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Aims: To quantify breast cancer incidence in women with type-2 diabetes and assess age-standardized trends in invasive breast cancer incidence over time and by age groups.Methods: A population-based cohort study was conducted using the British general practice database (Clinical Practice Research Datalink) using data from 1989 to 2012. All adult women prescribed anti-hyperglycemic medication were selected and matched (1:1) on age and clinical practice to a reference cohort without diabetes.Results: During approximately 1.6 million person years (py), 2371 breast cancer cases were diagnosed in the diabetes cohort (n=147,998) and 2252 in the reference cohort (n=147,998). Incidence of breast cancer, overall or by age groups, among women with diabetes remained stable over time. The (overall) age-standardized breast cancer IR per 100,000 py of the diabetes cohort (150, 95%CI:143-157) resembled that observed in the reference cohort (148, 95%CI:141-156); with an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 1.01 (95%CI:0.94-1.08, p>0.05).Conclusions: Currently, around 2880 women with type-2 diabetes are diagnosed with breast cancer per year in the United Kingdom. However, breast cancer incidence remained stable in the last 10 years and seems to be comparable in women with and without diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective. To compare the molecular, histological, and functional characteristics of growth hormone (GH)- and pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy, and their responses to ischemia-reperfusion and mechanical stretch. Design. Four groups of male Wistar rats were studied: aortic banding (n =24, AB) or sham (n =24, controls) for 10 weeks, and GH treatment (n =24; 3.5mg/kg/day, GH) or placebo (n =24, controls) for 4 weeks. At 13 weeks, the rats were randomly subjected to: (i) assessment of basal left ventricular mRNA expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase (SERCA-2), phospholamban (PLB), and Na+–Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) and collagen volume fraction (CVF) (Protocol A, 8 rats in each group); (ii) left ventricular no-flow ischemia with simultaneous evaluation of intracellular Ca2+ handling and ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) content (Protocol B, 12 rats in each group); or (iii) left ventricular mechanical stretch for 40min with assessment of tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α) mRNA (Protocol C, 4 rats in each group). Protocol B and C were carried out in a Langendorff apparatus. Results. In Protocol A, no difference was found as to myocardial mRNA content of Ca2+ regulating proteins and CVF in GH animals vs controls. In contrast, in the AB group, myocardial mRNA expression of SERCA-2 and PLB was downregulated while that of NCX and CVF were increased vs. controls (p <0.05). In Protocol B, recovery of left ventricular function was significantly decreased in AB vs GH groups and controls and this was associated with 1.6-fold increase in intracellular Ca2+ overload during reperfusion (p <0.05). Baseline ATP content was similar in the four study groups, whereas PCr and Pi was lower in AB vs GH rats and controls. However, the time courses of high-energy phosphate metabolic changes did not differ during ischemia and reperfusion in the four study groups. In Protocol C, no detectable TNF-α mRNA level was found in the left ventricular myocardium of GH treated rats and controls at baseline, while a modest expression was noted in AB animals. Mechanical stretch resulted in de novo myocardial TNF-α mRNA expression in GH group and controls, which was dramatically increased in AB animals (≈5-fold above baseline, p <0.001). Conclusions. The data show that cardiac hypertrophy activated by short-term GH treatment confers cardioprotection compared with pressure overload with regard to molecular and histological characteristics, and responses to ischemia-reperfusion and mechanical stretch. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]