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Coal gasification to manufacture dihydrogen (H 2) has long been known as a surface process. Recent works have also highlighted the H 2 generating potential of the Organic Matter (OM). The evolution of OM generates H 2 all along the process but this gas is only expected to remain as free H 2 after the maturation and expulsion of the hydrocarbons (HC) which means at a high temperature of above 200 °C. In this paper we studied the potential of three different tertiary coals from Amaga, La Jagua de Ibirico and Barrancas, all located in Colombia. Their H 2 yields were studied using a pyrolyser and the kinetic of the H 2 generation were quantified. All the studied coals are immature to early mature as source rock (SR) with large TOC content, between 66 and 83%, and good H 2 potential. The highest values were found for the Barrancas area where the potential reached 25 mg H 2 /g TOC. The temperature corresponding to the peak of H 2 generation is between 740 and 800 °C depending of the heating rate. This corresponds to the 200–300 °C for the H 2 kitchen, even if the H 2 generation starts before as already observed for continental organic rich source rock. Comparison with the other coals shows that H 2 potential is linear with TOC. In the Colombian coals, the H 2 yield in mg H 2 /g of rock is around 1/4 of the TOC content. In average, these coals have so a H 2 yield about 10 000 mmol H 2 /kg of rock, two orders of magnitude above the "best" olivines. It should nevertheless be kept in mind that the extrapolation of these laboratory data to sedimentary basins remains unconstrained and will need to be refined when well data and modelling tools are available. • The coals have significant H 2 potential in deep sedimentary basins. • High temperature open-system pyrolizer can be used to quantify these H 2 yield. • The reaction kinetic of the H 2 generation from coal is of order 1 and H 2 window generation can extend from 200 to 400 °C. • The Cenozoic Colombian coal's yield of H 2 in mgH 2 /g rock is ca ¼ of its organic carbon content in percentage. • A 80% TOC rich coal has a H 2 yield two orders of magnitude higher than that of olivines at a similar temperature of 250 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the association between inflammatory myopathies (IM), and their correlation with cancer. There are several potential causes behind the association of cancer and inflammatory myopathies. The positivity of specific antibodies for myositis plays a significant role. Our objective is to describe cancer and inflammatory myopathies in Colombia, focusing on demographics, clinical characteristics, and laboratory data. We retrospectively analyzed 112 IM patients diagnosed at Fundación Valle del Lili in Cali, Colombia, the cases met the EULAR/ACR criteria. Data included demographics, clinical signs, laboratory findings, and malignancy. Malignancy associations were explored using logistic regression. The survival analysis was assessed using Kaplan–Meier curves and the Log-Rank test. Dermatomyositis was the most common subtype (45.5%), with a female predominance (66.1%). Cancer diagnosis occurred in 11.6% of cases, predominantly thyroid cancer. The median time from myopathy onset to cancer diagnosis was 11 months, with 75% of cases within the first year. Bivariate analysis indicated associations between cancer and age, Gottron's papules, digital ulcers, and heliotrope rash. However, multivariate analysis identified age as the only significant malignancy risk factor. Survival analysis showed better rates in younger patients. This study provides into the link between IM and cancer in the Colombian population. Thyroid cancer predominated, with a slightly higher proportion of female cancer diagnoses. Age emerged as a significant risk factor for malignancy. Understanding this association is crucial for early detection and improving patient outcomes related to IM-associated malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study comprehensively evaluates a bioethanol steam reforming plant in Colombia for green hydrogen (H 2) production, sourced from the country's sugar industry. By integrating experimental data and Aspen Plus simulations, the research examines the techno-economic and environmental aspects of utilizing bioethanol as a renewable feedstock for H 2 production. Rigorous process modeling, capital investment appraisal, operational cost estimation, economic performance metrics, and environmental assessment are considered. Key findings indicate an H 2 yield of 0.155 kg/kg of bioethanol and 34 % energy efficiency, eliminating reliance on fossil fuels. The Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) at a Colombian sugar mill is calculated at 10.27 USD/kg under specific assessment conditions. The process exhibits a carbon footprint of 2.16 kg CO2-eq /kg H2 from an environmental perspective. These results emphasize the potential of bioethanol steam reforming as a sustainable and economically viable pathway for green-H 2 production, advancing energy transition efforts away from fossil fuels. [Display omitted] • Bioethanol from Colombia's sugar industry has been used for producing hydrogen. • Minimum processing capacity of bioethanol should be 156 million liters per year. • Main LCOH drivers consist of CO 2 capture CAPEX and bioethanol's market price. • The economic analysis revealed a possible LCOH of 10.27 USD/kg. • The process exhibits a carbon footprint of 2.16 kg CO 2 /kg H 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies has the potential to revolutionize legal practice and judicial systems globally. In Colombia, the adoption of AI in the legal sector is still in its early stages, presenting both opportunities and challenges. This article investigates the emergence of AI in legal contexts, its diverse applications, and the specific hurdles Colombia must overcome to successfully integrate AI into its judicial system. By examining case studies from other jurisdictions and analyzing Colombia's ongoing legislative efforts, we underscore the potential benefits of AI, such as optimizing case management and enhancing the decision-making process, which could significantly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the Colombian legal system. However, significant obstacles remain, including underdeveloped technological infrastructure, the digital divide, the risk of algorithmic bias, and concerns regarding data privacy. Despite these challenges, Colombia's proactive approach to addressing them through comprehensive legislation and targeted training initiatives for legal professionals demonstrates the country's commitment to the responsible and ethical implementation of AI. These efforts lay the groundwork for the successful integration of AI within the Colombian legal framework, fostering public trust and confidence in the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interstitial lung disease is a leading cause of mortality in patients with systemic sclerosis. Currently, there is a lack of consensus regarding screening, rescreening, diagnosis, and follow-up practices in interstitial lung disease associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc-ILD) in Colombia. A structured survey focused on clinical practices in patients with SSc-ILD was conducted. Members of the Asociación Colombiana de Neumología y Cirugía de Tórax (Asoneumocito) and the Asociación Colombiana de Reumatología (Asoreuma) were invited to participate from March 2023 to May 2023. We surveyed 51 pulmonologists and 44 rheumatologists. Overall, 51.6% reported having access to multidisciplinary team discussion in ILD. Among the 95 participants, 78.9% would routinely perform a high-resolution computed tomography scan of the chest once a diagnosis of systemic sclerosis was established. This practice is more frequent among rheumatologists (84.1%) than among pulmonologists (74.5%). Approximately half of the participants would rescreen patients annually with computed tomography scan (56.8%) if baseline images were negative. Spirometry (81.1%), diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (80.0%), and 6-min walk test (55.8%) were the most frequently performed tests upon diagnosis of systemic sclerosis. During follow-up, participants would consider repeating pulmonary function tests mostly every 6 months. Screening of SSc-ILD is high among pulmonologists and rheumatologists. Decision-making on diagnosis and follow-up is similar between specialties, but there are variations in their frequency and indications. Further research is needed to evaluate how to adapt recommendations for assessing SSc-ILD in different settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the clinical effects (stent size, and number of stents used) of the Sim&Size™ simulation software on the endovascular treatment of unruptured saccular intracranial aneurysms with Pipeline Embolization Devices (PED). This study is a retrospective analytical multicenter study of patients treated with PED (Flex and Flex with SHIELD) for intracranial aneurysm in FOSCAL clinic and CHU de Montpellier. The study included 253 patients, of which 75 were treated in Colombia and 178 were treated in France. The majority of patients were women (83.8%), with a median age of 57.48 years, and had large vessel location (88.1%), with most aneurysms located in the ICA paraclinoid segment (56.8%). Patients in the group with Sim&Size™ simulation had shorter stents than those without simulation (15.62 mm versus 17.36 mm, P -value = 0.001). Also, a lower proportion of these patients required more than one stent (1.4% versus 7.3%, P -value = 0.022). There were 7 complications reported in the group that used the Sim&Size™ simulation software, compared to 9 complications in the group that did not use the software. Using Sim&Size™ simulation software for endovascular treatment of patients with intracranial aneurysms using PED reduces the stent length and decreasing the number of devices needed per treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to understand the characteristics and consequences of falls in individuals using wheelchairs in long-term care settings. Observational analysis of real-world falls in long-term care. Residents using wheelchairs from 2 long-term care facilities in British Columbia, Canada (n = 32 participants, mean age = 84.7 years, 12 women). Two raters used the validated Falls Video Analysis Questionnaire, adapted from the original version, to assess the causal, behavioral, and environmental aspects of falls from wheelchairs. A total of 58 wheelchair fall videos were identified out of 300 total videos that were collected from 2007 to 2014. Wheelchair falls were most often caused by incorrect transfer or shift of body weight (70.7%). Participants most often fell backward with 89.7% striking their pelvis. Individuals using wheelchairs had limited protective response, with only 10.3% demonstrating a step response. Improper brake position contributed to 67.2% of falls. No serious fall-related injuries were reported. The findings highlight the unique nature of falls in older adults who use wheelchairs in long-term care settings. Overall, the results of this study support clinical practice and the critical need for developing specialized fall prevention and fall detection interventions for individuals who use wheelchairs in long-term care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to identify the association between healthcare fragmentation and survival for patients with colorectal cancer in Colombia. A retrospective cohort study was performed using administrative databases, with an electronic algorithm to identify patients with colorectal cancer based on codes. The patients were enrolled between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2016. The exposure variable was fragmentation, which was measured based on the number of different healthcare institutions that treated a patient during the first year after diagnosis. Matching was performed using propensity scores to control for confounding, and the hazard ratio for exposure to higher fragmentation was calculated for the matched sample. A total of 5036 patients with colorectal cancer were identified, 2525 (49.88%) of whom were women. The mean number of network healthcare institutions for the total sample was 5.71 (SD 1.98). The patients in the quartile with higher fragmentation had the highest mortality rate, 35.67 (95% CI 33.63-38.06) per 100 patients. The comparison of higher and lower quartiles of fragmentation resulted in an incidence rate ratio of 1.23 (95% CI 1.04-1.45; P =.02). Of the 5036 patients, 422 (8.38%) were classified as the exposed cohort (higher fragmentation). The total matched sample consisted of 844 subjects, and an HR of 1.26 (95%CI; 1.05-1.51) was estimated. Exposure to more highly fragmented healthcare networks decreases overall 4-year survival for patients with colorectal cancer in Colombia. • Healthcare fragmentation is a complex phenomenon in which patients experience a loss of continuity of care. Healthcare fragmentation is associated with poorer clinical and economic outcomes. Healthcare fragmentation mainly affects diseases that require multidisciplinary care such as cancer. Health systems in Latin America are vulnerable to providing fragmented healthcare. • This article defines a measure of healthcare fragmentation based on the number of healthcare institutions and describes regional differences in healthcare fragmentation and its association with colorectal cancer patient survival in a low- and middle-income country, using a national cohort from databases' administrative data. • This article shows that fragmented healthcare is associated with lower survival in patients with cancer and that health systems must provide multidisciplinary teams that provide continuous and high-quality care to patients with cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Electronic products sorted by black, white or other color are called chromoproducts. • Chromoproducts were categorized according to their likelihood of POP-BFRs content. • Chromoproduct approach used to sort polluted/clean plastic at e-waste facilities. • Bromine and antimony contents by weight might be indicators of POP-BFRs pollution. • Chromoproducts composition and plastics separated by polymer type allowed upcycling. Research to prevent releases of brominated flame retardants listed as persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention (POP-BFRs) was conducted through an international cooperation project in Colombia. Six waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management facilities implemented: 1) sorting e-waste by product type and color (black, white, and other; henceforth called chromoproducts), 2) sampling test products and their plastic fraction (called sets, separated by polymer type), 3) monitoring mass, bromine and antimony contents by hand-held X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and POP-BFRs such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and 4) differentiated treatment according to categories that used the Restriction of Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (RoHS) hazardousness threshold of 1000 mg ∑PBDEs/kg. This scheme led to the proposal of a methodology for WEEE management called the "chromoproduct approach". 994,230 products were managed and grouped into 222 chromoproducts, from which 77 were analyzed: 50 below RoHS hazardousness (BRH), 16 above RoHS hazardousness (ARH), and 11 unknown RoHS hazardousness (URH). XRF indicators using bromine and antimony contents could rule out pollution in BRH chromoproducts; however, categorization still required GC–MS. One ARH plastics sample had 3620 mg ∑PBDEs/kg, while no POP-BFRs were found in the BRH plastics sample. The implementation of the chromoproduct approach traced 153.6 tonnes of ARH plastics. BRH plastics composition was estimated and used in a pilot-scale closed-loop economic activity. The chromoproduct approach seems promising for avoiding POP-BFR releases and promoting the upcycling of recyclable e-waste plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer eradication is one of the main goals for 2030 by the World Health Organization, which can only be achieved with high vaccination rates against Human Papilloma Virus. In Colombia, more and better scientific evidence is required to increase confidence in vaccination. The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety profile of the quadrivalent vaccine against HPV in the risk of developing autoimmune, neurological, and hematological diseases in adolescent women in Colombia. We designed a cohort study based on national HPV vaccination records and incident diagnostic data for the diseases of special interest during 2012 and 2021. We included adolescent women between 9 and 19 years old and compared vaccinated and non-vaccinated cohorts using an Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting (IPWT) method for each scenario disease and follow-up period (180 and 360 days). The Odds Ratio (OR) of developing diseases of interest was estimated during two follow up periods, 180 and 360 days after the follow-up index date (Vaccination Day). The OR for developing rheumatoid arthritis was 4·4; CI95% (1·74 − 11·14), juvenile idiopathic arthritis was 2·76 IC95% (1·50 − 5·11), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was 2·54 IC95% (1·28 − 5·02) and thyrotoxicosis was 2·86 IC95% (1·03 − 7·95), when comparing the vaccinated versus unvaccinated population. However, the temporal distribution of cases incident did not reveal a clear difference between the cohorts, since the rate of appearance of new cases has a constant linear behavior for the two groups. For rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and thyrotoxicosis; the application of the vaccine had an effect on the development of the disease. Nevertheless, our results should be interpreted with caution and be further studied, considering that the biological plausibility of the events occurred without a clear temporal pattern in relation to the exposure to the vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research recommends business strategies that allow agricultural units to incorporate value chains to reach new national and international markets. Positivist, quantitative, descriptive and transversal methodology, with a population (56) agricultural production units of the department of Atlántico, Caribbean region of Colombia, according to the most recent National Agricultural Census (CNA) prepared by the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE, 2014), data analysis was carried out using the IBM SPSS Statistics V.22 program. It is concluded that the strategies are of quality, differentiation and efficiency, establishing a vertical and hydroponic agriculture, with competitiveness, quality, organization, capacity development, cooperation, innovation, dimensioned by technological, social, and environmental aspects. The findings show the adoption of new emerging technologies, processes and practices for total product quality, with sustainable emerging trends and knowledge cells to make the constantly evolving agricultural market profitable, providing a differentiating factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the impact of revealed barriers - those challenges faced by firms during their innovation endeavors - on the firms' innovation outcomes. The central hypothesis of this study proposes that this impact varies depending on the level of novelty associated with the innovation developed. To accomplish this objective, probit regression models are employed using data sourced from the Sixth Survey of Innovation and Technological Development in the Service and Commerce Sectors (EDITS VI) conducted by the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) of Colombia for the period 2016-2017. The obtained results demonstrate that innovation barriers exert distinct impacts on the attainment of innovations of varying degrees of novelty (radical innovation versus incremental innovation). Based on these findings, the discussion delves into recommendations for policy design and managerial implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TikTok has lately been discussed as a potential educational tool, as students are used to the content model, which can allow, among other things, microlearning strategies and the development of communication skills. As a social media platform, TikTok enables access to current trends, therefore becoming a source for business intelligence and marketing professionals and can also be associated with theoretical and pedagogical tools to teach the subject. This study analyzes the impact of the use of TikTok as a learning tool to develop business intelligence skills by comparing student groups exposed to a more traditional approach to the subject with those who used the platform to understand, test and process market data. The sample was formed by international business students from Peru and Colombia. Results showed that TikTok significantly impacted the performance of students in groups with high experience and familiarity with the platform. However, low experience led to a negative perception and a nom significant result on students' performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a growing topic, particularly in the context of decision-making processes. However, there is a limited focus on this subject, especially in developing and emerging countries, which present unique challenges distinct from those in developed nations. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in these regions have received insufficient empirical attention, and existing literature suggests that variables influencing AI adoption may vary based on the configurations of these companies. This study addresses two critical research gaps by examining AI adoption in the specific context of Colombian organizations, particularly focusing on SME managers. Replicating scales and a structured model from a previous study in the United Kingdom, the research involves 83 companies from the Caribbean region of Colombia. The findings reveal partial differences from the UK study, emphasizing the impact of facilitating conditions on behavioral intentions to adopt AI in decision-making, while peer influence lacks significance. While 10 out of 17 hypotheses replicate UK results, the study raises questions about how SMEs in Latin America perceive threat, severity, effort, personal concerns, and external support differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a recommendation by PAHO for Tdap vaccination in pregnant women since 2019, uptake remains suboptimal across Latin America. This study evaluated the knowledge and attitudes of women towards maternal Tdap vaccination in Colombia, Peru, and Panama to identify the critical behavioral and social drivers of Tdap vaccine uptake during pregnancy. A cross-sectional online survey was undertaken between December 8, 2022, and January 11, 2023, targeting women in Colombia, Peru, or Panama with a child 12 months or under. We collected data on respondents' demographics, social and behavioral determinants of vaccine acceptance, determinants of vaccine uptake (using the validated 5As taxonomy), and previous vaccination experience. In the 938 respondents who completed the survey (Panama, n = 325; Peru, n = 305; Colombia, n = 308), 73–80 % had received the influenza vaccine, whereas only 30–39 % had received a Tdap vaccine. Significant correlates of Tdap vaccine uptake common to all three countries included a health professional recommendation, knowledge of the vaccine and location of vaccination, perceived vulnerability to pertussis infection, perceived importance of immunization, and receipt of a reminder. In specific countries, nonvaccinated women were more likely to cite issues with ease of access (Panama, Colombia), affordability (opportunity costs; Peru, Colombia), and understanding the rationale for vaccination in pregnancy (Panama, Colombia). To increase maternal Tdap vaccine uptake, health professionals should be encouraged to recommend vaccination consistently, and pregnant women should receive reminders explaining why and where to be vaccinated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide information about which pneumococcal vaccine could have greater coverage in Colombia. This is a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) between 2015 and 2019 in Bogotá, Colombia. We compared the theoretical serotype coverage of the available anti-pneumococcal vaccines (i.e., PCV-10, PCV-10 SII, PCV-13, PCV-15, PCV-20, PCV-21, PCV24, PPSV-23) and the non-vaccine-covered serotypes stratified by age. 690 IPD cases were included. In children ≤5 y/o, of the approved vaccines PCV-20 showed the most theoretical protection (71.3 % [149/209]), while in adults aged 18–64 y/o was PCV-20 (61.8 % [164/265]), and in those ≥65 y/o was PPSV-23 (58.1 % [100/172]) followed by PCV-20 (55.2 % [95/172]). The non-covered serotypes represented one-third of the cohort (33.9 % [234/690]), being 6C (20.5 % [48/234]), 15A (12.8 % [30/234]), and 23A (11.5 % [27/234]) the most prevalent. Introducing PCV-20 for children and PCV-20 along with a PPSV-23 booster in adults may reduce IPD frequency in all ages in Colombia. The inclusion of non-covered serotypes is required for future vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathogen Paracoccidioides lutzii (Pb01) is found in South America countries Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Brazil, especially in the central, west, and north regions of the latter. It belongs to the Ajellomycetaceae family, Onygenales order, and is typically thermodimorphic, presenting yeast cells when it grows in animal tissues, but mycelia when in the environment, where it produces the infectious propagule. This fungus is one of the etiologic agents of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most important endemic fungal infection in Latin America. Investigations on its genome have contributed to a better understanding about its metabolism and revealed the complexity of several metabolic glycolytic pathways. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Paracoccidioides lutzii (Pl GAPDH) is considered a moonlighting protein and participates in several biological processes of this pathogen. The enzyme was expressed and purified, as seen in SDS-PAGE gel, crystallized and had its three dimensional structure (3D) determined in complex with NAD+, a sulphate ion and d -galactonic acid, therefore, a type of 'GAA site'. It is the first GAPDH structure to show this chemical type in this site and how this protein can bind an acid derived from oxidation of a linear hexose. [Display omitted] • A new ligand (d -Galactonic Acid) in complex with GAPDH. • First observation of an aldonic sugar acid (GAA) or a hexose derived acid in complex with GAPDH. • Unique hydrophilic stretch (HSSSNN) holds potential for targeted inhibitor design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical countries can approach their natural resources to produce low-carbon H 2 from solar, wind, hydro, and biomass resources to satisfy their domestic demand and to export it. To do so, Colombia published the National Hydrogen Roadmap, in which green H 2 was prioritized. This study estimates Colombia's potential to produce green H 2 and a timeline of scenarios displaying the required installed capacity, capital investment, and environmental analysis related to water utilization and CO 2 capture. Accordingly, Colombia can produce H 2 at a rate of 9 Mt/a by 2050 by installing 121 GW renewables while processing 303 Mt/a of residual biomass. In this scenario, Colombia's share of the H 2 international market can reach 1.2%, with a cumulative investment of over 244 billion USD by 2050. This study provides insights into potential global resources for low-carbon H 2 generation. [Display omitted] • Colombia's National Hydrogen Roadmap expects a H 2 demand of 1.9 Mt/a by 2050. • Green H 2 production potential for Colombia was assessed in 5 scenarios. • Potential of solar, wind, and biomass -based energy sources were studied. • Up to 9 Mt/a of H 2 can be produced in 2050 by combining these technologies. • Over 244 billion USD was estimated to be needed as total investment for this scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconium (Zr) stable isotope variations occur among co-existing Zr-rich accessory phases as well as at the bulk-rock scale, but the petrologic mechanism(s) responsible for Zr isotope fractionation during magmatic differentiation remain unclear. Juvenile magma generation and intra-crustal differentiation in convergent continental margins may play a crucial role in developing Zr isotope variations, and the Northern Volcanic Zone of the Andes is an ideal setting to test this hypothesis. To investigate the influence of these processes on Zr stable isotope compositions, we report δ 94/90Zr NIST of whole rock samples from: 1) juvenile arc basalts from the Quaternary Granatifera Tuff, Colombia; 2) lower crust-derived garnet pyroxenites (i.e., arclogites), hornblendites, and gabbroic cumulates found in the same unit; and 3) felsic volcanic products from the Doña Juana Volcanic Complex, a dacitic composite volcano in close proximity to and partially covering the Granatifera Tuff. The basalts have δ 94/90Zr NIST values ranging from −0.025 ± 0.018 ‰ to +0.003 ± 0.015 ‰ (n = 8), within the range of mid-ocean ridge basalts. The dacites have δ 94/90Zr NIST values ranging from +0.008 ± 0.013 ‰ to +0.043 ± 0.015 ‰ (n = 14), slightly positive relative to the Granatifera and mid-ocean ridge basalts. In contrast, the (ultra)mafic cumulates have highly variable, predominantly positive δ 94/90Zr NIST values, ranging from −0.134 ± 0.012 ‰ to +0.428 ± 0.012 ‰ (n = 15). Individual grains and mineral fractions of major rock-forming phases, including garnet (n = 21), amphibole (n = 9), and clinopyroxene (n = 18), were analyzed from 8 (ultra)mafic cumulates. The mineral fractions record highly variable Zr isotopic compositions, with inter-mineral fractionation (Δ94/90Zr garnet-amphibole) up to 2.067 ‰. Recent ab initio calculations of Zr–O bond force constants in rock-forming phases predict limited inter-mineral Zr isotope fractionation in high-temperature environments, suggesting that the large fractionations we observe are not the product of vibrational equilibrium processes. Instead, we propose a scenario in which large Zr isotopic fractionations develop kinetically, induced by sub-solidus Zr diffusion between coexisting phases via changes in Zr distribution coefficients that arise from changes in temperature. Altogether, Zr isotope variability in this calc-alkaline continental arc setting exhibits no correlation with indices of magmatic differentiation (e.g., Mg#, SiO 2), and is not a simple function of fractional crystallization. Furthermore, the garnet clinopyroxenite cumulates studied here represent density-unstable lower arc crust material; consequently, material with isotopically variable δ 94/90Zr can be recycled into the mantle as a consequence of lower crustal foundering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Colombia, the Micrurus genus comprises 30 species, including M. mipar titus and M. dumerilii, which are of major clinical relevance due to their wide geographical distribution and the number of snakebites inflicted by them. These neurotoxic envenomations are characterized by neuromuscular paralysis attributed to venom components such as three-finger toxins (3FTx) and phospholipases (PLA 2). Additionally, there is limited information available on the neutralizing coverage of commercially available antivenoms, underscoring the need to perform studies to assess the cross-neutralizing ability of these life-saving products. Therefore, we present an in-depth immunorecognition analysis by the anticoral-INS antivenom from Colombia on the M. mipartitus and M. dumerilii venoms. The antivenom cross-recognized the whole venoms and their components with different intensities. For instance, the antivenom showed better recognition on PLA 2 s than on 3FTxs in both venoms. Moreover, at doses tested, the antivenom totally neutralized the lethal effect of M. dumerilii venom; however, it did not neutralize this effect induced by M. mipartitus venom and its main toxic components from the southwestern region of the department of Antioquia. Furthermore, the anticoral-INS antivenom displayed better cross-immunorecognition of PLA 2 -predominant Micrurus venoms than of 3FTx-predominant Micrurus venoms. This highlights the need to include venoms from both types of venom patterns in the immunization mixture to produce antivenoms against coral snakes. Finally, our results suggest the need for further research to optimize the composition of immunizing mixtures for antivenom production and improve their efficacy against coral snake envenomation in Colombia and the Americas. • Recognition and neutralization of anticoral antivenom from Colombia on Micrurus venoms. • Anticoral antivenom neutralized lethality of M.dumerilii venom, not M.mipartitus venom. • The anticoral antivenom did not neutralized the toxic components of M.mipartitus venom. • The anticoral antivenom showing better recognition of PLA 2 s than 3FTxs in both venoms. • The anticoral antivenom recognized better PLA2-phenotype in Micrurus venoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explorar la experiencia de las personas con fibromialgia (FM) en países latinoamericanos con objeto de identificar problemas en la atención sanitaria y otros ámbitos potencialmente solucionables. Estudio cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico y de análisis de contenido a través de grupos focales y metodología de viaje del paciente (Ux del inglés User Experience). Se llevaron a cabo 9 grupos focales virtuales con pacientes con FM y profesionales sanitarios en Argentina, México y Colombia reclutados a partir de informantes clave y redes sociales. Participaron 43 personas (33 clínicos y 10 pacientes). Los agentes que interaccionan con el paciente en la enfermedad se encuentran en 3 esferas: la de la atención sanitaria, la del apoyo y vida laboral y la del contexto socioeconómico. La línea del viaje presenta 2 grandes tramos, 2 bucles y una línea discontinua delgada. Los 2 grandes tramos representan los tiempos que van desde los primeros síntomas hasta la visita médica y desde el diagnóstico hasta el seguimiento. Los bucles incluyen: 1.°) sucesión de diagnósticos, tratamientos erróneos y derivaciones a especialistas y 2.°) nuevos síntomas cada cierto tiempo, visitas a especialistas y dudas diagnósticas. Pocos pacientes logran la fase final de autonomía. El viaje de una persona con FM en Latinoamérica está lleno de obstáculos. La meta deseada es que todos los agentes entiendan que el automanejo por parte del paciente con FM es una parte indispensable del éxito, y solo se puede lograr accediendo a recursos de forma precoz y guiado por profesionales. To explore the patient journey of people with fibromyalgia (FM) in Latin American countries in order to identify problems in health care and other areas that may be resolvable. Qualitative study with phenomenological and content analysis approach through focus groups and patient journey (Ux; User Experience) methodology. Nine virtual focus groups were conducted with FM patients and healthcare professionals in Argentina, Mexico and Colombia recruited from key informants and social networks. Forty-three people participated (33 were clinicians and 10 were patients). The agents interacting with the patient in their disease journey are found in three spheres: healthcare (multiple medical specialists and other professionals), support and work life (including patient associations) and socioeconomic context. The line of the journey presents two large sections, two loops and a thin dashed line. The two major sections represent the time from first symptoms to medical visit (characterized by self-medication and denial) and the time from diagnosis to follow-up (characterized by high expectations and multiple contacts to make life changes that are not realized). The two loop phases include (1) succession of misdiagnoses and mistreatments and referrals to specialists and (2) new symptoms every so often, visits to specialists, diagnostic doubts, and impatience. Very few patients manage to reach the final phase of autonomy. The journey of a person with FM in Latin America is full of obstacles and loops. The desired goal is for all the agents involved to understand that self-management by the patient with FM is an essential part of success, and this can only be achieved with early access to resources and guidance from professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper investigates the correlation between the extent of digitalization and business recovery in microenterprises in Colombia one year after the start of the 2019 Coronavirus (COVID-19). The study involved the analysis of 1.600 surveys conducted across various sectors of microenterprises. The findings revealed that, on average, businesses that had embraced a higher degree of digitization demonstrated a more significant rebound in their sales following the constraints imposed by the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical coastal lagoons are valuable ecosystems that provide vital ecological services. Understanding vegetation health dynamics is essential to conserve and manage these environments effectively. Also, some landscape-related aspects suffer changes through time due to natural and human-driven factors. Analyzing a landscape's evolution allows getting to know the place's identity and underlying interactions with its population. This study employed satellite imagery from the Landsat 8 mission and advanced data analysis techniques to investigate vegetation health's temporal and spatial patterns in Ciénaga de Mallorquín , a coastal lagoon in Northern Colombia. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated from the satellite data to quantify vegetation biomass and its health. The results show a significant decline in NDVI values between 2013 and 2018, followed by a recovery phase between 2018 and 2022. However, the NDVI levels in 2022 remain significantly lower than those in 2013, indicating the need for continued conservation efforts. This study demonstrates the power of remote sensing as a tool for monitoring vegetation dynamics and informing sustainable management practices in tropical coastal ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of ecotourism, emphasizing the connection between tourism and sustainability. This research aimed to conduct a correlational analysis of sustainable tourism perception across five different tourist sites in northern Colombia. These sites have distinctive attributes and activities. 125 surveys through tourists and stakeholders were completed, and statistical analysis was conducted using the Pearson coefficient to measure users' perceptions regarding various components of sustainable tourism. The research incorporated an interdisciplinary evaluation of sustainable tourism elements. The findings underscore the potential of the Colombian northern region as a natural tourism destination, underscoring the importance of understanding user perceptions for informed sustainable planning and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of the technical reserve in Empresas Promotoras de Salud (EPS) in Colombia demonstrates adequate financial capacity to ensure the effective delivery of healthcare services. Nevertheless, the reserve's inherent nature and the unpredictability it engenders in planning engender financial risks that impair the long-term viability of such companies. The study aims to examine how filed invoices, unsubmitted authorizations, and estimated unknown debts affect the technical reserve of EPSs in Colombia from 2016 to 2021 using statistical methods like Online Linguistic Support, Autoregressive Moving Average, Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity, and Vector Autoregression. A descriptive and correlational study was conducted, considering current regulatory policies and the health insurance industry. Time series data were analyzed and revealed an inverse correlation between the explanatory and response variables. The method permits the assessment of two variables that impact technical reserve management: an increase in filed invoices and undetected claims results in decreased reserves, and filed authorizations have the opposite effect. Technical term abbreviations are explained upon their initial use in the text. Citations follow a consistent footnote style and formatting features. Similarly, we forecasted the impulse response function for the effect of technical reserves and suggested developing a predictive methodology to manage, regulate, or eradicate financial management vulnerabilities linked to HPC in Colombia. We emphasize the significance of precise authorizations for medical services since undiscovered debts may lead to financial losses for health care providers. A systematic approach is necessary to adhere to applicable regulations, including Law 100 of 1993 and associated resolutions and decrees. Healthcare providers can enhance their financial performance by ensuring accurate authorization and billing practices, thereby avoiding financial penalties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal Energy Review enables the analysis of a municipality's energy performance, encompassing quantifiable energy efficiency, energy utilization, and consumption outcomes. This study embarks on an energy review of Sabanalarga municipality in Colombia, scrutinizing its energy performance spanning from 2010 to 2021 as a preliminary step toward designing a Municipal Energy Management System. The methodology employed encompasses three stages: examining energy utilization, identifying significant energy uses (SEUs) along with their improvement opportunities, and estimating future energy consumption. Results reveal that the transportation and residential sectors emerge as the primary energy consumers despite the municipality's economic dependence on agriculture. The municipality's energy performance has witnessed a decline in recent years, primarily due to the impact of the "Coronavirus SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19)" on the local economy and residential energy consumption. The energy action plan, structured around SEUs and founded upon identified improvement opportunities, paints a promising picture for the short-term future to enhance energy performance indicators, provided that the proposed strategies and activities are implemented within the designated timeframe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are in a competitive system. The objective of the research was to analyze strategic marketing in SMEs in the bakery industry in the city of Barranquilla, for which a hypothesis is presented on the positive relationship between consumer behavior in relation to marketing strategies. Due to this, a categorical regression model was performed to test the hypotheses. The results showed that the industry analysis is more relevant for those companies that adopt a mature market strategy. The analysis of consumer buying behavior and the analysis of market demand dynamics prevail in the new markets strategy. Although product differentiation to achieve positioning is an important driver for companies that use growth market strategies, it is concluded that the consumer buying behavior hypothesis is valid because the analysis allows implementing differentiation actions that are included in strategic control, which is a complex thought process developed by top management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our goal is to understand process innovation activities, constraints, and challenges. Collaboration and Research and Development (R&D) are vital for innovation, but many Small- and Medium-size Enterprises (SMEs) need to improve on these, necessitating focused efforts. Innovation is linked to growth, productivity, and capacity, demanding new offerings and process improvement. Surveying 56 Colombian exporting SMEs with a 19-question survey, we employed Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models and Spearman correlation for predicting Process Innovation. Scrutinizing requisite activities and their impact is essential for economic growth, allowing SMEs to enhance performance through market-driven innovation. Collaboration with research institutions and suppliers is pivotal, highlighting its importance for process innovation. Process-focused firms emphasize process innovation, while Colombian exporting SMEs prioritize it for competitiveness. Technological learning shapes strategies, and SMEs leverage market innovation. We identified links between R&D/innovation (R&D+I) and export behavior. Innovation aids internationalization despite Colombia's innovation gap. Enterprises invest in R&D+I and external collaboration, while SMEs focus on efficiency. Prospective research should explore interconnections in innovation facets, harnessing machine learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Handgrip strength is a common, simple, and inexpensive method to measure muscle strength. On the other hand, the functional performance measurement involves a usual task which implies repeating elements between the individuals' interaction and the environment. This is fundamental for projecting their results to daily life situation. To explore the relationship between grip strength and measures of functional performance of the upper limbs (ULs) in people over 18 years of age, and to determine the influence of sociodemographic and anthropometric variables on the relationship. A cross-sectional study was conducted under the analytical empirical approach, using linear associations between handgrip strength and functional performance measurement tests (correspondence analysis). Three hundred sixty-two male and female individuals between 18 and 91 years of age from 4 Colombian cities participated. The grip strength of both ULs measured with a digital dynamometry was associated with the Box and Block Test (BBT, manual dexterity), Nine-Hole Peg Test (NHPT, daily living tasks), and Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JJT, ability to grasp, pick up, and place). Multiple linear regression analyzes were performed to assess possible explanatory factors of a sociodemographic and anthropometric order. A significant association was found between the grip strength of dominant and non-dominant ULs with all functional performance tests (ρ > 0.27 and p <.001), except for the writing and simulated feeding subtests of the JJT (ρ ≤ 0.16). An interactive effect of age was found in the relationship between grip strength and the 3 functional performance tests. These results support the association between grip strength with the NHPT, JJT, and BBT measures and the interactive effect of age on the performance of all tests. • Handgrip strength is a simple method used in rehabilitation to assess physical ability. • Handgrip strength is a prognostic predictor in different health conditions. • Functional performance measures project their results to situations of daily life. • Functional performance measures involve a habitual task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simultaneous removal of heavy metals (Fe2+, Zn2+, Ni+2, Cr2+, and Cu2+) using filters built with cheap and easily accessible materials was studied in raw real wastewater generated from an electroplating industry localized in Medellín-Colombia. Various synthesized materials from banana peel waste were used as adsorbents, including powdered dry biomass and functionalized (chemically treated with activating agents) and unfunctionalized biochars, all obtained via hydrothermal and pyrolytic synthesis. For comparison, a commercial activated carbon (CAC) was employed. Significant variations in both structural and surface characteristics were observed among the materials depending on the activating agents utilized. As it was raw wastewater, the coexistence of multiple metals posed challenges in the objective comparison of adsorbents. Thus, the normalization of the maximum adsorption capacity about various parameters (for example, the amount of adsorbent, the specific surface area, the type and abundance of superficial functional groups, or the diameter and volume of the pore) confirmed the complexity of this type of process. In general terms, CAC and unfunctionalized biochar exhibited the highest adsorption capacities (for most metals). This suggests that, when employing banana waste adsorbents for the simultaneous removal of heavy metals in electroplating industry wastewater, the functionalization processes (which involve energy consumption, reagent usage, and waste generation) may not be necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study conducted in Colombia that examined the impact of intraoperative aerobic culture on antibiotic therapy and clinical outcomes in patients with complicated appendicitis. The study found that a significant percentage of patients had positive results from intraoperative cultures, with the most common microorganisms being Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Some of these microorganisms showed resistance to beta-lactams. The study suggests that using intraoperative cultures can modify antibiotic therapy and reduce the risk of surgical site infection in patients with complicated appendicitis. The authors recommend routine use of intraoperative cultures in these patients to improve antibiotic management and reduce surgical site infections. [Extracted from the article]

We investigate the possibility that women and men have distinct behavioral reactions to victimization. We conducted an experiment to elicit preferences for in-group egalitarianism and individual competitiveness for a random sample of 751 individuals in Sierra Leone (aged 18–85) to contrast the behavioral consequences of victimization during the 1991–2003 civil war across sex and parental status. Our results show that mothers and fathers display the highest level of cooperation, yet conflict exposure does not affect them. Egalitarianism increases after victimization only among non-parents, with an effect stronger for males, who are the least egalitarian to start with. Conflict exposure tames everyone's competitive tendencies, but has the opposite effect for mothers, the least competitive group in the absence of conflict. Measures of competitiveness among 191 parents from Colombia show a similar pattern. Our results suggests that conflict, by closing sex and parental gaps in behavior, may prime individuals toward strategies that either benefit the group or the individual, depending on sex and parental role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cultural heritage institutions are evaluated by combining objective and subjective value indicators that reveal their economic value and social impact. • Services linked to public goods are higher valuated than those closer to the market. • The most satisfied users are more likely to make a monetary contribution. • Results justify the function of libraries as providers of public goods and enhancing social wellbeing. • The set of public libraries in Medellín is taken as a case study, enlarging applications in developing countries. Evaluation of cultural heritage organisations and the returns on the resources they are provided with is becoming increasingly important, not only because of the economic efficiency implications but also vis-à-vis measuring their performance in terms of social policy and public governance. The present study seeks to estimate the social impact of libraries, as heritage representative institutions, from the case of the Medellin Public Library System (Spanish acronym – SBPM) in Colombia. This network of libraries is made up of 26 units that – in addition to traditional functions involving loans and custody – offer activities geared towards personal development and the enhancement of the community. The proposed method entails a combination of direct observation indicators together with other indirect or subjective indicators aimed at gauging social impact, applying two different yet complementary techniques; social return on investment (SROI), and contingent valuation (CV). The indicators obtained evidence different results when including subjective valuations in the calculations based on direct observations and financial returns, in line with the differences between the notions of price and value. Based on the findings to emerge, we show that public libraries are socially viable institutions and that they contribute towards the subjective well-being of their users, thereby legitimizing the public investment made to ensure their existence and functioning in the areas where they are located. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by an initial increase in motor function followed by a plateau phase and then entering a phase of steady decline. However, motor evolution of DMD have not been evaluated in developing countries. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the trajectory of motor function in a sample of Colombian children with DMD. We included 119 children with DMD aged 4.8–19.3 years (mean follow-up = 1.7 years). A linear mixed model was used with age as the time scale and adjusted for covariates using a stepwise regression. Participants showed a progressive decline in motor skills from the age of 5 years with a decrease in speed around the age of 11 years (p < 0.001). After age 11, the decline in motor function was observed to continue until age 20 but at a slower rate (βAge = −9.64. and βAge2 = 0.18, p < 0.001 for both). Educational inclusion, glucocorticoid treatment and the number of mutated exons were shown to be associated with the motor performance. These findings may indicate that the evolution of DMD maintains similar patterns between high income countries and the Colombian population. They allow us to adapt and develop treatments that impact the population with DMD in Colombia, based in international evidence. • Motor evolution in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy has not been studied in developing countries. • In Colombian boys with DMD, motor function declines from 5 years of age. • After the age of 11 years, children with DMD show a slowing of the rate of motor decline. • Exposure to glucocorticoid treatment appears to be protective of motor decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Different countries have implemented vaccination to try to reduce complications and deaths from COVID-19. However, there are concerns about the real effectiveness of the vaccine in health personnel who care for positive patients in Health Institutions that they more intensely exposed to the virus. • A cohort of 999 people working at Los Cobos Medical Center and followed from March to August 2021. The average age of this cohort was 37.0 years (devest = 10.5 years), 67.7 % were women and they were women and of these 211were doctors, 287 nurses, 305 entities and 196 administrative.8.4 % to be PCR positive after vaccination. • When observing the effectiveness of the vaccine in the health professional, a high vaccination effectiveness in mild and severe infection by COVID 19. The present study aims to estimate the frequency of COVID 19 infections in vaccinated health personnel at a Los CObos Medical Center in Bogotá, Colombia. The percentage of people positive to the PCR test and their clinical characteristics were analyzed. We performed a cross-sectional study. The primary study variable was the COVID vaccination registry. We analyzed sex, age, signs, and symptoms. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to assess changes over time and to identify variables associated with vaccination in target groups. A cohort of 999 people working at Los Cobos Medical Center and followed from March to August 2021. The average age of this cohort was 37.0 years (devest = 10.5 years), 67.7 % were women. Two hundred eleven physicians, 287 nurses, 305 assistants, and 196 clerks follows. In addition, 8.4 % to be PCR positive after vaccination. The average age was 36.0 (devest = 23.4 years), 59 women and 25 men. Of these, 15 were administrative, 14 were doctors, 29 nurses, and 26 nursing assistants. The vaccination status found that 21.4 % do not vaccinates, 7.1 % were partially vaccinated, and 71.4 % with a complete schedule. When questioned about symptoms in these patients, 4.0 % were symptomatic, and 5.9 % were asymptomatic. A recent epidemiological study involving 12,364 health workers with a mean age of 38 years quantifies the protection in six months from the vaccine. The presence of antibodies was associated with 83 % protection against active SARS-CoV-2 infection (PCR positivity during the study period), which confirms the existence of protective Immunity at levels comparable to those obtained by the approved vaccines; our study found effectiveness of 92.6 %. Higher than that found in this study, possibly explained by the characteristics of the individuals included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigate the proportion of mental health outcomes (MHOs) and associated factors in COVID-19 survivors during a 24-month follow-up period. An observational, prospective study was performed in a teaching hospital in Barranquilla, Colombia, from April 1, 2020, to August 30, 2022. A cohort of 1565 COVID-19 survivors was recruited after discharge from the emergency room (ER), inpatient floor (IF), and intensive care unit (ICU) services and followed for 24 -months. The clinical assessment included screening scales for symptoms of anxiety, depressive, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and insomnia. Sociodemographic and clinical factors were also collected to identify possible associated factors. Descriptive, bivariate and mixed random-effect linear models were performed. A total of 1565 patients were included, of whom 785 (50.35%) were men. A large proportion of patients with mental symptoms were identified. After 24-months, the proportions of anxiety, depression, PTSD, and insomnia symptoms remained high at 16.55%, 21.79%, 35.27%, and 23.86%, respectively. Social factors, location of hospital stays, physical comorbidities, and the severity of COVID-19 were significantly associated with anxiety, depression, PTSD, and insomnia symptoms. COVID-19's 2-year deleterious impacts on mental health, as well as the variables influencing these findings, have been documented. These results should aid in the development of public health initiatives to reduce morbidity rates in post-COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the research is to analyze whether the elaboration and implementation of biodiversity offsetting policies depend on the quality of spatialized ecological data. We compared the availability and use of such data in Colombia and France, at various stages of the process: (i) anticipation (policy elaboration), (ii) planning, and (iii) monitoring and control. We show that spatialized ecological data are used to implement offsetting policies (France), but may also be a tool to develop such policies, in particular through the elaboration of predetermined ratios based on available scientific data (Colombia). We also show, based on geographical, ecological and legal aspects of the data, that the geographical characteristics of a country and its legal framework are an important determinant of the efficiency of offsets. Where the offset ratio is high, the feasibility of the offsetting will likely depend on whether preservation, and not only restoration, measures are allowed, but also on space finiteness and availability. There is also a necessity to balance the need for legal certainty that predetermined ratios provide with policy effectiveness in terms of no net loss of biodiversity. We emphasize the need for a regularly updated public portal that centralizes environmental data. Further, we note that an important caveat is to ensure that the guidance purpose of offsetting-related land-use planning instruments is not diverted and used to replace fieldwork. We also show that the legal requirement of 'ecosystem' (Colombia) vs 'ecological' (France) equivalence has practical consequences. • Scientific data are not only used to implement offsetting policies (France), but also to develop such policies (Colombia). • The need for legal certainty in offsetting policies must be balanced with the need for policy effectiveness. • The legal framework of a country but also its geographical characteristics are determinants of the efficiency of offsets. • The legal distinction between 'ecosystem' (Colombia) and 'ecological' (France) equivalence has practical consequences. • With high predetermined ratios, offsetting feasibility depends on the type of measures allowed and on space availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deviations occur in the neuropsychomotor development of premature infants; early interventions minimize delay motor. This study aimed to determine the effect of an interdisciplinary hospital-home intervention addressing motor development adaptation in premature infants in Colombia in comparison with traditional interventions. This study was based on a parallel design, with two groups, namely, experimental and control. The experimental group, hospital-home intervention (HHI) performed in two settings (i.e., hospital neonatal care units and homes), and the control group, traditional intervention, (TI) performed in institutions for premature infants. The sample will be composed of 130 randomly-allocated infants, 65 in the experimental group (HHI) and 65 in the control group (TI) of moderate to late preterm infants (gestational age between 34 and 37 weeks), weighing more than or equal to 1.800 g, who are hemodynamically stable and reside in the cities of Tunja and Bogotá-Colombia recruited between 2021 and 2022. For the pre- and post-intervention assessments, the TIMPSI and the CapDMP are the instruments used to assess motor development and the degree of parents' or caregivers' knowledge about motor development. The HHI is composed of 10 intervention strategies based on stimulation of motor development, performed twice a day for 10 min for two months, in combination with calls to a mobile device, using software (Baby Motor Skills) and an instant messaging system (WhatsApp). This hospital-home intervention program proposes an approach focused on the motor development of premature infants, based on sensory and motor stimulation strategies, in addition to follow-up performed at home with the use of a mobile application that improves the motor development of premature infants. Register Clinical Trial: NCT04563364. The HHI provides the opportunity to determine whether the individualized four-week from admission to follow up at home with parent training will improve the motor skills of premature infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Friendship is a recurring feature of human sociality. Extant evidence has highlighted several axes upon which the formation and maintenance of friendships rest, and has emphasised the importance of market-like mechanisms and preferential assortment in such dynamics. Such evidence has emerged from qualitative ethnographic descriptions, and observational or experimental case studies in relatively homogeneous samples from Western and industrialised settings. Here, we provide one of the first empirical evaluations of the structure of friendship networks in a rural subsistence setting. We collected individual-level friendship network data, and detailed economic and demographic information from individuals in four communities in rural Colombia (N = 470). We analyse these data using a combined social relations and stochastic block model. Our results highlight the importance of preferential assortment on the basis of several socio-demographic traits in all study communities. The extent to which friendship and social support networks overlap appears to vary considerably across communities, with greater overlap being observed in more impoverished areas. Similarly, the extent of wealth homophily was greater in more impoverished areas. Such findings suggest that variation in the axes upon which friendship rests may be affected by community-level variation in economic and demographic composition. • We provide one of the first quantitative empirical examinations of friendship networks in a rural subsistence setting. • We find that individuals preferentially assort with those who share similar socio-demographic attributes. • Differences in friendship ties across settings; the friendship–cooperation nexus is stronger in more marginalized communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe the demographic and clinical features, as well as the frequency of the HLA-B*51 allele in Behçet disease (BD) patients in Latin American countries. A systematic literature review of PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines was conducted without performing a meta-analysis. We included observational studies (cross-sectional or cohort) of BD patients fulfilling the International Study Group for BD classification criteria and reported the demographic, clinical, and laboratory features of the disease in adult patients. Twelve studies were included in the SLR. Information from 532 patients across 5 Latin American countries was included for the analysis. Mean age at disease diagnosis was 33 years, 58.3% were female and 41.7% male; most patients were non-Caucasian. The most common clinical manifestations were recurrent oral ulcers and genital ulcers, followed by skin, eye, joint, neurological, gastrointestinal, vascular, and cardiac involvement. The prevalence of BD was described in 2 studies, 1 conducted in Brazil that reported a prevalence of.3/100,000 inhabitants, and another in Colombia with a prevalence of 1.1/100,000 inhabitants. The frequency of HLA-B*51 allele in BD patients was 38%, 30.1%, and 9% in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico, respectively. The prevalence of BD in the Latin American countries seems to be low, as well as the frequency of HLA-B*51 allele. However, the strength of association between HLA-B*51 and BD remains high in our population. The key clinical features of BD are like those reported in countries/regions where BD is endemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing evidence of efficacy, scarce information exists regarding the cost of tadalafil to improve the functional classes of pediatric patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. This study aims to determine the cost-utility of tadalafil compared sildenafil to treat pediatric patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension in Colombia. A Markov model was developed to compare expected costs, outcomes, and quality-adjusted life-years of sildenafil and tadalafil in pediatric patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. The model was analyzed probabilistically, and a value of information analysis was conducted to inform the value of conducting further research to reduce current uncertainties in the evidence base. Cost-effectiveness was evaluated at a willingness-to-pay value of US $5180. The mean incremental cost of tadalafil versus sildenafil is US $15 270. The 95% credible interval for the incremental cost ranges from US $28 033.65 to US $5940.86. The mean incremental benefit of tadalafil versus sildenafil is 1.00 quality-adjusted life-years (QALY). The 95% credible interval for the incremental benefit ranges from 1.88 to 0.31 QALY. The expected incremental cost per QALY is estimated at US $15 286. There is a probability less than 1% that tadalafil is more cost-effective than sildenafil at a threshold of US $5180 per QALY. Form the value of information analysis, the theoretical upper bound on the value of further research was US $9.298 for Colombia. Our economic evaluation shows that tadalafil is not cost-effective regarding sildenafil to treat pediatric patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension in Colombia. Our study provides evidence that should be used by decision-makers to improve clinical practice guidelines. • Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor such as sildenafil and tadalafil are first line medication for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). • This study aims to determine the cost-utility of sildenafil and tadalafil to treat pediatric patients with PAH in Colombia. • Our economic evaluation shows that tadalafil is not cost-effective regarding sildenafil to treat pediatric patients with PAH in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family Polyctenidae (Cimicoidea: Hemiptera) is a group of ectoparasites that has received very little attention from researchers. These bugs are typically associated with bats and are found primarily in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Polyctenidae consist of 32 species, which are divided into two subfamilies (Polycteninae and Hesperocteninae) and five genera (Adroctenes , Eoctenes , Hypoctenes, and Polyctenes within Polycteninae and Hesperoctenes within Hesperocteninae). The genus Hesperoctenes comprises 16 species restricted to the Western Hemisphere (South and North America), whereas the other four genera are exclusive to the Old World (Africa, Asia, and Australia), that likely is the diversification center of this group. Besides the wide distribution in the Neotropics there are limited records for all the taxa described, except for Hesperoctenes fumarius and Hesperoctenes cartus. Furthermore, the association with the hosts and the distribution patterns are still unclear. In high diverse countries such as Colombia where more than 217 bat species have been reported, there are only few records of Polyctenids. To contribute to the knowledge of Neotropical Polyctenids, we reviewed the records of Hesperoctenes and the association with mammal hosts in America, and present noteworthy records of Hesperoctenes hermsi , H. fumarius and new associations with bats in Colombia. We identified individuals of both species by morphological comparisons and PCR amplification of a fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). Due to the few records at the molecular level, the sequence of H. hermsi is the first reported for this species. Our study reports for the first time the presence of H. hermsi in Colombia, since it has only been reported in Brazil, USA, and Venezuela. We also report new associations with the bats Cynomops planirostris and Molossus pretiosus , since it has only been associated with other Molossids such as Molossus molossus , Eumops glacinus , Nyctinomops laticaudatus , and Nyctinomops macrotis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Colombia there are few chemical engineering programs and those have been historically linked to the industrial development of the country, supporting the training needs for industrial development in several regions of economic importance. The southwestern Colombian region contributes with the largest industrial production in the country, and the chemical engineering program of Universidad del Valle has been the only one in the region for 78 years. The last curriculum reform took place 20 years ago and the accelerated technological change urged the adoption of deep changes in the curriculum structure. A student-centered constructivist approach was applied in the faculty-wide transformation in the mesocurriculum and microcurriculum levels, defining the so-called Sensitivities, Capacities and Competencies (SCCs) as the set of attitudes, skills and knowledge necessary for an integral performance of engineers. Those were considered from two standpoints: general and disciplinary formation. In the disciplinary level, the historic traditional pillars of chemical engineering were maintained, but taking advantage on the areas of academic research, development and innovation (R+D+I) expertise demanded by the industry around the university in addition to transversal priority areas for modern chemical engineering professionals. This contribution discussed the elements of the curriculum reform for modernizing the chemical engineering curriculum of a high-impact program in a stablished university with a regional vocation. • Chemical engineering has been historically linked to local industrial development. • A student-centered approach was applied in the meso and microcurriculum planification. • Sensitivities, Capacities and Competencies (SCCs) are the core of the curriculum reform. • Two standpoints were considered: general and disciplinary formation in engineering. • R+I+D expertise demanded by the industry and key areas are transversal to formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There is scarce evidence about the impact of personal experiences and contextual variables on preferences for risk reduction. • We analyzed differences in the impact of personal experiences and contextual variables in three Latin American countries. • We present evidence of heterogeneous impacts of personal experiences and contextual variables in preferences for risk reduction across individuals and countries. This article explores how preferences for risk reduction during the COVID-19 pandemic are influenced by personal experiences and contextual variables such as having a close friend or relative who has been infected by the virus (closeness), the severity of the illness (severity), people's own perceptions of being in a risky group (risk group), change in employment status due to the pandemic (employment situation), and vaccination status (vaccination status and altruistic vaccination). We conducted a choice experiment (CE) in Chile, Colombia, and Costa Rica. The attributes of the experiment were risk reduction, latency, and cost. Then, we estimated a mixed logit model to capture preference heterogeneity across the countries. The attributes presented in the CE were statistically significant, with the expected sign in each country. The variables closeness and employment situation presented homogeneous behavior in each country; however, severity , risk group, and vaccination status showed mixed results. We found that preferences were more heterogeneous for the attributes of the CE than for the personal experiences and contextual variables. Understanding the impact of these variables is essential for generating more effective risk reduction policies. For instance, methodologies such as the value of statistical life base their calculations on society's valuation of risk reduction. We provide evidence that the preferences for risk reduction vary due to the everyday situations that individuals face in the context of the pandemic. The latter may cause distortions in the values used to evaluate policies aimed at mitigating the outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe efficacy, safety, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with an inadequate response to conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) treated with tofacitinib or biological DMARDs (bDMARDs) in real-life conditions. A noninterventional study was performed between March 2017 and September 2019 at 13 sites in Colombia and Peru. Outcomes measured at baseline and at the 6-month follow-up were disease activity (RAPID3 [Routine Assessment of Patients Index Data] score), functional status (HAQ-DI [Health Assessment Questionnaire] score), and quality of life (EQ-5D-3L [EuroQol Questionnaire]). The Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28-ESR) and frequency of adverse events (AEs) were also reported. Unadjusted and adjusted differences from baseline were estimated and expressed as the least squares mean difference (LSMD). Data from 100 patients treated with tofacitinib and 70 patients with bDMARDs were collected. At baseline, the patients' mean age was 53.53 years (SD 13.77), the mean disease duration was 6.31 years (SD 7.01). The change from baseline at month 6 was not statistically significant different in the adjusted LSMD [SD] for tofacitinib vs. bDMARDs for RAPID3 score (−2.55[.30] vs. −2.52[.26]), HAQ-DI score (−.56[.07] vs. −.50[.08]), EQ-5D-3L score (.39[.04] vs..37[.04]) and DAS28-ESR (−2.37[.22] vs. −2.77[.20]). Patients from both groups presented similar proportions of nonserious and serious AEs. No deaths were reported. Changes from baseline were not statistically significantly different between tofacitinib and bDMARDs in terms of RAPID3 scores and secondary outcomes. Patients from both groups presented similar proportions of nonserious and serious AEs. NCT03073109. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, due to the increase in population and the number of industrial sites, water reclaim has become more relevant. Dynamic membrane filtration systems can play an important role for water reuse. Therefore, process monitoring of dynamic membrane systems is of great importance to ensure the water quality while considering environmental and economic factors. The exploitation of on-line monitoring of dynamic membrane systems in industrial operation is challenged by intentional disturbances such as backflush and backshock (i.e. used as cleaning strategies) and unintentional input fluctuations. Consequently, process inherent behaviour is hidden within very complex sensors signals. Therefore, critical flux identification or fouling characterization for process monitoring is not straightforward, leading to suboptimal operation. The present study establishes a fault detection framework from a classification viewpoint, capable of handling industrial data that is prone to noise and disturbances, while offering an effective yet straightforward approach. The case study is a pilot-scale dynamic ultrafiltration process which has been tested previously within an industrial facility for produced water reclamation. The dataset contains 18 experiments, where three of the experiments are faulty. These experiments were implemented in an oil recovery facility located in the Orinoquía region, Colombia. A feature analysis approach based on wavelets is developed to identify the key characteristics of the installed sensors while alleviating the noise effects. The process conditions are pinpointed by feeding the extracted features into several widely used classification methods including Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLPNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based classifiers. The results indicated that the MLPNN classifier has the highest detection accuracy of 99.7% with a low percentage of false alarms. The framework developed in this study is a vital part of a membrane system digitalization strategy, which can be integrated into automated surveillance strategies for monitoring of membrane systems toward effective fault detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multispectral and multimodal images are of important usage in the field of multi-source visual information fusion. Due to the alternation or movement of image devices, the acquired multispectral and multimodal images are usually misaligned, and hence image registration is pre-requisite. Different from the registration of common images, the registration of multispectral or multimodal images is a challenging problem due to the nonlinear variation of intensity and gradient. To cope with this challenge, we propose the phase congruency network (PCNet) to enhance the structure similarity of multispectral or multimodal images. The images can then be aligned using the similarity-enhanced feature maps produced by the network. PCNet is constructed under the inspiration of the well-known phase congruency. The network embeds the phase congruency prior into two simple trainable layers and series of modified learnable Gabor kernels. Thanks to the prior knowledge, once trained, PCNet is applicable on a variety of multispectral and multimodal data such as flash/no-flash and RGB/NIR images without additional further tuning. The prior also makes the network lightweight. The trainable parameters of PCNet is 2400× and 1500×less than the deep-learning registration method deep homography network (DHN) and unsupervised deep homography network (UDHN), while its registration performance surpasses them. Experimental results validate that PCNet outperforms current state-of-the-art conventional multimodal registration algorithms. Besides, PCNet can act as a complementary part of the deep-learning registration methods, which significantly boosts their registration accuracy. On the Columbia imaging and vision laboratory (CAVE) multispectral dataset, the percentage of the number of images under 1 pixel average corner error (ACE) of UDHN is raised from 0.1% to 82.5% after the processing of PCNet. • Using phase congruency prior to design a trainable light-weight network. • The network can enhance the similarity of multispectral/multimodal images. • Achieving high accuracy registration on various multispectral/multimodal datasets. • Boosting the registration results of deep-learning methods significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposed the use of a Participatory Methodology to design a biogas-based power plant (ADPMDesign). The power plant treats the organic waste from Sabana Centro, Colombia. ADPMDesign considered the involvement of relevant stakeholders in different tasks during the design process. Stakeholders included researchers, biogas producers, members of the community, waste collector associations, representatives of local public services companies, and environmental entities. Researchers evaluated technical feasibility through pilot-scale experiments. Interviews with other stakeholders of Sabana Centro enabled the identification of two different production scenarios to forecast organic fraction of municipal solid waste generation capacity in Sabana Centro by 2030. The final use of the biogas produced during anaerobic digestion was defined through the application of a combined Analytical Hierarchy Process with Benefit Opportunity Cost and Risks in focus groups with relevant stakeholders. Then, workshops with biogas producers in the United Kingdom allowed the identification of key lessons based on their experience to improve the process design. After applying ADPMDesign, the best biogas production scenario was determined. Stakeholders in Sabana Centro, including the Municipal Government of the eleven municipalities and public service companies, should collaborate to build a single municipal plant for processing organic waste from all eleven municipalities instead of three small-scale biogas plants. This approach would not only be more efficient, but it would also facilitate better coordination and management of resources. The plant will have a capacity to treat 126.22 t/day and a power generation capacity of 3659 kW providing electricity for around 12,000 homes. The estimated cost of energy production is 78.92 COP/kWh (0.017 USD/kWh), and a payback time of 4.8 years could be achieved dispatching electricity to the national grid and selling fertilizers to local farmers. • A novel participatory methodology is presented to support process design. • The methodology was applied to design a biogas anaerobic digestion plant. • Different stakeholders were included at different stages of process design. • The best alternative was to build one municipal plant for power generation. • Engineers were able to address specific needs of local stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As public resources are scarce, investments from the private sector are essential to scale up rural electrification and thus to achieve universal access to electricity by 2030. However, the lack of clear public policies, together with a high perceived risk, have been a deterrent to investors' participation in off-grid electrification projects. In this paper, we focus on identifying the main drivers of risk, namely the set of uncertainties and perceived risks that prevent private companies from investing in off-grid electrification projects. We use a stochastic discount cash flow technique — net present value (NPV) combined with Monte Carlo simulation — to incorporate these uncertainties and quantify the business and investment risks associated with an off-grid solar PV project. The technique is applied to the case of Colombia, wherein major contributors to risk are the variability in revenues and the annual revenue growth rate. For this case, we estimate the probability of project failure and investigate how private companies could mitigate risks by keeping operating costs to <50 % of revenues. In this regard, the role of the government proves to be essential in providing a better investment environment for private investors. We suggest that government interventions could take the form of financial de-risking instruments, including better-designed end-user subsidies and the implementation of concession agreements through long-term contracts. These results are of interest to private investors who need to account for risk analysis when deciding whether to invest or not in off-grid projects. Also, our findings guide policymakers seeking to understand the private sector perspective while designing efficient policy mechanisms to increase access to electricity in developing countries. • Investments from the private sector and better-designed tariffs are essential to scale-up rural electrification • Monte Carlo Simulation with multiple sources of uncertainty • Stand-alone PV systems are a cost-effective solution to expand electricity access • Revenue uncertainty impacts the variability of the NPV of the project • Business Risk affects the off-grid private companies' willingness to invest [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Low- and middle-income countries are characterized by the presence of waste pickers. • Few studies deal with traditional waste pickers' role and their formalization. • We analyze the transition into formality of waste picker organizations in Colombia. • Results from a national survey of individual waste pickers and recycling firms. • The second source was information analysis from workshops with waste picker leaders. • We report barriers and opportunities for waste pickers and their organizations. Low- and middle-income countries are lagging in research related to waste management initiatives and practices involving the informal sector and the problems faced by this population. Many case studies focus on waste management, but few deal with waste pickers' role and their formalisation process. In particular, there is a need to document the opportunities and barriers to transition for this population and the appropriate pathway from informal to formal work in the Latin American context. The objective of this article is to report the findings of an analysis of this transition in Colombia, where the institutional context explicitly promotes a formalisation pathway for waste picker organisations within the public waste management service in the waste picking activity. This analysis mixes quantitative and qualitative methods. The study draws on information from two main sources. First, primary data from a survey of individual waste pickers and waste picker organisations at the national level was considered. The second source was information analysis from workshops with waste picker leaders. The research's findings, conclusions, and recommendations compile barriers and opportunities for waste pickers, their organisations, and their formalisation. It is hoped that the findings will be used to guide similar studies in other developing countries with similar conditions for waste pickers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]