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• Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) express anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and Mcl-1. • BH3 profiling was used to evaluate dependency upon BCL-2 anti-apoptotic proteins in HNSCC lines. • Co-dependency on Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 in HNSCC for survival is common. • BCL-xL and MCL-1 inhibition is synergistic in 2D culture and in 3D organoid models of HHNSCC. • BCL-xL and MCL-1 inhibition may have therapeutic potential in HNSCC. Evasion of apoptosis promotes tumor survival and contributes to resistance to cancer therapeutics in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Our recent work has demonstrated that HNSCC's highly express pro-survival anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and Mcl-1. Nevertheless, the mechanism of HNSCC to evade apoptosis is still not well understood. We used BH3 profiling, a functional assay which measures mitochondrial depolarization in response to the introduction of BH3 peptides, to evaluate apoptosis competency and dependency upon BCL-2 family anti-apoptotic proteins in a panel of immortalized and patient-derived HNSCC lines. We assessed response to BH3 mimetics including ABT-263 (navitoclax), an inhibitor of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL/Bcl-w, and S63845, an inhibitor of Mcl-1, both as single agents and in combination. We demonstrate that apoptosis signaling appears to be intact in the majority of HNSCC cells, and they are co-dependent upon Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 for survival. We found the combination to be highly synergistic in 2D culture and in 3D organoid models of HHNSCC. Given our findings that co-dependency on Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 is common, and co-inhibition of these molecules is synergistic for growth suppression in HNSCC cells, these results elucidate the therapeutic potential of BCL-xL and MCL-1 inhibition in HNSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The rooted art-economy dichotomy does not explain the complexity of artistic activity. • The notion of posture challenges the dichotomy between art and economy. • Artists adopt a multiplicity of postures in today's conditions of cultural production. • A taxonomy of artists' postures conceptualizes the diversity of artists' trajectories. • A taxonomy of artists' postures conceptualizes the complexity of artistic activity. The rooted dichotomy between art and economy tends to simplify our understanding of the conditions under which makers of cultural products operate. The contingencies of the last decades, leading to a greater plurality of artists' practices, urge us to create new conceptual tools to seize the effective cultural production structures. This paper aims to open this dichotomy - anchored in institutional sociology, creative economy, arts management and cultural entrepreneurship - and to reveal the relational complexity of cultural production. Building on a meta-study of a body of qualitative research published between 2012 and 2022 based on semi-directed interviews, focus groups and case studies about artists' effective practices in music, performing arts, visual and mediatic arts from underground scenes or marginal communities, we identify 20 postures adopted by artists. We place these postures on two axes reflecting the intensity of economic and artistic logics. This taxonomy explains more accurately today's conditions of cultural production. It allows us to better understand: the multiplicity of artists' and works' trajectories, as well as creation networks; the coexistence and co-dependency of postures within the same practice; and the diversity of artists' practices beyond a disciplinary logic and a linear conception of artistic career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to examine the present situation of dyadic coping in pregnant women with high-risk pregnancy and their spouses, as well as the relevant factors and the interactions between partners. From October 2022 to September 2023, a cross-sectional survey was undertaken, involving 460 pairs of pregnant women with high-risk pregnancy who were hospitalized for childbirth and their accompanying spouses. These participants completed self-assessments on dyadic coping, marital satisfaction, perceived stress, and self-efficacy through the completion of paper questionnaires. The collected data was then subjected to analysis utilizing correlation analysis and multiple linear regression. The actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) was then developed using the structural equation modeling(SEM) to test the binary association. Pregnant women preferred to utilize stressful communication, whereas their spouses employed supportive and delegated coping. Both external (such as education level, employment status, and medical insurance) and internal (such as marital satisfaction, perceived stress, and self-efficacy) factors were associated with pregnant women's dyadic coping. Education level and internal factors were also associated with the spouses' dyadic coping. In contrast to spouses, who can only have a partner effect on pregnant women through marriage satisfaction, all pregnant women's internal elements played the partner effect on the spouses' dyadic coping. The study's findings help identify populations with inadequate coping ability. Promoting marital satisfaction, self-efficacy, and reducing perceived stress are associated with enhancing the dyadic coping ability of pregnant women with high-risk pregnancy and their spouses. It also suggests that antenatal care should intervene with pregnant women with high-risk pregnancy and their spouses as a whole, and emphasize collaborative coping and effective mutual support between couples rather than spousal support alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional abuse and neglect are among the most common forms of psychological trauma. It is known that individuals exposed to emotional abuse and neglect during childhood are at a higher risk of developing psychopathology in adulthood and experience various difficulties in interpersonal relationships. This research investigates the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and emotional neglect and codependency in young adults. The research group included 401 participants, aged between 18 and 45, with 305 females (71.6%) and 96 males (23.9%), reflecting various aspects of young adulthood, as defined by Levinson's theory of individual life structure. The data were collected using the Spann-Fischer Codependency Scale, the Emotional Abuse and Emotional Neglect subscales of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the Adult Resilience Measure. The results showed that childhood emotional abuse and neglect were positively related to relationship addiction and negatively related to resilience. Furthermore, resilience was found to be a partial mediating variable in the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and codependency. However, the established model of the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between childhood emotional neglect and codependency was not statistically significant. These results suggest that childhood emotional abuse and neglect are significant predictors of codependencyand can help understand the impact of emotional abuse on codependency and resilience in young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aided by new technologies, the upsurgence of research into mitochondrial genome biology during the past 15 years suggests that we have misunderstood, and perhaps dramatically underestimated, the ongoing biological and evolutionary significance of our long-time symbiotic partner. While we have begun to scratch the surface of several topics, many questions regarding the nature of mutation and selection in the mitochondrial genome, and the nature of its relationship to the nuclear genome, remain unanswered. Although best known for their contributions to studies of developmental and aging biology, Caenorhabditis nematodes are increasingly recognized as excellent model systems to advance understanding in these areas. We review recent discoveries with relevance to mitonuclear coevolution and conflict and offer several fertile areas for future work. • Caenorhabditis are versatile models for mitonuclear coevolution research. • C. elegans mitochondrial DNA mutation spectra may reflect oxidative DNA damage. • Mitochondrial DNA deletions segregate in wild isolates and readily occur in the lab. • Nuclear-encoded mechanisms promote expansion of mitochondrial DNA deletions. • Mitochondrial genomes may be an underappreciated source of rapid adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the design activity of styling and its performance assessment within style-sensitive manufacturing companies. Based on interviews with industry professionals at such companies, we analyze how the contribution of styling and expressive products is perceived and assessed. We delineate how these companies stimulate sales and profits, enhance their brand visibility and promote the wider acknowledgment of their capabilities in the market through styling. We also describe how press coverage and design awards function as performance measures for styling activities alongside product sales. In addition, we describe how the perceived contribution of styling activities and its assessment are codependent on how the companies and their designers operate and make decisions on the expressiveness of products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé L’objectif de cette revue de la littérature est d’introduire, présenter et analyser le phénomène clinique de la codépendance. Elle présentera les modèles explicatifs, les outils de mesure et les stratégies thérapeutiques pour terminer par une analyse critique du concept et de son utilisation. La codépendance est une entité qui s’exprime à travers quelques symptômes majeurs tels que le déni, l’hyper-contrôle, la répression émotionnelle, les compulsions, la négligence de soi et une difficulté à définir des limites saines. Elle est évaluée par un outil valide et fiable qui est le Codependency Assessment Tool (CODAT). Au niveau thérapeutique, les spécialistes mettent l’accent sur l’importance du diagnostic pré-thérapeutique, sur le développement de stratégies thérapeutiques ciblées et sur les bénéfices d’un suivi à la fois individuel et groupal. Au niveau collectif, ce sont notamment les programmes en 12 étapes, tel que Al-Anon ou Codépendants Anonymes, qui proposent des groupes de parole adaptés à cette symptomatologie bien qu’ils insistent sur des limites qu’il est important de connaître. Malgré un intérêt pour ce concept du fait de son utilité clinique et de sa résonance chez certains patients qui en sont porteurs, certains auteurs soulèvent l’existence de failles conceptuelles ainsi que des données empiriques insuffisantes. La recherche exploratoire sur le phénomène et ses manifestations doit ainsi continuer. The goal of this literature review is to introduce, present and analyze the clinical phenomenon that is codependency. It will present explanatory models, measurement tools and therapeutic strategies, before introducing a critical analysis of this concept and its use. Codependency is an entity defined by several major symptoms such as denial, hyper-control, emotional repression, compulsions, self-neglect and a difficulty setting healthy boundaries. It is evaluated with a valid and reliable tool, called the Codependency Assessment Tool (CODAT). On a therapeutic level, specialists underline the importance of a pre-therapeutic diagnosis and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies. They also emphasize the benefits of combined individual and group therapy. On a collective level, 12 step programs, such as Al-Anon and Codependents Anonymous, offer support groups adapted to these symptoms although they insist on certain limits that must be understood. Despite an interest for this concept because of its clinical usefulness and its resonance with certain patients that suffer from it, certain authors mention conceptual flaws and insufficient empirical data. Thus, exploratory research concerning this phenomenon and its effects must continue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T cell exhaustion is a major impediment to antitumor immunity. However, it remains elusive how other immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) contribute to this dysfunctional state. Here, we show that the biology of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and exhausted T cells (T ex) in the TME is extensively linked. We demonstrate that in vivo depletion of TAMs reduces exhaustion programs in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and reinvigorates their effector potential. Reciprocally, transcriptional and epigenetic profiling reveals that T ex express factors that actively recruit monocytes to the TME and shape their differentiation. Using lattice light sheet microscopy, we show that TAM and CD8+ T cells engage in unique, long-lasting, antigen-specific synaptic interactions that fail to activate T cells but prime them for exhaustion, which is then accelerated in hypoxic conditions. Spatially resolved sequencing supports a spatiotemporal self-enforcing positive feedback circuit that is aligned to protect rather than destroy a tumor. [Display omitted] • Onset of T cell exhaustion in cancer is linked to TAM abundance • T ex express myeloid-related factors to shape myeloid cell recruitment and phenotype • TAMs form uniquely long-lasting synapses with CD8+ T cells that license exhaustion • ZipSeq reveals spatial coordination of TAM-T ex axis in inner regions of tumors Kersten et al. demonstrate a spatiotemporal co-dependency between tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and exhausted CD8+ T cells (T ex) in cancer. T ex shape myeloid cell recruitment and phenotype. Reciprocally, through antigen-specific stable synapses, TAMs contribute to exhaustion programs in CD8+ T cells, together with hypoxia, prominent in inner regions of the tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: As drug abuse and addiction have been shown to decrease adherence to treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) or HIV, screening for substance use should be standard clinical practice in those undergoing an evaluation for these diseases. Aims: To assess the effectiveness of the Kreek–McHugh–Schluger–Kellogg (KMSK) scale to quantify substance use and dependence among patients with viral hepatitis. Methods: The KMSK scale, a validated instrument that quantifies lifetime use of alcohol, cocaine, heroin, and tobacco, was distributed to 161 consecutive patients referred to a hepatology clinic at an academic, tertiary-care center over a 1-year period. Results: Of the 159 patients who returned the KMSK scale, 62% reported illicit drug use and 30% met defined criteria for lifetime dependence on cocaine or heroin. We found that 15% of our population at some time had been co-dependent on cocaine and heroin. The KMSK scale identified significantly more cocaine, heroin, and alcohol use than that detected through the medical record (χ 2 =7.61, p <0.01, χ 2 =9.66, p <0.002, respectively). Cocaine dependence was significantly higher among HCV/HIV co-infected than among mono-infected patients (χ 2 =5.46, p <0.02). Conclusions: The KMSK scale may be useful to diagnose drug and alcohol use and dependence among patients undergoing evaluation for treatment of viral hepatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is critical to technological progress and has many theories to explain its processes. Organised competition has been shown empirically to provide an alternative pathway for innovation within an industry, increasing innovation rates and radicalness. This research introduces and develops the new staged competition innovation theory which builds on the well-understood diffusion of innovation theory and the Technology–Organisation–Environment framework to explain how decision-making and technological, organisational, and environmental characteristics of industry-based competition can drive innovation activity. The new theory comprises three principles that demonstrate how a well-designed staged competition provides: (1) a unique innovation mechanism away from parent industry constraints, (2) a unique agile environment that can increase innovation development, and (3) a return pathway for adoption back to the parent industry. Principle 2 addresses the specific competition environment criteria required to drive innovation, beginning with a co-dependency between organiser and teams in providing team confidence and a mutually beneficial outcome for both parties. Relative advantage drives teams to innovate by generating competitive pressure, while a variable solution space due to competition specific rules and competition brief clarity direct innovation efforts. Finally, competition repetition provides ongoing innovation transfer between teams within the competition and to the parent industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-dependency has become an important concept in the treatment of substance abuse, yet there is still disagreement about what it means. The meaning of co-dependency is important because it shapes public perceptions of helping behavior and affects the treatment that persons with addictions receive. However, some observers have criticized co-dependency, arguing that the concept is gender-biased, denigrates women, and blames innocent victims of substance abuse. This investigation examined the social construction of co-dependency in the treatment of substance abuse by asking substance-abuse counselors three questions: (a) what do they mean by co-dependency, (b) to what extent does co-dependency mean women, and (c) to what extent do they agree. The findings suggest that co-dependency is a reliable social construction that substance-abuse counselors use to describe persons of both genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a report from the `American Journal of Nursing' on codependency problems of health professionals. Definition of codependent behavior; Effects on emotional well-being of practitioners; Suggestions for testing and treatment of codependency.