × 5 factorial design, where the first factor was the carbohydrate profile, which was composed of diets containing 42.5% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and 26.8% starch (HF-LS) or 26.8% NDF and 40.6% starch (LF-HS), and the second factor was the protein source, in which a control diet (100% SBM), partial replacement of SBM with CHL (1/2CHL) or SPI (1/2SPI), or total replacement of SBM with CHL or SPI were used. All experimental diets were formulated to have 17% crude protein. The ruminal fluid was collected from 2 lactating Holstein cows, buffered with Van Soest medium at a ratio of 1:2 and added to serum bottles containing 0.50 g of the experimental diets. Bottles were incubated at 39°C for 24 and 48 h in triplicate; headspace pressure was measured, along with gas collection for methane (CH 4) quantification at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36, and 48 h after incubation. The final medium was used to measure pH, ammonia, and VFA. After incubation, feed bags were recovered and used for estimation of dry matter (DM), NDF, and organic matter (OM) degradability. Statistical analysis was carried out using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with carbohydrate profile, protein source, assay, and their interactions as fixed effects, with run and bottle as random effects. Orthogonal contrasts were used to compare carbohydrate profile, algae species, carbohydrate profile × algae interaction, and linear and quadratic effects of SBM replacement with CHL or SPI. There was no interaction effect between carbohydrate profile and algae source. The LF-HS improved gas production, degradability of nutrients, and VFA, mainly increasing the production of butyrate and propionate. When compared with CHL, SPI had a greater degradability of nutrients and branched VFA, along with reduction in total gas production and tended to reduce total CH 4 yield. The replacement of SBM with algae linearly reduced the degradability of nutrients, along with a linear reduction in gas production. When replacement of SBM with only SPI was evaluated, SPI slightly reduced the degradability of nutrients; however, it promoted a linear reduction in CH 4 yield, as well as reduction in CH 4 yield by unit of degraded DM, NDF, and OM. In summary, there was no interaction of carbohydrate profile and protein source, which means that SBM replacement had a similar effect, regardless of dietary carbohydrate profile. Spirulina may be a more suitable algae source than Chlorella due to the potential to reduce CH 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Higher peer problem is associated with increased portion sizes in various food groups. • Higher emotional well-being is linked to smaller sweet/snack portions in children. • Higher emotional/peer scores are linked to larger sugar-fatty portions in females. • Emotional status influences portion sizes, underscoring their impact on diet. This study aims to investigate the influence of psychosomatic and emotional status on food portion sizes (PSs) consumption from high energy-dense food groups in European children and adolescents. We hypothesized that psychosomatic and emotional status would have a significant association with the PS selection of energy-dense food. The study included 7355 children aged between 2 and 9.9 years at baseline (T0) (48.8% females); 3869 after 2 years (T1) (48.2% females), and 2971 (51.8% females) after 6 years of follow-up (T3). Psychosomatic and emotional status were measured using emotional well-being during the last week score (KINDL) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. PS was calculated from daily food intake recorded in 24-hour dietary recalls. The associations between emotional status indicators and PS from selected energy-dense food groups were assessed by multilevel linear regression models. In the cross-sectional analysis, we observed that higher KINDL scores were linked to lower PS consumption from sweet bakery products and savory snacks in both genders. Moreover, we found that adolescent females with high emotional and peer problem scores tended to consume larger PS of carbohydrate-rich and sugar-fatty food items (P <.017). Longitudinally, higher peer problem scores were associated with increased PS from bread and rolls, margarine and lipids, and dairy products in all genders and age groups (P <.017). In adolescents, psychosomatic and emotional status could be a trigger for consuming large PS from carbohydrate-rich and sugar-fatty energy-dense foods. Thus, nutritional interventions should consider emotional status to decrease unhealthy dietary habits in children and adolescents. Psychosomatic and emotional status have a significant association with the portion size selection of energy-dense food. Adolescents' females with more emotional and peer problems tend to consume more carbohydrate-rich and sugar-fatty food products. Higher emotional and peer problem scores were inversely associated with consumption larger portion sizes from bread and rolls, pasta, breakfast cereals, and cheese in both genders and only in school-age children. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low–fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet (LFD) has been associated with reduced symptomology in pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). The LFD is a complex dietary intervention that may be difficult to follow; thus, there is great interest in determining factors that contribute to adherence. To examine whether baseline abdominal pain, emotional/behavioral problems, or quality of life predict adherence to the LFD in children with FGIDs. This was a single-group pre–post intervention design within a larger randomized controlled trial. Thirty 7- to 12-year-old children with FGIDs were recruited from pediatric gastrointestinal and primary care settings throughout Texas from 2019 to 2021. Evaluated participants were randomized to an LFD intervention as part of a larger randomized controlled trial. Participants received dietary counseling and followed the LFD for 3 weeks. Emotional or behavioral problems and quality of life were obtained via parent report, and abdominal pain was measured via child report. Adherence was assessed by using diet records and computed by a decrease in consumption of overall FODMAP intake. A hierarchical generalized linear mixed regression model examined factors associated with adherence. Greater baseline quality of life was associated with better adherence to the LFD (beta coefficient β = −.02, P = 0.03), and baseline emotional/behavioral problems and abdominal pain complaints were not significantly associated with adherence (all Ps > 0.28). Higher child quality of life as reported by parents was related to increased adherence to this complex dietary intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of a mother's diet is important to ensure child growth and development and keep women healthy. This systematic review aimed to identify the outcomes of a carbohydrate-restricted diet during lactation. PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS were searched for studies published between 2012 and 2023; 16 studies were selected, all of them case reports or care series. The carbohydrate restriction described in the papers mainly was ketogenic, low-carb, low-carbohydrate and high-fat, and modified ketogenic diets. The main goal of women undertaking these diets was weight loss, with therapeutic purposes (monitored and supervised by health professionals) in only 2 cases: (1) ketogenic diet therapy for treatment of seizures in the infant and (2) to reduce symptoms of mother's gastroesophageal reflux. Most articles reported that lactating women were hospitalized, experiencing symptoms such as vomiting, muscle weakness, nausea, abdominal pain, general malaise, and fatigue. However, articles did not mention poor outcomes for the infants. Most of the studies in this review were published in the past 3 years, indicating a possible increase in cases of women practicing carbohydrate restriction during lactation for weight loss caused by body dissatisfaction. In conclusion, carbohydrate restriction during lactation may be harmful to the lactating woman and contribute to the state of lactational ketoacidosis, but infant outcomes are mainly a change in feeding patterns. Thus, education on food and nutrition is necessary for this population. Carbohydrate restriction during lactation may cause problems for both the mother and the child. There has been an increase in the number of cases of lactating women restricting carbohydrates for weight loss purposes because of dissatisfaction with their bodies. This could result in hospitalization. Ketogenic diet therapy, when assisted by specialized professionals and performed for therapeutic purposes, provides evidence for the potential treatment and control of convulsions in infants. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine whether household type (eg, families with children) moderated the effects of an optimal defaults grocery intervention and examine intervention effects on grocery purchases to be consumed by the participant vs others in the household. Participants (n = 65) diagnosed with or at risk for type 2 diabetes were recruited and randomized into an optimal default online grocery intervention or an online or in-person control group. Grocery receipt data were coded into Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension nutritional quality scores, and energy, carbohydrate, and sugar content were calculated. Repeated measures analysis of variance examined household types (eg, single vs multi-resident) as moderators of intervention effects. Parallel models explored foods purchased for the participant and foods purchased for other household members separately. Household type was not a significant moderator of intervention effects on nutritional quality or other nutrients of interest (P > 0.10). The default intervention significantly increased the nutritional quality of groceries purchased across household types and for other household members besides the participant (P < 0.05). Optimal defaults may improve grocery purchases across different household types and extend to others in the household, supporting use across household types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digestion and absorption describe the breakdown of food into small particles and their movement from the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen into the body. The main groups of nutrients absorbed from food are carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Water, minerals, and vitamins are also absorbed by the GI tract along with orally administered drugs. Carbohydrates are enzymatically broken down into monosaccharides, which are absorbed across the small intestinal epithelium by passive (fructose) and active (glucose and galactose) mechanisms. Similarly, proteins are broken down from polypeptide chains into individual amino acids or dipeptides and tripeptides. Their absorption depends on their chemical properties and occurs via passive and active processes that utilize a variety of membrane transporters. Lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins require bile salts for emulsification to aid absorption. Water follows osmotic gradients generated by the absorption of nutrients. Since the processes of digestion and absorption require mechanical and chemical processes that can damage the mucosa, the GI tract has evolved several defence mechanisms, including a mucous barrier and regular renewal of the epithelial lining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between glycemic index (GI),glycemic load (GL) and ovarian cancer risk remains unclear. Carbohydrate intake promotes insulin secretion, leading to cell proliferation and invasion. We hypothesized that high GI and GL intake may increase ovarian cancer risk. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis after systematically searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from inception to December 2022. Fixed- or random-effect models calculated the pooled relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup, sensitivity, publication bias analysis, and dose-response analysis were performed. Nine original studies were included, involving 4716 cases and 119,960 controls. No significant association was observed between GI or GL and ovarian cancer risk (GI: RR = 1.02 [95% CI, 0.83–1.26]; GL: RR = 1.11 [95% CI, 0.84–1.47]). Subgroup analysis suggested the results were not significantly modified by any group. Sensitivity analysis identified the sources of heterogeneity. No publication bias was observed. A linear positive dose-response relationship was observed between dietary GL and ovarian cancer risk after removing heterogeneous sources (RR = 1.11 [95% CI, 1.05–1.17], I 2 = 32.9%, P =.23 at 50 U/d; RR = 1.04 [95% CI, 1.02–1.07], I 2 = 19.1%, P =.29 at 20 U/d). These outcomes suggest that high dietary GL, but not GI, is associated with significantly increased ovarian cancer risk. Thus, sufficient intake of a low dietary GL is important for reducing ovarian cancer risk. Our meta-analysis of 9 studies found that glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) were not associated with ovarian cancer. When sources of heterogeneity were identified and removed, GI was not associated with ovarian cancer risk, whereas GL increased the risk by 40%. A positive linear dose-response relationship was observed between dietary GL and ovarian cancer risk. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Gut microbiota plays a key role in health maintenance with consequence on metabolic homeostasis. • Gut dysbiosis contributes to derangement of several metabolic pathways. • External manipulation of gut microbiota is a promising therapeutic tool. • Poor standardization and translational value of current studies require further evidence. The prevalence of overweight, obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and steatotic liver disease is rapidly increasing worldwide with a huge economic burden in terms of morbidity and mortality. Several genetic and environmental factors are involved in the onset and development of metabolic disorders and related complications. A critical role also exists for the gut microbiota, a complex polymicrobial ecology at the interface of the internal and external environment. The gut microbiota contributes to food digestion and transformation, caloric intake, and immune response of the host, keeping the homeostatic control in health. Mechanisms of disease include enhanced energy extraction from the non-digestible dietary carbohydrates, increased gut permeability and translocation of bacterial metabolites which activate a chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and insulin resistance, as precursors of tangible metabolic disorders involving glucose and lipid homeostasis. The ultimate causative role of gut microbiota in this respect remains to be elucidated, as well as the therapeutic value of manipulating the gut microbiota by diet, pre- and pro- synbiotics, or fecal microbial transplantation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable information on dietary trends is essential. We compared individual-level dietary estimates for total energy, carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake over time with national supply data from the Global Expanded Nutrient Supply Model (186 paired estimates from 1961 to 2011, 18 countries). We hypothesized that supply data would overestimate individual measures and that the two measures would be weakly correlated. Individual- and supply-level estimates were compared using Spearman correlation coefficients and linear mixed-effect models were used to estimate the differences between measures. Overall, the correlations between individual- and supply-level measures were moderate for energy (r s = 0.34) and carbohydrate (r s = 0.39), strong for fat (r s = 0.85), and protein (r s = 0.69). Trends in total energy measured by individual-level surveys and total energy supply were positively correlated in 38.9% of countries, whereas trends in macronutrients aligned between estimates in most countries. Supply-level dietary data overestimated individual-level intakes, especially in higher income countries in Europe and in the United States. In the United States, supply-level data exceeded individual-level estimates by 26.3% to 29.9% for energy, carbohydrate, and fat, whereas protein estimates were similar between measures. In Europe, supply-level estimates overestimated individual-level intake by 19.9% for energy, 17.0% for carbohydrate, 13.7% for fat, and 7.7% for protein, whereas estimates for energy and macronutrients were similar in Asia. In Asia and lower income countries, our findings generally support the use of supply-level data in the absence of individual-level data, though this finding may be related to smaller sample size and differences in underlying national statistics that inform supply data. This article compares individual-level diet measures of energy, carbohydrate, fat, and protein to national supply-level data in 18 countries. Time trends in macronutrient intake and, to a lesser degree, total energy, align between individual and supply data. Supply data overestimated individual intakes, especially in the United States and higher income countries. Supply data may be an appropriate alternative in Asia and in lower income settings that lack individual data. Abbreviation: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A diet high in quality is essential for prevention of chronic diseases. Specific healthy eating behaviors may modulate dietary intake. However, these behaviors have been seldomly studied, particularly in Puerto Rico (PR), a population with documented poor dietary quality and high burden of chronic diseases. This study aimed to document self-reported engagement in eating behaviors and examine their associations with intake of nutrients and diet quality. We hypothesized that greater engagement in healthy eating behavior would be associated with greater diet quality. This cross-sectional analysis used data from the PRADLAD study (adults aged 30-75 years residing in the San Juan, PR, area [ n = 234]). Frequency (never, sometimes, often, always) of habitual eating behaviors was measured. Dietary intake was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. Diet quality was measured with the Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010. Statistical analyses included adjusted linear models. The most common behavior was "controlling intake of salt" (51.7%). Engaging "always" (vs. less frequently) in making healthier meals, reading nutrition facts labels, searching media for healthy eating information, counting calories, buying organic foods, eating a vegetarian diet, and controlling intake of salt, fat, carbohydrates/sugar, and portions were associated with higher Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 scores (P <.05). Controlling intakes of fats, carbohydrates/sugars, and portions "always" was associated with lower intakes of trans fats, added sugars, and total food (g), respectively (P <.05). Engagement in eating a vegetarian diet "always" was associated with higher intake of plant-based protein (P <.05). In conclusion, adults following several habitual eating behaviors had greater diet quality and a lower amount of unfavorable nutrients. Encouraging adherence to these behaviors may contribute to healthier dietary intake. Results have shown that greater engagement in making healthier meals, reading nutrition labels, searching media for healthy eating information, counting calories, buying organic foods, eating a vegetarian diet, and controlling intakes of salt, fat, carbohydrates, and portions were associated with greater diet quality. Higher engagement in controlling intake of fats, carbohydrates, and portions were associated with lower intakes of such nutrients. Eating a vegetarian diet was associated with higher intake of plant-based protein. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes are rapidly increasing to pandemic proportions. A novel supplement composed of 5 plant extracts from olive leaf, bilberry, artichoke, chrysanthellum, and black pepper was designed to prevent type 2 diabetes development in people at risk. It was previously shown to improve body weight and glucose control in preclinical rodent models, with these effects being accompanied by increased fecal energy excretion and in vitro inhibition of several digestive enzymes. Thus, we hypothesized that, in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), a single dose of this botanical supplementation would decrease the responses to oral fat and carbohydrate tolerance tests, and that chronic supplementation would result in increased fecal triglyceride content. We showed that acute administration in HFD-fed mice (1.452 g/kg body weight) markedly reduced circulating triglycerides following an oral lipid gavage, whereas glycemic responses to various carbohydrate tests were only mildly affected. When incorporated into the food (2.5%) of HFD-fed mice, chronic supplementation prevented body weight gain and improved glucose homeostasis and lipid tolerance. Fecal free fatty acid content, but not triglyceride, was significantly increased in supplemented animals, suggesting reduced lipid absorption in the digestive tract. Congruently, this botanical supplementation downregulated several genes associated with fatty acid transport whose expression was increased by HFD, principally in the jejunum. This study provides novel insights as for the mode of action behind the antiobesity effect of this plant-based supplementation, in HFD-fed mice. The acute and chronic effects of a supplement combining 5 plant extracts were studied in high-fat-diet-fed mice. Acutely, the supplementation blunted the glycemic and triglyceridemic response to various carbohydrate and fat tolerance tests. Chronically, the supplement downregulated the expression of several genes associated with fatty acid uptake, resulting in reduced fat absorption, decreased body weight gain, and improved glucose control. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between socioeconomic status (SES) and chronic disease has recently become more evident in middle- and low-income countries. We hypothesized that poor socioeconomic conditions, such as food insecurity, low educational level, or low SES, may restrict access to a healthy diet and may be associated with cardiometabolic risk independently of body fat. This study examined the relation between socioeconomic indicators, body fat, and cardiometabolic disease risk markers in a random sample of mothers living in Queretaro, Mexico. Young and middle-aged mothers (n = 321) answered validated questionnaires to determine SES, food insecurity, and educational level and a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire to determine dietary patterns and the cost of individual diet. Clinical measurements included anthropometry, blood pressure, lipids profile, glucose, and insulin. Obesity was present in 29% of the participants. Women with moderate food insecurity had higher waist circumference, glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance than women with food security. High triglyceride concentration and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with lower SES and lower educational level. Women who consumed a lower carbohydrate diet had higher SES, higher education, and better cardiovascular risk markers. The higher carbohydrate diet profile was the least expensive diet. There was an inverse association between the cost and energy-density of foods. In conclusion, food insecurity was associated with glycemic control markers, and lower SES and education were related to a low-cost, higher carbohydrate diet and to a greater cardiovascular risk. The influence of the social environment on obesity and cardiovascular diseases needs to be further explored. In Mexican mothers, food insecurity (FI) and socioeconomic status (SES) relate differently to cardiometabolic risk. The higher SES group is associated with lower body fat, lower body mass index (BMI), and a higher-cost lower carbohydrate (CH) diet, which we consider the healthiest. The lower CH diet is related with lower triglycerides, lower insulin, and higher cholesterol concentrations (HDL and LDL) compared with the higher CH diet. FI is linked with more abdominal fat and higher glucose. Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbohydrates are the primary energy source for lactating dairy cows, and dairy diets are usually formulated for certain concentrations of forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and starch due to their direct effects on dry matter intake and milk production. Forage NDF exerts greater filling effects in the rumen than other dietary components and can limit maximum voluntary feed intake of lactating dairy cows. Since an analytical method for NDF was developed more than a half century ago, it has been used widely to characterize forages and diets for dairy cows. However, because NDF is a chemical measurement varying in its digestibility, in vitro digestibility measurements were developed as a biological approach to assess forage quality. Research efforts over the last several decades led to the development of forage cultivars or hybrids with enhanced in vitro NDF digestibility, such as brown midrib, and management practices considering differences in NDF digestibility of forages. In addition, in vitro NDF digestibility and undigested NDF are commonly measured in commercial labs, and estimated rates of digestion are used in dynamic models in an effort to improve the accuracy and precision of diet formulation. Starch digestion in the rumen also varies among starch sources, being affected by grain type, extent of processing, and conservation method. The site and rate of starch digestion affect dry matter intake and nutrient partitioning in dairy cows by modifying temporal supply of fuel. In addition, dietary starch content and its fermentability can affect digestion rates of starch itself and NDF in the rumen. Previous research has increased our understanding of dietary carbohydrates, but its application for diet formulations requires integrated approaches accounting for factors affecting the filling effects of forage NDF, starch digestion, and temporal fuel supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diet is a health foundation that supports breastfeeding and enables lactating women's recovery. This study aimed to develop 3 valid diet adherence indices by clinimetric contrast with different parameters. We hypothesize that the 3 diet adherence-based indices are positively correlated with diet quality and milk biomarkers and directly related to calcium, fiber, and energy intake. A cross-sectional study recorded food frequency, anthropometric and dietary measures, and milk analysis to estimate correlations, sensitivity, and specificity (n = 284). Three reliable indices agreed by >75% with food frequency: macronutritional (MDI), phytochemical (PDI), and energetic (EDI), which correlated positively to the Fat Quality Index and Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women. MDI and EDI correlated negatively to the Healthy Plant-Based Diet Index (H-PBDI), whereas PDI correlated positively. MDI correlated positively to the protein-to-carbohydrate ratio, whereas EDI correlated negatively. Inadequate intakes of calcium, fiber, and energy were indicated by MDI <19, PDI <19, and EDI ≥19, respectively, in a sensitive and specific manner. Body fat was therefore positively associated with EDI. MDI was associated with increased protein and superoxide anion in milk, depending on its high protein-to-carbohydrate ratio and low H-PBDI. These indices allowed us to assess diet to diagnose maternal malnutrition promptly. Index validity was supported by significant dietary correlations and biological responsiveness. MDI and EDI promoted breast bioactivity and body adiposity, respectively, whereas PDI represented a healthier option. Lactating women's (n = 284) habitual food intake was used to develop the macronutritional (MDI), phytochemical (PDI), and energetic dietary indices (EDI). Clinimetrics included: validity, reliability, and diagnostic capability. Diet quality indicators, anthropometry, and breast milk biomarkers were used. Results confirmed that the indices have good clinimetric properties: MDI promoted metabolic biomarkers, EDI increased body fat, and PDI had a stable physiological effect. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Carbohydrate-restricted dietary patterns may improve cardiometabolic risk factors. • Severe carbohydrate restriction limits intake of foods with putative health benefits. • Recommended healthy dietary patterns can be modified to be lower in carbohydrate. • The quality of foods consumed is as important as quantity of macronutrients. • High-quality carbohydrates promote benefits within a carbohydrate-restricted diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Low-carbohydrate, high animal fat and protein diets have been promoted for weight loss and diabetes treatment. We therefore tested the effect of a low-carbohydrate vegan diet in diabetes as a potentially healthier and more ecologically sustainable low-carbohydrate option. Objectives We sought to compare the effectiveness of a low-carbohydrate vegan diet with a moderate-carbohydrate vegetarian diet on weight loss and metabolic measures in diabetes. Methods One hundred and sixty-four male and female participants with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to advice on either a low-carbohydrate vegan diet, high in canola oil and plant proteins, or a vegetarian therapeutic diet, for 3 mo, with both diets recommended at 60% of calorie requirements. Body weight, fasting blood, blood pressure, and 7-d food records, to estimate potential greenhouse gas emissions, were obtained throughout the study with tests of cholesterol absorption undertaken at baseline and end of study on 50 participants. Results Both low-carbohydrate vegan and vegetarian diets similarly but markedly reduced body weight (−5.9 kg; 95% CI: −6.5, −5.28 kg; and −5.23 kg; 95% CI: −5.84, −4.62 kg), glycated hemoglobin (−0.99%; 95% CI: −1.07, −0.9%; and −0.88%; 95% CI: −0.97, −0.8%), systolic blood pressure (−4 mmHg; 95% CI: −7, −2 mmHg; and −6 mmHg; 95% CI: −8, −3 mmHg), and potential greenhouse gas emissions, but only for potential greenhouse gas emissions was there a significant treatment difference of −0.63 kgCO2/d (95% CI: −0.99, −0.27 kgCO2/d) favoring the low-carbohydrate vegan diet. Conclusions Low-carbohydrate vegan and vegetarian diets reduced body weight, improved glycemic control and blood pressure, but the more plant-based diet had greater potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Trial registration number: clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT02245399. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An eight-week feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the impacts of dietary vitamin B 6 on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid metabolism in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) under different carbohydrate levels. Six isonitrogenous and isolipid diets were formulated to contain two carbohydrate levels (15 % and 30 %) and three vitamin B 6 levels (0, 120 mg kg−1 and 240 mg kg−1). A total of 540 juvenile Pacific white shrimp (initial weight 1.15 ± 0.02 g) were randomized to six diets with three replicates, and each replication was stocked with 30 shrimp. The results suggested that dietary carbohydrate levels had no significant effect on percent weight gain (PWG) and specific growth rate (SGR), while PWG and SGR were significantly affected by dietary vitamin B 6 levels. The highest PWG and SGR appeared in the groups with 240 mg kg−1 vitamin B 6 supplementation at different carbohydrate levels (P < 0.05). However, the interaction between vitamin B 6 and carbohydrate levels did not show significant differences in PWG and SGR (P > 0.05). Dietary vitamin B 6 and carbohydrates levels had a marked interaction in the content of glutathione (GSH) and concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the hepatopancreas, and dietary vitamin B 6 observably increased the GSH content and decreased the concentration of MDA in 30 % carbohydrates (P < 0.05). Moreover, the contents of insulin-like peptide (INSL), crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), pyruvic acid (PA) and glucose, and the activities of phosphate fructose kinase (PFK) were markedly impacted by the interaction between dietary vitamin B 6 and carbohydrate levels. Vitamin B 6 supplementation could promote glucose transport, hepatopancreatic glycolysis, and insulin signaling pathway along with the degradation of glycogen in shrimp under high carbohydrate levels. Lipid metabolism results showed that dietary vitamin B 6 supplementation could increase lipid synthesis under 30 % carbohydrate diets. Overall, the finding indicated that vitamin B 6 supplementation could increase antioxidant capacity and regulate glucose metabolism by promoting carbohydrate degradation and lipid deposition in shrimp. • Dietary 120 mg/kg vitamin B 6 at 30 % carbohydrate promotes glycolysis and glucose transport. • Carbohydrate-vitamin B 6 interaction activates insulin signaling by regulating glucose transport and glycogen degradation. • Vitamin B 6 supplementation increases lipid synthesis under a high carbohydrate diet. • Vitamin B 6 regulates glucose metabolism by enhancing carbohydrate breakdown and lipid synthesis in a high carbohydrate diet. • Vitamin B 6 elevates glutathione peroxidase activity and reduces malondialdehyde in a high carbohydrate diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of balanced diet is critical for reproductive success in fish. A feeding trial on Labeo catla females was carried out in earthen pond to assess the effect of different dietary protein to carbohydrate ratio on gonad maturation and breeding performance. Three feed D-I (Feed-I), D-II (Feed-II) and D-III (Feed-III) were formulated with varying ratio of Ground Nut Oil Cake (GNOC) and rice bran (2:1, 1:1 and 1:2) and fed for 120 days. To assess the gonad maturation events, GSI VSI, breeding, fatty acid analysis, sex hormone profiling, cholesterol, triglyceride and histological examinations were conducted. Fish groups fed with D-III exhibited the highest VSI and visceral fat (VF) deposition, followed by those fed with D-I, whereas groups fed with D-II showed significantly lower levels (P<0.05). The result of GSI was completely opposite to values of VSI. Ovarian histology showed less number of mature oocytes in D-I & D-III treatments and more mature oocytes in D-II. Breeding results showed that fishes fed with D-I and D-III hampered gonad maturation whereas fish fed with D-II responded towards spawning, fertilization, and hatching. Increased levels of testosterone, estradiol, and vitellogenin (Vtg) were observed in the D-II fed group whereas increased level of progesterone was observed in D-I fed group followed by D-II and D-III. Serum cholesterol was higher in the D-III and D-I group. Visceral fat accumulation prior to ovarian maturation is a normal phenomenon in this species which serves as a lipid reservoir required for the later transfer to the gonad as yolk or is utilized as an energy source for gonad maturation. However higher level of protein or carbohydrate in the diet disrupted normal gonad maturation and lead to abnormal visceral fat accumulation, sex steroid level, failure in spawning response and seed production. • Imbalance in dietary protein-to-carbohydrate ratios causes abnormal visceral fat accumulation. • Affects hormonal profile and oocyte development thus disrupted gonad maturation and breeding performances in L. catla. • Balanced brood stock diet is highly essential during reproductive course in case of L. catla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Crickets preferred a protein:carbohydrate ratio of 1:1.74. • Carbohydrate intake was more tightly regulated than protein intake. • Crickets adopted a nutrient balancing strategy of nutrient maximization. • Nutrient imbalances were redressed by post-ingestive mechanisms. • Crickets reared on carbohydrate-biased food suffered delayed development and reduced growth. Crickets have been extensively studied in recent insect nutritional research, but it remains largely unexplored how they balance the intake of multiple nutrients. Here, we used the nutritional geometry framework to examine the behavioural and physiological regulation of dietary protein and carbohydrate in nymphs of the two-spotted cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Growth, intake, utilization efficiencies, and body composition were measured from the eighth instar nymphs that received either food pairs or single foods with differing protein and carbohydrate content. When food choices were available, crickets preferentially selected a carbohydrate-biased protein:carbohydrate (P:C) ratio of 1:1.74. During this nutrient selection, carbohydrate intake was more tightly regulated than protein intake. When confined to nutritionally imbalanced foods, crickets adopted a nutrient balancing strategy that maximized the nutrient intake regardless of the nutrient imbalance, reflecting their omnivorous feeding habit. Intake was significantly reduced when crickets were confined to the most carbohydrate-biased food (P:C = 1:5). When nutrients were ingested in excess of the requirements, the post-ingestive utilization efficiencies of these nutrients were down-regulated, thereby buffering the impacts of nutrient imbalances on body nutrient composition. Crickets reared on the most carbohydrate-biased food (P:C = 1:5) suffered delayed development and reduced growth. Our data provide the most accurate description of nutrient regulation in G. bimaculatus and lay the foundation for further nutritional research in this omnivorous insect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans need a dietary source of glucose, which is the preferred substrate for generating metabolic energy in the brain, red blood cells, kidney and reproductive tissues. Starch is the main source of dietary glucose for most humans. The ability to assess the glycemic (i.e., blood glucose-raising) potential of starchy foods is highly relevant to nutrition and health, as the inability to maintain the blood glucose concentration within normal limits is a risk for diet-related illnesses and obesity. In vivo tests assess the glycemic impact of starchy foods in terms of a glycemic index (GI). However, GI testing has inherent limitations and in vitro model systems are used widely as a proxy for assessing glycemic impact; these in vitro methods are important for assessing starch digestibility and the quality of carbohydrates in many applications. This review will focus on in vitro methods for measuring starch digestibility. Starch as the main glycemic carbohydrate in the human diet, how starch is broken down enzymically, and how GI values are determined are first considered briefly, before discussing methods and advantages of in vitro testing. The limitations, which as the literature shows are not always appreciated and can lead to over-interpretation of research data, are also considered. The importance of in vitro methodology for assessing the carbohydrate quality of foods is clear, but there is a need to standardise procedures to facilitate comparability of studies conducted at different times and in different laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diet starch and fiber contents influence the rumen microbial profile and its fermentation products, yet no information exists about the effects of these dietary carbohydrate fractions on the metabolic activity of these microbes. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrate profile changes on the rumen meta-proteome profile. Eight cannulated Holstein cows were assigned to the study as part of a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement including four 28-d periods. Cows received 1 of 4 dietary treatments on a dry matter (DM) basis. Diets included different concentrations of rumen fermentable starch (RFS) and physically effective undigested NDF (peuNDF240) content in the diet: (1) low peuNDF240, low RFS (LNLS); (2) high peuNDF240, low RFS (HNLS); (3) low peuNDF240, high RFS (LNHS); and (4) high peuNDF240, high RFS (HNHS). Rumen fluid samples were collected from each cow on the last 2 d of each period at 3 time points (0600, 1000, and 1400 h). The microbial protein fraction was isolated, isobarically labeled, and analyzed using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry techniques. Product ion spectra were searched using the SEQUEST search on Proteome Discoverer 2.4 (Thermo Scientific) against 71 curated microbe-specific databases. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc.). A total of 138 proteins were characterized across 26 of the searched microbial species. In total, 46 proteins were affected by treatments across 17 of the searched microbial species. Of these 46 proteins, 28 were affected by RFS content across 13 microbial species, with 20 proteins having higher abundance with higher dietary RFS and 8 proteins having higher abundance with lower dietary RFS. The majority of these proteins have roles in energetics, carbon metabolism, and protein synthesis. Examples include pyruvate, phosphate dikinase (Ruminococcus albus SY3), 30S ribosomal protein S11 (Clostridium aminophilum), and methyl-coenzyme M reductase subunit α (Methanobrevibacter ruminantium strain 35063), which had higher abundances with higher dietary RFS. Conversely, glutamate dehydrogenase (Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens) and 50S ribosomal protein L5 (Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis) and L15 (Ruminococcus bromii) had lower abundances with higher dietary RFS content. Among the remaining 18 proteins unaffected by RFS content alone, 5 proteins were affected by peuNDF240 content, and 13 were affected by peuNDF240 × RFS interactions. Our results suggest that the RFS content of the diet may have a greater influence on rumen microbial protein abundances than dietary peuNDF240 content or peuNDF240 × RFS interactions. This research highlights that dietary carbohydrate profile changes can influence rumen microbial protein abundances. Further research is needed to fully characterize the effects of diet on the rumen meta-proteome and manipulate the various roles of rumen microbes. This will aid in designing the strategies to maximize the efficiency of nutrient use in the rumen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The etiology of endometriosis is not well understood. Limited evidence suggests that dietary factors influence risk, but prospective data related to carbohydrate, fiber, and gluten consumption are scarce. Despite this, recommendations concerning fiber, gluten intake, and endometriosis are pervasive in the lay literature.Objectives: We aimed to investigate the associations of carbohydrate quality [glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL)], fiber intake (total, legume, vegetable, cruciferous vegetable, fruit, cereal), and gluten intake with incident laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis.Methods: This was a prospective cohort study using data collected from 81,961 premenopausal women in the Nurses' Health Study II (mean age = 36 y in 1991). Diet was assessed with a validated FFQ every 4 y. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate rate ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs.Results: A total of 3810 incident cases of laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis were reported over 24 y of follow-up. Women in the highest quintile of GI had 12% (95% CI: 1.01, 1.23; Ptrend = 0.03) higher risk of endometriosis diagnosis than those in the lowest quintile. Total vegetable and cruciferous vegetable fiber intakes were also associated with higher risk (highest compared with lowest quintile RR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.24; Ptrend = 0.004 and RR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.29; Ptrend = 0.02, respectively). Higher intake of fruit fiber was associated with lower risk of endometriosis but the association was not significant after adjusting for the Alternative Healthy Eating Index. Gluten intake was also associated with lower risk (highest compared with lowest quintile RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.80, 1.02; Ptrend = 0.01), but these results were not consistent in direction nor statistical significance across sensitivity analyses. No association was observed for GL or total, legume, or cereal fiber intake.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that carbohydrate quality and specific types of fiber-total vegetable and cruciferous vegetable fiber-are associated with endometriosis diagnosis in premenopausal women. These results also indicate it is unlikely that gluten intake is a strong factor in the etiology or symptomatology of endometriosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diet is a critical risk factor for gastric cancer, and Koreans consume significantly high amounts of carbohydrates. This study examined the association between carbohydrate intake, glycemic index, and glycemic load and the risk of gastric cancer and whether the association varied based on the general risk factors for gastric cancer. We hypothesized that carbohydrate intake, glycemic index, and glycemic load elevated gastric cancer risk and the relationship differed by the gastric cancer risk factors. This was a case-control study with a total of 307 matched pairs aged 20 to 79 years. Data collection was completed at two hospitals from December 2002 to September 2006. A food frequency questionnaire was applied for dietary assessment. Carbohydrate intake was not related to gastric cancer risk. However, a high glycemic index (odds ratio [OR], 1.88; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.18-2.97) and glycemic load (OR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.53-4.12) were significantly associated with the elevated risk of gastric cancer. When the relationship between glycemic load and gastric cancer risk was stratified by risk factors for gastric cancer, the gastric cancer risk especially increased among men, ≥65 years, smokers, drinkers, and people with Helicobacter pylori infection. Although there was no association between carbohydrate consumption and gastric cancer, high glycemic index and glycemic load were associated with the increased gastric cancer risk. [Display omitted] Although there was no association between carbohydrate consumption and gastric cancer, high glycemic index and glycemic load were significantly associated with the increased gastric cancer risk. When the relationship between glycemic load and gastric cancer risk was stratified by risk factors for gastric cancer, the gastric cancer risk especially increased among men, ≥65 years, smokers, drinkers, and people with Helicobacter pylori infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary patterns based on rich-carbohydrate foods were associated with breast cancer (BC) in Córdoba (Argentina). Nevertheless, the effect of dietary indicators of postprandial blood glucose or insulinemia on this cancer has not been studied. Thus, we hypothesize that higher dietary glycemic and insulinemic indices increase the risk of BC occurrence, with differential effects according to the presence/absence of overweight. A case-control study was conducted for BC (346/596 cases/controls) in Córdoba, Argentina, from 2008 to 2016. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of glycemic index (GI), glycemic load, insulin index, and insulin load (IL) and the intake of high-GI foods (HGIF) on BC occurrence, adjusted by specific confounders and stratified by body mass index (BMI, <25 or ≥25 kg/m2). The odds ratio (OR) for BC occurrence comparing the highest versus the lowest tertile of dietary GI was 1.77 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-2.64). Additionally, a positive association between the weekly intake of HGIF and the dietary IL was found (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.14-2.55 and OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.03-2.19, respectively). In normal-weight women, dietary GI and IL were associated with cancer occurrence, whereas in overweight women, only weekly intake of HGIF was associated. Our findings suggest that the BC risk related to hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic diet changed according to BMI. Furthermore, frequent exposure to HGIF has a relevant role in BC occurrence and its promoting effect is even higher in the presence of overweight. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background High glycemic index (GI) diets have been linked to elevated risk of cardiometabolic diseases. One possible underlying mechanism comes from high GI diet's potential to promote lipid peroxidation. Objectives We aim to evaluate whether and to what extent dietary carbohydrate quality and quantity are associated with systemic levels of lipid peroxidation in females. Methods In this cross-sectional analysis of 2163 middle-aged women, a subset of the Shanghai Women's Health Study, we measured lipid peroxidation biomarkers F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) and its metabolite, 2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-15-F2t-IsoP (F2-IsoP-M), in urine. The quality of carbohydrate was defined by dietary GI, assessed using a validated FFQ via in-person interviews. A multivariable linear regression model with restricted cubic spline functions was used to evaluate the association of measured biomarkers with carbohydrate intake and dietary GI. Results After adjustment for potential confounding factors such as cigarette smoking, BMI, and comorbidities, among others, we found that F2-IsoP-M concentrations were positively associated with both carbohydrate intake and dietary GI. Carbohydrate intake and dietary GI were weakly correlated (r  = 0.12). When further mutually adjusted for the 2 factors, the positive association with F2-IsoP-M remained statistically significant for GI (P  = 0.004) but not for carbohydrate intake (P  = 0.50). Compared with those in the 10th percentile of dietary GI, fold increases (95% CI) in F2-IsoP-M concentrations for those in the 30th, 50th, 70th, and 90th percentiles were 1.03 (1.00, 1.07), 1.06 (1.01, 1.10), 1.09 (1.03, 1.14), and 1.13 (1.05, 1.21), respectively. Moreover, there appeared a threshold regarding the association between dietary GI and F2-IsoP-M concentrations, with the dose-effect slope of GI being 2.3 times greater when GI was ≥75 relative to GI <75. Conclusions This study provides evidence that the quality of dietary carbohydrate may be more important than the quantity of the intake with regard to systemic lipid peroxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a group of more than 160 inborn errors of metabolism affecting multiple pathways of protein and lipid glycosylation. Patients present with a wide range of symptoms and therapies are only available for very few subtypes. Specific nutritional treatment options for certain CDG types include oral supplementation of monosaccharide sugars, manganese, uridine, or pyridoxine. Additional management includes specific diets (i.e., complex carbohydrate or ketogenic diet), iron supplementation, and albumin infusions. We review the dietary management in CDG with a focus on two subgroups: N -linked glycosylation defects and GPI-anchor disorders. CDG was discovered in 1979 and counts more than 160 disorders; until recent years, only MPI-CDG was treatable. Altering sugar fluxes and activating internal monosaccharide salvage pathways have recently shown efficacy in several other CDG affecting galactosylation and fucosylation. There is still a huge unmet need to develop treatments for GPI anchor disorders, presenting with severe developmental delay and epilepsy. New therapies, including chaperone and drug repurposing approaches (e.g., epalrestat), also affect glycosylation by altering sugar pools and stabilizing/activating defective enzymes. Unfortunately, gene therapy is still in early phases due to the lack of animal models in CDG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess carbohydrate knowledge of Vietnamese women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and explore factors associated with carbohydrate knowledge. Vietnamese women (n = 100) with GDM completed an online questionnaire about self-efficacy in managing blood glucose, the habit of regularly self-monitoring blood glucose activities at home, and an adapted culturally tailored carbohydrate quiz for the target population. Participants (30 ± 4 years) answered on average 51% of the carbohydrate knowledge questions correctly, showing most difficulty in identifying honey, milk, and orange juice as carbohydrate sources. Only 46% of participants correctly identified carbohydrate content on nutrition labels, and 58% practice self-monitoring blood glucose activities at home. Carbohydrate knowledge was positively associated with self-efficacy in blood glucose management (r2 = 0.101, P = 0.003) and practicing self-monitoring blood glucose (r2 = 0.064, P = 0.013). There is a need to provide nutrition education about carbohydrate knowledge and blood glucose control to Vietnamese women to manage GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insufficient sleep is highly prevalent in society and has tremendous negative health consequences. Despite the available treatments, there is continued demand for novel and natural strategies to promote better sleep. Dietary modifications could be a viable new target to improve sleep. A literature review using PubMed was conducted on studies that examined the relationship between diet composition (ie, macronutrients or special diets) and objectively assessed sleep quality. Twenty human studies (6 observational and 14 interventional) published between 1975 and March 2021 met the eligibility criteria and were included. The amount of dietary carbohydrates and fats was associated with both better and worse sleep quality indices. However, the type of carbohydrate and fat was an important factor in these associations, with diets higher in complex carbohydrates (eg, fiber) and healthier fats (eg, unsaturated) being associated with better sleep quality. Diets higher in protein were associated with better sleep quality. In general, diets rich in fiber, fruits, vegetables, and anti-inflammatory nutrients and lower in saturated fat (eg, Mediterranean diet) were associated with better sleep quality. The connection between diet and sleep quality warrants further investigation. Rigorous interventional studies of longer duration assessing the effects of whole foods, rather than isolated nutrients, and under free-living conditions, rather than in a research laboratory setting, as well as mechanistic studies are needed to better understand how dietary patterns relate to sleep quality. Future research could provide insights into whether dietary modifications could be an effective, personalized strategy for improving sleep quality in millions of Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Knowledge of glycemic status may affect dietary intake for subjects with diabetes and prediabetes. Objectives We aimed to determine whether trends of macronutrient intake and dietary quality differed by diagnosis of glycemic status among US adults with diabetes and prediabetes. Methods Data from NHANES 1999–2016 were analyzed. Diagnosed cases were established by self-report, and undiagnosed cases were defined by laboratory criteria (glycated hemoglobin ≥ 5.7%, fasting plasma glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL, or 2-h oral-glucose-tolerance test ≥ 140 mg/dL). A difference-in-differences model was used to compare the temporal trends between the 2 groups. Results There were 7502 diagnosed and 12,974 undiagnosed cases with elevated glycemic status included in the study. During 1999–2016, the intake of low-quality carbohydrates was lower, whereas intakes of high-quality carbohydrates, animal protein, plant protein, and unsaturated fat and the Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015) score were higher, among the diagnosed cases than among the undiagnosed cases (P  < 0.001 for all). However, in the trend analyses from 1999 to 2016, the increase in intake of high-quality carbohydrates was smaller among the diagnosed cases than among the undiagnosed cases (difference: −1.16%; 95% CI: −1.82%, −0.50%; P  = 0.001). Moreover, the decrease in low-quality carbohydrate intake was smaller (difference: 0.79%; 95% CI: 0.01%, 1.57%; P  = 0.05) and the increase in saturated fat intake was larger (difference: 0.44%; 95% CI: 0.08%, 0.79%; P  = 0.02) among the diagnosed cases than among the undiagnosed cases. A significant difference of temporal trends in the HEI-2015 score between the diagnosed and undiagnosed cases was also observed, in favor of the undiagnosed cases (difference: −2.56; 95% CI: −3.71, −1.41; P  < 0.001). Conclusions Although dietary habits among adults with diagnosed diabetes and prediabetes were better than those among the undiagnosed cases, these advantages have been diminishing during the past 2 decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objective was to evaluate cow N metabolism and ruminal measures with diets containing 3 different levels of molasses or finely ground dry corn grain with 2 levels of ruminally degradable protein (RDP). Twelve lactating, ruminally cannulated Holstein cows (parity 2.25 ± 0.62; 185 ± 56 DIM; 41.3 ± 6.3 kg of milk initially) were individually fed in an experiment designed as a split-plot, replicated 3 × 3 Latin square, where each period lasted 28 d. Six diets were formulated according to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments, where 2 levels of RDP (+RDP and −RDP) were fed throughout the experiment as the whole plot, and 3 levels of molasses (0, 5.25, or 10.50% of dry matter replacing finely ground dry corn grain) were fed in sequences of the Latin squares. Dry matter intake did not differ by diet, although ash intake increased linearly with increasing molasses. Ruminal pH, organic acid concentration, and ammonia concentration were not affected by diet. Molar percentages of ruminal acetate decreased and butyrate increased linearly with increasing levels of molasses. Ruminal free amino acid concentration was greater for +RDP, whereas branched-chain volatile fatty acids declined linearly with increasing molasses. Rumen content mass, ruminal liquid, and ruminal acetate pool size was greater for −RDP, although ruminal lactate pool size tended to be greater with +RDP. Increased ruminal lactate when increasing molasses with high RDP should be explored further, to optimize microbial efficiency and rumen health. Total-tract apparent dry matter digestibility based on spot sampling was not affected by diet; however, ash digestibility increased linearly with increasing levels of molasses. Calculated urine output was greater for cows fed diets with increasing levels of molasses and for cows fed +RDP. Grams of N distributed to excretion pools were not different across diets, although, as molasses increased, a lower proportion of N intake was excreted in urine. Overall, the results from this experiment showed that dairy cows used dietary carbohydrates differently during ruminal fermentation, with increasing molasses resulting in increased butyrate molar proportions at the expense of acetate. Additionally, RDP tended to modify the effects of carbohydrate fermentation, resulting in a tendency for increasing lactate molar pool size only in diets with greater RDP, although this did not ultimately affect ruminal pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work investigates the impact of dietary-carbohydrate chain length on the binding affinity with Agaricus bisporus lectin (ABL) using sugars of varying chain length, including glucose, maltose, maltotetraose, maltohexaose, maltoheptaose and maltodecaose. Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) and circular dichroism (CD) record alterations to the protein secondary structure culminating with maltohexaose binding. Binding affinity was determined via intrinsic fluorescence quenching analysis and revealed that binding strength increased with ligand molecular weight, reaching a maximum at a chain length of 6 glucose units, with a K a of 1.93 × 106 M-1, before collapsing for carbohydrates of higher molecular weights, in line with the trend observed for CD. Molecular docking highlights the likely binding positions of each ligand to the ABL molecule, further arguing for the presence of stable interactions between host and guest. Multiple hydrogen bonds are formed in each case, providing stabilization of the complex in the presence of additional van der Waals forces. Maltohexose again showed the strongest interaction with ABL, with a calculated binding energy of −32.6 kJ/mol. These findings give a deeper understanding of the impact of dietary-carbohydrate chain length in relation to their binding affinity with ABL, hence advancing its potential application as a functional ingredient in highly selective therapeutics. Demonstartion of the effect of the increased carbohydrate chian length of glucose units docked onto ABL, with the binding location of glucose (a), maltose (b), maltotetraose (c), maltohexaose (d), maltoheptaose (e) and maltodecaose (f) being illustrated. [Display omitted] • Dietary-carbohydrate chain length affects its binding affinity with lectin. • Interaction strength was highest at a chain length of 6 repeating glucose units. • Protein secondary structure alterations correlate with binding affinity. • Longer (7–10 unit) chain lengths prohibit establishment of robust interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Somatotropic gene expression has been altered by genetic selection, and developmental changes in insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF binding protein (IGFBP) expression may contribute to rapid growth and muscle accretion in commercial broilers. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in somatotropic axis activity between embryonic day (e) 12 and post-hatch day (d) 21. Liver and breast muscle (pectoralis major) were collected to measure gene expression, and blood was collected post-hatch to measure circulating IGFs. Liver IGF1 rose rapidly post-hatch and, in muscle, IGF1 exhibited a dynamic expression pattern. Levels decreased from e14 to e20, returned to e14 levels at d3, decreased again at d10, and stayed low thereafter. In both tissues, mRNA levels of several IGFBPs changed between embryogenesis and post-hatch. Liver IGFBP2 increased between e12 and e20, returned to e12 levels on d1, and remained low. Conversely, liver IGFBP4 expression was greater post-hatch than during embryogenesis. Expression of select IGFBPs was depressed in liver during the peri-hatch period. Liver IGFBP1, IGFBP3, IGFBP5 , and IGFBP7 mRNA levels all decreased around this time and returned to embryonic levels by d3. In breast muscle, expression of both IGFBP2 and IGFBP4 was reduced after hatch. Circulating insulin-like growth factor IGF1 and IGF2 levels did not change between hatch and d21. These data suggest that post-hatch IGF effects are likely modulated by target tissue IGFR1 and IGFBP expression rather than changes in circulating hormone levels, with promotion or restriction of IGF-receptor binding regulating growth. Downregulation of several IGFBPs synthesized in the liver may facilitate the metabolic transition from utilizing yolk lipids to dietary carbohydrates. Several IGFBPs produced in breast muscle appear to have growth-promotive effects during embryogenesis but restrict growth of this tissue after hatch, as their post-hatch downregulation could facilitate local IGF signaling. These developmental gene expression patterns suggest that somatotropic hormonal signaling regulating growth and muscle accretion might be controlled through differential actions of IGFBPs and provide a basis for future functional studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diabetic feature limits the utilization of dietary carbohydrates in carnivorous fish, and excessive dietary carbohydrate usually cause negative effects on health and growth of these fish. In this study, a 9-weeks' feeding experiment was conducted to figure out the influence of dietary metformin (MET), an effective agent for diabetes in mammals, supplementation on largemouth bass, a typical carnivorous fish, feeding high dietary carbohydrates. Compared with the low dietary carbohydrates (LC) group, high dietary carbohydrates (HC) impaired growth performance, which was improved by the inclusion of MET in HC diets. Meanwhile, compared with the HC group, dietary MET supplementation significantly reduced hepatic glycogen and serum glucose contents. Additionally, on the transcriptional level, HC repressed the insulin pathway and induced imbalanced regulation of glycolysis and glycogenesis compared with LC group. However, the MET supplementation significantly enhanced the genes' expression involved in insulin pathway (ira , irb , irs1 , pi3kr1 , akt1) followed by the activated expression of glycolysis (adpgk , pfkl, and pk) and inhibited expression of glycogenesis (g6pc and pepck). HC significantly reduced antioxidant capacity compared with the LC group, which was reversed with MET supplementation at both transcriptional and enzymatic levels. Additionally, high dietary carbohydrates inhibited apoptosis, which was activated with the inclusion of MET with the inhibition of bcl2 / bax ratio and the activation of apoptosis-promoting genes (nfac1-l, arel1, and aif2). In summary, dietary MET inclusion in high carbohydrate diet improved glucose utilization via activating the insulin pathway, and further enhance the growth performance and antioxidant capacity. • Metformin inclusion enhances growth and antioxidant capacity of largemouth bass. • Metformin inclusion improves dietary carbohydrates utilization via activating insulin pathway. • Metformin supplementation promotes apoptosis of largemouth bass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common phenomenon observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the postprandial dysmetabolism, which may act as a daily stressor of the already dysfunctional diabetic platelets. This study aims to investigate whether oleocanthal-rich olive oils (OO), incorporated into a carbohydrate-rich meal, can affect postprandial dysmetabolism and platelet aggregation and oxidative stress markers. Oleocanthal is a cyclooxygenase inhibitor with putative antiplatelet properties In this randomized, single-blinded, crossover study, 10 T2DM patients consumed five isocaloric meals containing 120 g white bread combined with: (i) 39 g butter, (ii) 39 g butter and 400 mg ibuprofen, (iii) 40 mL OO (phenolic content < 10 mg/Kg), (iv) 40 mL OO with 250 mg/Kg oleocanthal and (v) 40 mL OO with 500 mg/Kg oleocanthal. Glycemia markers and lipid profile was measured in serum pre and postprandially, while the ex vivo ADP- and TRAP-induced platelet aggregation were also calculated. Moreover, TBARS were measured in plasma and red blood cells (RBC), protein carbonyls in plasma, while GPX3 activity was determined in plasma and GPX1 in RBC, pre- and post-prandially. The glycemic and lipidemic response was similar between meals. However, a sustained (90–240 min) dose-dependent reduction in platelets' sensitivity to both ADP (50–100%) and TRAP (20–50%) was observed after the oleocanthal meals in comparison to OO or butter meals. The antiplatelet effect of the OO containing 500 mg/Kg oleocanthal was comparable to that of the ibuprofen meal. OO meals induced an increase of TBARS measured in both plasma and RBC. The iAUC of TBARS in plasma was lower in oleocanthal enriched OO compared to OO. The kinetic activity of GPX3 after BU-IBU consumption was similar with that of OO meals, while the iAUCs of OO meals were greater compared to BU. Regarding GPX1, the kinetic activity was similar after all meals, showing a postprandial increase till t=120min. In conclusion, the consumption of meals containing oleocanthal-rich OO can reduce platelet activity during the postprandial period, irrespective of postprandial hyperglycemia and lipidemia. Oleocanthal also seems to assign antioxidant properties to OO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postprandial hyperglycemia can be problematic for people with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) following carbohydrate-restricted diets. Bolus insulin calculated for meal protein plus carbohydrate may help. This study evaluated the effect of additional bolus insulin using an insulin-to-protein ratio (IPR) on glycaemic control. Participants with T1DM aged ≥18-years were randomly allocated (1:1) to either carbohydrate and protein-based, or carbohydrate-based insulin dosing alone for 12 weeks while following a carbohydrate-restricted diet (50-100 g/day). Measurement of HbA1c and continuous glucose monitoring occurred at baseline and 12 weeks, with assessment of participant experience at 12 weeks. Thirty-four participants were randomised, 22 female, mean(SD): age 39.2 years (12.6) years; diabetes duration 20.6 years (12.9); HbA1c 7.3 % (0.8), 56.7 mmol/mol (9.2). Seven in each group used insulin pump therapy. HbA1c reduced at 12 weeks with no difference between treatments: mean (SD) control 7.2 % (1.0), 55.7 mmol/mol (10.6); intervention 6.9 % (0.7), 52.3 mmol/mol (7.2) (p = 0.65). Using additional protein-based insulin dosing compared with carbohydrate alone, there was no difference in glycaemic variability, time spent in euglycemic range (TIR), or below range. Participants using IPR reported more control of their diabetes, but varying levels of distress. Additional bolus insulin using an IPR did not improve glycaemic control or TIR in patients with well controlled T1DM following a carbohydrate-restricted diet. Importantly, the use of the IPR does not increase the risk of hypoglycemia and may be preferred. • Carbohydrate restricted diets are becoming increasingly popular for those with type 1 diabetes • Postprandial hyperglycemia can occur when mealtime insulin is dosed for carbohydrate content alone • A simple insulin-to-protein ratio can be calculated and, added to the bolus dose for carbohydrate, reduces glucose excursions • An insulin-to-protein ratio can be safely added to a carbohydrate bolus without increasing hypoglycemia • Overall glycaemic control is unchanged using an insulin-to-protein ratio in addition to an insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to compare the effects of a diet rich in fat, carbohydrates and protein on rat kidneys. The study was conducted on 40 Wistar albino rats bred at İnönü University Faculty of Medicine after the approval of the ethics committee. Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: Control group, and the groups where the animals were fed with high carbohydrate, fat and protein rich feed. After the applications, the rat kidney tissues were removed by laparoscopy under anesthesia and blood samples were collected. 13 weeks long fat-rich and carbohydrate feed application had negative effects on oxidant-antioxidant balance, oxidative stress index, inflammation markers, kidney functions tests, histopathology and immunohistochemistry caspase-3 findings in rat kidney tissues, especially in the carbohydrate group when compared to the controls. Protein-rich feed, there were no significant difference in biochemical and histopathology compared to the control group. Fat and carbohydrate rich feed led to an increase in oxidative stress in rat kidney tissues. Oxidative stress led to nephrotoxicity, which in turn led to chronic kidney tissue damages. A more balanced and protein-rich diet instead of excessive sugar and fatty food intake could be suggested to prevent chronic kidney damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explored the role of dietary bile acids inclusion in improving dietary carbohydrate utilization, antioxidant capacity and intestinal microbiota and inflammation of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Two isonitrogenous (50.40%) and isolipidic (12.00%) diets were formulated, containing a positive control with 5% α-starch and a negative control with 10% α-starch, respectively. The other three diets were supplemented with 200 mg, 500 mg, or 1000 mg bile acids kg−1 based on 10% α-starch diet. Different experiment diets were fed to cultured fish twice daily for 8 weeks. The results showed that the growth of cultured fish was inhibited by high carbohydrate diet and hepatic glycogen and lipid inordinate accumulation were induced. Meanwhile, high carbohydrate diet caused liver oxidative damage, but supplementation of bile acids significantly improved the antioxidant capacity. Compared with the negative control group, dietary bile acids supplementation didn't affect the growth of largemouth bass, but significantly reduced hepatic glycogen and lipid inordinate accumulation and the viscerosomatic index and hepatosomatic index. In addition, the increase of dietary carbohydrate increased liver bile acids content, and dietary bile acids inclusion could linearly increase liver bile acids content. Results showed that bile acids supplementation regulated liver bile acid synthesis and metabolism of largemouth bass through activating FXR-FGFR4-CYP7A1 pathway. Meanwhile, bile acids inclusion inhibited the expression of foxo1 and genes related to gluconeogenesis, including g6pc , fbp1 and gs , enhanced the expression of genes related to glycolysis, including pfkl and gk through activating insulin pathway. Moreover, high carbohydrate diet with bile acids supplementation also increased gut microbial diversity, and changed the relative abundance of some phyla and genera related to carbohydrate utilization and energy balance, and improved the intestinal inflammatory response. Those findings indicated that dietary bile acids inclusion improved carbohydrate utilization, antioxidant capacity and intestinal microbiota and inflammation of largemouth bass. • Bile acids reduced hepatic glycogen through activating insulin signaling pathway. • Bile acids regulated liver bile acid through activating fxr-fgfr4-cyp7a1 pathway. • Bile acids relieved high carbohydrate induced liver oxidative damage. • Bile acids increased gut microbiota diversity and improved gut inflammatory response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A three-months lifestyle medicine intervention combining group physical exercise, a healthy diet, and psychological wellbeing sessions was effective in improve functionality in older people living in LTC. • Despite not all the intervention components reached the study targets, patients from the intervention group had a significant improvement in the measured outcomes. • This lifestyle program should be considered a complex intervention, with several components and underlying factors interacting between each other to determine the final effect. Lifestyle medicine interventions combining physical, nutritional, and psychological components have been found effective in general older population. However, evidence from the long-term care (LTC) is scarce. We conducted a pragmatic, two-arm, parallel group, superiority randomized controlled trial. Residents living in a LTC facility for one or more years, able to discern and to express informed consent, and requiring nursing care were considered eligible. The three-months intervention combined bi-weekly physical exercise groups, a healthy diet, and weekly psychological wellbeing sessions. Patients of the control group were subjected to routine care. At the end of the study participants were assessed using Barthel Index, Katz Activities of Daily Living, and Tinetti scales. A total of 54 patients with a mean age of 84 years took part to the study. Physical exercise and psychological wellbeing sessions were mostly attended by all the subjects of the intervention group. Both groups took less calories than planned in the diets; in addition, the intervention group showed a lower energy and carbohydrates intake than the control group. At the end of the study, the intervention group showed a significant improvement in the total scores of all the scales. This intervention was effective in improving functionality in older people living in the LTC setting. Results were achieved in a short timeframe, likely due to synergistic interactions between components. However, a further exploration of underlying factors is needed, to better understand the barriers that hampered a complete intervention delivery in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We recently developed protein and carbohydrate intake biomarkers using metabolomics profiles in serum and urine, and used them to correct self-reported dietary data for measurement error. Biomarker-calibrated carbohydrate density was inversely associated with chronic disease risk, whereas protein density associations were mixed.Objectives: To elucidate and extend this earlier work through biomarker development for protein and carbohydrate components, including animal protein and fiber.Methods: Prospective disease association analyses were undertaken in Women's Health Initiative (WHI) cohorts of postmenopausal US women, aged 50-79 y when enrolled at 40 US clinical centers. Biomarkers were developed using an embedded human feeding study (n = 153). Calibration equations for protein and carbohydrate components were developed using a WHI nutritional biomarker study (n = 436). Calibrated intakes were associated with chronic disease incidence in WHI cohorts (n = 81,954) over a 20-y (median) follow-up period, using HR regression methods.Results: Previously reported elevations in cardiovascular disease (CVD) with higher-protein diets tended to be explained by animal protein density. For example, for coronary heart disease a 20% increment in animal protein density had an HR of 1.20 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.42) relative to the HR for total protein density. In comparison, cancer and diabetes risk showed little association with animal protein density beyond that attributable to total protein density. Inverse carbohydrate density associations with total CVD were mostly attributable to fiber density, with a 20% increment HR factor of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.83, 0.94). Cancer risk showed little association with fiber density, whereas diabetes risk had a 20% increment HR of 0.93 (95% CI: 0.88, 0.98) relative to the HRs for total carbohydrate density.Conclusions: In a population of postmenopausal US women, CVD risk was associated with high-animal-protein and low-fiber diets, cancer risk was associated with low-carbohydrate diets, and diabetes risk was associated with low-fiber/low-carbohydrate diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between dietary carbohydrate intake and breast cancer (BC) remains controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to elucidate the association between dietary carbohydrate intake (dietary fiber, whole grain, sugar, and unidentified carbohydrate) and BC risk in a cohort study. We hypothesized that dietary carbohydrate intake is associated with an increased risk of BC. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, and Chinese databases were searched for relevant articles through March 2021. Pooled relative risks (RRs) were calculated using random-effects model. The results showed the pooled RRs for dietary carbohydrate intake and BC incidence, mortality, and recurrence were 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95-1.00), 0.96 (95% CI, 0.89-1.03), and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.83-1.11), respectively. In subgroup analysis, a negative association was found between dietary fiber and BC incidence and mortality. Pooled RRs were 0.94 (95% CI, 0.91-0.98) and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.78-1.00). Dose-response analysis showed that every 10-g/d increments in dietary fiber intake was associated with a significant 3% reduction in BC incidence, and every 10-g/d increase in dietary fiber intake, BC incidence in premenopausal women was significantly reduced by 14%. In addition, the marginal relation for whole grain, which may decrease BC incidence (RR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.86-1.05), but increase BC mortality (RR = 1.02; 95% CI, 0.92-1.14). A marginal positive relation was also observed between sugar and BC incidence (RR = 1.04; 95% CI, 0.94-1.14). This meta-analysis of cohort studies suggested that dietary carbohydrate intake is associated with a lower risk of BC incidence, mortality, and recurrence. Dietary carbohydrate intake is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer (BC). A statistically significant negative association was found between dietary fiber and BC incidence. Dose-response analysis showed that every 10-g/d increment in dietary fiber intake was associated with a significant 3% reduction in BC risk. In addition, whole grain is associated with a lower incidence of BC, whereas sugar and unidentified carbohydrate is associated with a higher incidence of BC. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of deaths worldwide, but prospective data on dietary risk factors for CVD in South and Southeast Asian populations are sparse. Objective We aimed to evaluate the relation between macronutrient and food intakes and incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in a multi-ethnic Asian population. Methods We used data from the Singapore Multi-Ethnic Cohort (n  = 12,408), a prospective cohort of ethnic Chinese, Malay, and Indian adults aged 21‒65 y recruited between 2004 and 2010. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire, and the incidence of MACEs was ascertained through data linkage with national registries. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the associations between dietary intakes and MACE risk. Results Over a mean (SD) follow-up of 10.1 (2.3) y, 746 incident cases of MACEs were documented. We observed a direct association between carbohydrate intake and MACE risk (highest vs. lowest quartile, HR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.71; P -trend = 0.001). Replacing 5% of energy from carbohydrate with polyunsaturated fat (HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.91) but not saturated fat (HR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.84, 1.09) was significantly associated with a lower MACE risk. In terms of food groups, replacing 1 serving/d of refined grains with fruit (HR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.87, 0.99), vegetables (HR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.85, 1.00), and dairy (HR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.98) was associated with lower MACE risk. Cholesterol intake was associated with a higher MACE risk in ethnic Indians (highest vs. lowest quartile, HR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.53, 3.75; P -trend < 0.001) but not in ethnic Malay or Chinese (P -interaction = 0.015). Conclusions Moderating carbohydrate intakes by increasing polyunsaturated fat intake and replacing refined grains with fruits, vegetables, and dairy was associated with lower MACE risk in Asian populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Galactose, xylose and arabinose additives reduced performance of BSFL treatment. • Xylan reduced bioconversion and waste conversion efficiency. • BSFL fat content was increased by wheat starch and decreased by galactose and xylan. • Fatty acid profiles were largely unaffected by carbohydrate treatments. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) treatment is promising for organic waste valorisation in the circular economy; however, waste variability impacts the process performance and quality of produced larvae. Specifically, variation in the carbohydrate profile of treated wastes has been suggested to have a significant impact on BSFL treatment performance and quality of produced larvae, with particular carbohydrates either positively or negatively influencing these variables. This study examines the hypothesis that the types of carbohydrates within the substrate can have significant influence on larval survival, waste reduction, bioconversion, and waste conversion efficiency, as well as the crude lipid content and fatty acid profiles of the produced larvae. The carbohydrates explored were D glucose, sucrose, D (−) fructose, corn and wheat starch, D (+) galactose, D (+) mannose, D (+) xylose, D (−) arabinose and xylan from beechwood. Young larvae were grown for 9 days on chicken feed-based diets containing various carbohydrate additives each at 20 dry mass %. Treatments containing hemicellulose constituents galactose and arabinose produced the most adverse effects on process performance relative to the benchmark. Xylan was significantly detrimental to bioconversion (−14.7 ± 3.8%) and waste conversion efficiencies (−19.0 ± 4.4%). There were minimal significant effects on performance from mono- and di-saccharides and starch additives. Larvae crude lipid contents were significantly increased by wheat starch (+12.6 ± 3.0%) and decreased by galactose (−15.0 ± 1.4%) and xylan additives (−27.5 ± 3.4%), however fatty acid profiles were largely unaffected and were dominated by lauric acid. These results indicate that despite an otherwise balanced and nutritious substrate, the carbohydrate profile of organic waste should be an important consideration in BSFL treatment when ensuring process performance and larval lipid contents. The consequences of these results for BSFL treatment of real wastes are discussed. Large scale treatment facilities should formulate substrates accordingly and identify methods to mitigate the anti-nutritional effects of poor carbohydrate profiles, particularly those high in hemicelluloses and their constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]