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• A choice experiment was used to assess tourist preferences and willingness to pay for the conservation of a national intangible cultural heritage. • The results show that tourists have a strong preference and high willingness to pay for the performance and inheritance of the intangible cultural heritage. • The models reveal the heterogeneity of respondent preferences, providing empirical support for diversified conservation strategies in practice. The conservation and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage is of great significance to local communities and all mankind. Combining intangible cultural heritage with tourism is considered to be a viable mechanism to support and protect the heritage. This study aims to assess tourist preference and willingness to pay for various conservation measures by taking the national intangible cultural heritage of the Changdao fishermen's work song as a case study. Based on 892 respondents, the analysis showed that tourists have a strong preference and high willingness to pay for the performance and inheritance of the Changdao fishermen's work song. This implies that Changdao fishermen's work song may contribute to socioeconomic development. The results provide valuable practical implications for the conservation of intangible cultural heritage. Additionally, the random parameters logit model with error component (RPL-EC) and the latent class (LC) logit model reveal the heterogeneity of respondent preferences, providing empirical support for diversified conservation strategies in practice. Finally, this study further validates the applicability of the choice experiments method in the assessment of intangible cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As more physiologists start to incorporate animal behavior into their experiments, especially in the olfactory behavior research field, some considerations are often overlooked, partly due to the inherited way that physiological experiments are traditionally designed and performed. Here we highlight some of these subtle but important considerations and make a case for why these might affect the results collected from behavioral assays. Our aim is to provide useful suggestions for increased standardization of methods so they can be more easily replicated among different experiments and laboratories. We have focused on areas that are less likely to be mentioned in the materials and methods section of a manuscript such as starvation, preliminary experiments, appropriate sample sizes and considerations when choosing an odorant for an assay. Additionally, we are strongly cautioning against the use of alarm cue to generate behavioral responses due to its highly unstable chemical properties/potency. Instead, we suggest using pure chemicals (made up of one known molecule) such as amino acids, bile acids, or polyamines that are commercially available and easier to make up in known concentrations. Lastly, we strongly suggest using environmentally relevant concentrations of these odorants. We believe these guidelines will help standardize these assays and improve replication of experiments within and between laboratories. [Display omitted] • We provide considerations when performing olfactory behavioral tests. • These include using appropriate samples sizes, pure chemicals as odorants at environmentally relevant concentrations. • Avoid starving animals when testing predator odorants and avoid using alarm cue. • Use appropriate lighting and avoid air exposure of the animal when transferring from exposure tank to the behavioral arena. • These are aimed at increasing reproducibility of results in this research field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing interest in demand-side interventions aimed at reducing residential peak-hour electricity consumption in response to energy transition. However, limited knowledge exists regarding residents' willingness to accept compensation (WTC) for power rationing during peak hours. This study empirically evaluates the compensation standards based on residents' willingness to accept power rationing in peak hours based on the Choice Experiment (CE). The results indicate that residents are concerned most with the attributes of power rationing seasons and power rationing periods, requiring higher compensation for power rationing in summer and at night, whether on weekdays or non-weekdays. Further analysis reveals significant regional and group heterogeneity. Specifically, residents in northern regions are not significantly concerned about the power rationing durations compared to those in southern regions, while they are more on power rationing degrees. Analysis based on the Latent Class Analysis (LCA) model shows that two classes of residents are willing to participate in the power rationing agreement for free on both weekdays and non-weekdays, as well as two categories of residents unwilling to participate in the compensated power rationing on non-weekdays. Based on this, we estimate that the adjusted participation rate of residents in compensated power rationing is 96.59% on weekdays, with compensation ranges from 0.67 ￥/kWh to 13.38 ￥/kWh, and a participation rate of 69.69% on non-weekdays, with compensation levels ranging from 3.99 ￥/kWh to 15.34 ￥/kWh. This paper also assesses the costs of power rationing compensation to provide evidence for policymakers when determining the compensation level of the power rationing program. • Power rationing season and periods are the most concerned by residents compared with other attributes. • Heterogeneity in regional and group preferences for compensated power rationing is estimated. • Residents' participation rate in power rationing is 96.59% on weekdays and 69.69% on non-weekdays. • The compensation level is 0.67–13.38 ￥/kWh on weekdays and 3.99–15.34 ￥/kWh on non-weekdays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any decrease in global warming and its effects can only occur with a substantial reduction in anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. In this context, renewable energy sources, particularly emerging sources, may play a central role in accelerating the transition from fossil fuels to cleaner energy sources. Emerging energy sources are renewable and have the potential to reduce global warming emissions; however, they are in the early development stages. These technologies include enhanced geothermal processes, artificial photosynthesis, and marine energy. In this study, we assess the main attributes that determine the social acceptance of renewable marine energy projects, highlighting individual preferences and heterogeneity for these projects. The results show that energy generation, ecological impact, job creation, co-ownership, and distributional justice are statistically significant attributes that support projects. However, individual preferences are highly heterogeneous. The existence of distinct classes (two in this case) with different preferences for marine energy attributes indicates that the one-size-fits-all approach may be inappropriate. Instead, policymakers and energy producers should tailor their proposals to meet the needs of both groups, considering their preferences and concerns. [Display omitted] • We assess the main attributes determining the social acceptance of marine energy projects. • We highlight individual preferences heterogeneity for marine projects. • We found that co-ownership and distributional justice affect a project's social acceptance. • We found two distinct classes with different preferences for marine energy attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many countries are actively promoting a community solar program, which is a community energy program centered on solar photovoltaic power generation, as a public participation-type energy policy. In this study, we analyze the preferences of potential participants in community solar programs from the perspective of policymakers to identify public acceptance and draw policy implications. As a methodology, the choice experiment with a stated preference method is used to analyze the preferences on the individual attributes of community solar energy in terms of business model targeting Korean who are the potential participants. Furthermore, we observed the homogeneity of preferences within each group and the heterogeneity of preferences between groups by dividing the groups based on the latent class model estimation. The results of this study show that the attributes of the community solar program, such as the operating agent, contract period, expected return, and participatory management, have a significant impact on the acceptance of potential consumers, and that there are clear differences between potential classes. The results can be used as basic data for the community energy projects and can contribute to designing succecesful energy policies not only for Korea but also for governments of other countries pursuing carbon neutrality. • We analyze the preferences of potential participants in community solar programs. • The choice experiment with a stated preference method is used to analyze the preferences. • We observe heterogeneity of preferences between groups using the latent class model. • The attributes such as operating agent have a significant impact on the acceptance of consumers. • This study can contribute to designing successful energy policies for worldwide governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A choice experiment (CE) with approximately 1000 respondents was designed and conducted to estimate economic benefits associated with air quality improvements in Hanoi City, the capital of Vietnam. In this CE application, different scenarios of air quality improvements were described based on reduction in morbidity and mortality risk, and increase in urban tree cover to elicit respondents' willingness-to-pay (WTP). To gain better understanding of the WTP estimates, the econometric analysis applied several models, including conditional logit models, a mixed logit model, a generalized multinomial logit model and a latent class model. The WTP for maximal improvements is about 0.16–1.88% of household income. Results of marginal WTP for reduction in morbidity and mortality risk suggest that the values of statistical illness relating to air pollution range from USD1,120 to USD8,280, and the values of statistical life fall between USD7,100 and 64,700. Based on marginal WTP for boosting urban tree cover, aggregate WTP estimated for Hanoi population is about USD18.6–124 million per year to achieve the tree cover level of 18m2 per capita. Given the budget limitation, the information on residents' WTP for improving air quality would be useful for policy makers to invest efficiently in controlling air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates drivers or hindrances to households' adoption of behavioural changes concerning energy efficiency at home. A Choice Experiment survey has been conducted to elicit households' preferences regarding adoption of innovative heating/cooling systems in Ireland and Italy. The choice data is analysed through a Latent Class model, and posterior analysis is used for class profiling, aimed to detect the emergence of factors identified in the literature. In both country samples respondents could be grouped in three classes according to their preferences and willingness to pay for adoption of innovative heat pump systems. Early adopters, younger and with higher education, exhibit strong pro-innovation attitudes. Conversely, Laggards, typically older and less educated, display hesitancy, and may require substantial subsidies for adoption. Late adopters value trialability and rely less on social networks. Information processing varies according to individual capabilities and social contexts. Hence, we recommend targeted information to enhance awareness of benefits and on feasibility of installation in different types of dwelling. Technical information and support, possibly complemented by demonstration activities, is suggested to foster innovation, especially among less advantaged households. • Assessment of drivers and barriers to adoption of energy efficient heating systems. • A survey with Choice Experiments in Ireland and Italy. • Willingness to pay for innovative systems is assessed through a Latent Class model. • Three classes identified with specific preferences and willingness to pay. • Profiling confirms the importance of attitudinal factors and trialability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Best-worst scaling (BWS) is a theory-driven choice experiment used for the prioritization of a finite number of options. Within the context of prioritization, BWS is also known as MaxDiff, BWS object case, and BWS Case 1. Now used in numerous fields, we conducted a transdisciplinary literature review of all published applications of BWS focused on prioritization to compare norms on the development, design, administration, analysis, and quality of BWS applications across fields. We identified 526 publications published before 2023 in the fields of health (n = 195), agriculture (n = 163), environment (n = 50), business (n = 50), linguistics (n = 24), transportation (n = 24), and other fields (n = 24). The application of BWS has been doubling every four years. BWS is applied globally with greatest frequency in North America (27.0%). Most studies had a clearly stated purpose (94.7%) that was empirical in nature (89.9%) with choices elicited in the present tense (90.9%). Apart from linguistics, most studies: applied at least one instrument development method (94.3%), used BWS to assess importance (63.1%), used 'most/least' anchors (85.7%), and conducted heterogeneity analysis (69.0%). Studies predominantly administered surveys online (58.0%) and infrequently included formal sample size calculations (2.9%). BWS designs in linguistics differed significantly from other fields regarding the average number of objects (p < 0.01), average number of tasks (p < 0.01), average number of objects per task (p = 0.03), and average number of tasks presented to participants (p < 0.01). On a 5-point scale, the average PREFS score was 3.0. This review reveals the growing application of BWS for prioritization and promises to foster new transdisciplinary avenues of inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the pressing challenges to economic development in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is access to electrical power. In Nigeria, there is a large gap in electricity access between rural and urban areas; only about 40% have access in rural areas as compared to almost 60% in urban areas. A potential solution is the use of off-grid solar electricity to meet their needs. This article seeks to assess the tradeoffs involved in using off-grid solar electricity from the perspective of Nigerian households. Given their generally low income levels, the research focuses on the lower end of the market for off-grid solar electricity: solar chargers. It uses choice experiments to measure households' preferences for solar electricity by exploring attributes rural households are looking for in solar chargers. The relationship between households' preferences and off-grid solar electricity was analyzed using a random parameter logit model. Findings indicate that confidence in the quality of the product was the most important variable, and that respondents associated higher priced solar chargers with higher quality. These findings suggest that energy companies making off-grid electricity technology could consider offering warrantees for high-quality products in order to build consumers' trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the optimal design literature for paired comparison choice experiments it has been proposed that respondent heterogeneity can be modelled by introducing fixed block effects into the linear predictor of the multinomial logit model and D -optimal utility-neutral designs for the modified version of the model have been derived by orthogonally blocking D -optimal utility-neutral designs for the model without block effects. In this paper, we first discuss the proper interpretation of the block effects showing that they only explain a special and non-standard type of respondent heterogeneity which refers to the order in which the alternatives in each pair are presented. Secondly, for the special case of the choice model with block effects in which the main effects of K two-level attributes are to be estimated we show how by using a previously unnoticed relationship with blocked two-level main effects plans for the linear 2 K factorial model new designs for choice experiments can be constructed. These designs are usually non-orthogonally blocked and locally D -optimal in a certain subclass of designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine evidence from two unique discrete choice experiments (DCE) on long term care insurance and values several of its relevant attributes. More specifically, the experiments examine choices made by a large sample made of 15,298 individuals in the United States with and without insurance. We study the valuation of a number of insurance attributes, namely the daily insurance benefit, insurance coverage, the compulsory and voluntary nature of the insurance policy design, alongside the costs (insurance premium) and health requirements. This paper elicits both respondents' preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for these care insurance's attributes using a random parameter logit model, and assesses the heterogeneity of choice responses using demographic, socioeconomic and attitudinal motivations to segment response to insurance choices. We find that an increase in the insurance premium by an additional $100 would reduce insurance uptake by 1pp. Insurance policy uptake is higher when it provides benefits for the lifetime (the monthly marginal WTP being $178.64), and voluntary (the monthly marginal WTP increases by an extra $74.71) as opposed to universal, and when it forgoes health checks (the monthly marginal WTP increases by an extra 28US$). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The influence of nutritional warnings on consumers' choice of a snack was evaluated. • An experiment involving real products and real choices was conducted. • When products displayed warnings, 50% of participants fixated their gaze on them. • Nutritional warnings encouraged participants to choose unhealthful products less frequently. Nutritional warnings have been recently introduced as a new front-of-pack nutrition labelling scheme. Its particular goal is to facilitate the identification of products with excessive content of nutrients, given these are associated with non-communicable diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of nutritional warnings on consumers' choice of a snack in a choice experiment involving real products. A total of 199 participants were asked to evaluate a series of bread images on a computer screen using eye-tracking glasses. Once they finished the task, they were invited to help themselves a snack from a shelf as a compensation for their participation in the study. A total of 15 snack products with different nutritional composition were included on the shelf. Participants were randomly divided into groups: one that made their choice from a shelf containing products that did not include front-of-package nutritional information, whereas the other chose among products that featured nutritional warnings. Participants in both experiments invested an average of 14 s to select their product. When products were presented with warnings, 50% of the participants fixated their gaze on the warnings during the choice task. Significant differences in the frequency of selection of the products (p = 0.002) were found between the groups. When the warnings were present, participants chose products with fewer warnings and lower average sodium, saturated fat, and sugar content (p < 0.001). These findings confirm the potential of nutritional warnings to encourage more healthful food choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade, an increasing number of new value-added aquaculture products made their way onto the European market, as a response to growing demand for healthier diet, and more sustainable and locally produced protein sources. The importance of these drivers of consumer choice for aquaculture products' acceptance paves the way for a relevant reorientation of the European aquaculture industry towards a more consumer-centred approach. This research uses discrete choice experiments to examine the effect of health and nutrition claims, country-of-origin (COO), and eco-labels on consumer choice of new aquaculture products in a cross-cultural context. Three products with different preserving methods have been chosen for the study: fresh (chilled), canned, and smoked product. Results indicate that COO label "produced in own country" together with ASC eco-label function better than the health and nutrition claims as driver of choice. Results further point to the existence of different segments of "nutrition conscious", "ethnocentric", "price conscious", and "eco-conscious" consumers. Importance of health and nutrition claims, country-of-origin (COO) and eco (ASC) label per consumer segment: "nutrition conscious", "ethnocentric", "price conscious" and "eco-conscious". Unlabelled Image • Conditional logit and latent class analysis to model aquaculture products choice • COO label - produced in own country and ASC eco-label main drivers of choice • Nutrition conscious, ethnocentric, price conscious and eco-conscious segments • Guidance for the development of new value-added aquaculture products [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Natura 2000 network has to be properly managed for supplying ecosystem services. • We assessed the value of ecosystem services under different management options. • Annual average benefit per hectare is €75 in the less demanding. • Monetary valuation provides a measurement of efficacy of current expenditures. Abstract Natura 2000 is a network of habitats, the largest coordinated network of protected areas in the world, managed under the same regulatory framework. Although the main aim of the network is to protect the habitat, it also considers the economic, social and cultural needs of the people involved. Moreover, Natura 2000 is recognised for its provision of several ecosystem services and it has, therefore, put management plans in place for these areas. This paper assessed residents' preferences for provisioning, regulating and supporting ecosystem services provided by the Region of Umbria network. The Willingness To Pay for improving such ecosystems services is also estimated and used to evaluate the overall benefit provided by the management of the network in two hypothetical scenarios. The average benefit per hectare per year for achieving the less demanding scenario is €75, whereas an additional €64 is required for the more challenging policy scenario. The estimated benefit is greater than the current expenditure for the regional management of the Natura 2000 network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Artificial reefs, a common management tool for stock enhancement of recreational fisheries and marine habitat restoration, have been deployed all over the world. However, little is known about the attractiveness of artificial compared to natural reefs to reef fishes. Here we investigated the habitat preferences of three reef fish species: Trachinops caudimaculatus, Vincentia conspersa and Trinorfoklia clarkei through the observation of recruitment patterns to three study habitats: Reef Ball reefs, custom-designed artificial reefs, and natural reefs in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Additionally, we examined habitat preferences of new recruits of T. caudimaculatus and V. conspersa using laboratory-based habitat choice experiments. In general, T. caudimaculatus recruitment was at least twice as high on natural reefs compared to both artificial reefs, whereas V. conspersa recruitment was almost three times greater on Reef Ball reefs compared to the other two habitats. T. clarkei recruited in equal numbers across all habitats. However, in the laboratory experiments T. caudimaculatus recruits selected the Reef Ball reef almost three times as often as the other two habitats, while V. conspersa exhibited no habitat preference. Little is known about the growth, condition, survival or reproduction of individuals that occupy artificial reefs. In areas where habitat is not limiting, the higher preference or equal attractiveness of some artificial habitats may negatively influence fish populations, if larvae are redirected to poorer quality artificial reef habitat, that lead to lower fitness advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The JYNNR – a Ramsar Site, Biosphere Reserve and important wintering ground for 15–18% of the world's Red Crowned Cranes – faces major pressure from regional development. This paper uses choice experiments to assess farmer preferences for an “eco-compensation” program targeting pesticide use by rural communities in and near the Jiangsu-Yancheng Coastal Wetlands Rare Birds National Nature Reserve (JYNNR). “Eco-compensation” is a China-specific term encompassing many incentive-based environmental management approaches. To identify options to reconcile rural welfare improvement with conservation, data was collected from 311 rural households in and near the JYNNR assessing perceptions of the JYNNR, wetland birds, use and impact of pesticides, and preferences for contracts to mitigate pesticide impacts. Results suggest that conflict with the JYNNR is growing, and that pesticide management could be an effective entry-point for engagement. The analysis finds several options for cost-effective contracts: granting rights to leave the program without penalty and increasing share of household land enrolled significantly reduce willingness-to-accept-payment (WTA), while longer contracts and larger reductions in pesticide use increase WTA, which interact meaningfully with farmer characteristics. Providing communities with training and technical support on proper pesticide use could, under specific contract structures, be sufficient to induce 100% enrollment without subsidies. Graphical Abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Choice experiments are found to be effective for engaging rural communities. • Farmer preferences for reduced pesticide use near coastal wetlands are assessed. • Policy simulations identify several low-cost agri-environmental contract options. • Households prefer shorter contracts, more land enrolled and the ability to opt out. • Preferences for pesticide use reductions vary across household types in the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Thailand has become one of the biggest exporters of agricultural products and the majority of the poor households rely on agriculture as their main source of income. Recent droughts and flooding have affected the agricultural farms especially in the upland areas of northern Thailand. Incentive based policies can play an important role in conservation and protection of agroecosystems. Hence, this paper applies a Choice Experiment approach to elicit small scale farmers' preferences for a potential payment policy scheme. Latent class models were used to analyse the farmers' responses to investigate their preferences, heterogeneity in preferences and the willingness to accept compensations. The results reveal that farmers are willing to participate in the proposed payment for ecosystem services (PES) scheme; however, overall the farmers show an aversion to drastic changes in their farming activities. The analysis suggests that majority of the farmers prefer schemes which require moderate reduction in chemical use and have shorter contract lengths. Furthermore, the study also provides cost comparisons of various policy combinations and variation in spatial patterns of the welfare estimates, which are useful for identifying the target areas for effective implementation of policy schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction This empirical study investigates, in parallel, two key questions in relation with modelling discrete choices. (i) To what extent econometric modelling estimates and predictions derived from responses to hypothetical choice scenarios differ from those of an equivalent realistic choice context (i.e. hypothetical bias)? (ii) To what extent econometric modelling estimates and predictions differ as a result of postulating “regret minimisation” as the decision rule as opposed to the “utility maximisation” assumption (i.e. decision-rule effect)? The magnitude of these two effects are also compared relatively. Methods We explore the two aforementioned problems in the context of discrete directional choices. Disaggregate experimental observations are collected from both stated-choice (SC) and realistic (or experimentally revealed) choice (RC) settings. We perform our analyses on the basis of four distinct criteria: parameter estimates, parameter ratios, predictions and prediction errors (in terms of disaggregate (i.e. individual-level) choice probabilities)). Results (i) Our results displayed a great degree of resemblance between the parameter estimate patterns emerged from both data sources including a perfect match between the sign and significance of the SC and RC estimates. Major observed discrepancies, however, were related to the scale of the estimates as well as certain coefficient ratios. In terms of the predictions (i.e. simulated probabilities) and prediction errors (i.e. based on a hold-out part of the sample), SC-based models performed surprisingly similar to those of their RC-based counterparts. (ii) The assumption of the decision rule made even a much less noticeable modelling difference (compared to the hypothetical bias) in both parameter estimates and predictions. The shift from utility to regret model led to only marginal differences in estimates, simulated probabilities and prediction errors. Compared to the hypothetical bias in particular, decision-rule specification was a much less impactful modelling component. Applications These findings contribute to the accumulation of the empirical evidence that can determine how and when one can make best use of the SC methods which, in essence, demands the creation of links between hypothetical and real data in various contexts of choice. Our results suggested that, at least in certain contexts and applications, choice elicitation outcomes are reasonably consistent between the hypothetical and realistic settings. The findings also add to the existing evidence that point at the virtual neutrality of the discrete-choice modelling outcomes to the use of utility versus regret optimisation assumption as the choice rule. Future directions The study also leaves us with the further question of how the observed similarity/dissimilarity patterns (SC versus RC; and regret versus utility) would materialise if aggregate prediction measures are of main concern (as opposed to the use of disaggregate measures). The question has particular bearings on applications in which discrete-choice models are applied to simulate or predict a whole system (i.e. when discrete choice models perform as part of a broader model) as a common practice in transport studies. This question will be investigated in a subsequent work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Integrated approach to ecosystem services valuation is presented. • Ecological, social, and economic valuations are integrated in process and results. • Application of multiple methods ensures engagement of multiple stakeholders. • Approach explains different perspectives on importance of ecosystem services. • Four typified perspectives are discovered and explored. Abstract An integrated approach to understanding ecosystem service values in Wyoming and Montana, USA is presented. The assessment encompasses a major river basin, and includes a synthesis of existing data and research related to the natural system and separate data collection efforts regarding the social and economic importance of ecosystem services. A holistic look at the social-ecological system provides nuanced information about ecosystem service values and tradeoffs for the purpose of public land decision-making. The initial ecological assessment concluded that water resources were particularly vulnerable, which guided the social and economic assessments. The social assessment applied Q-methodology, ultimately identifying and exploring four archetypes regarding views on the importance of 34 ecosystem services, which were dubbed "environmental", "agricultural", "Native American", and "recreation". The economic assessment applied choice modeling to understand non-market values of ecosystem services (i.e., agricultural community, aquatic biodiversity, river angling, and motorized winter recreation), and latent class analysis provided insight into preference heterogeneity previously indicated in the social assessment. The structured approach can inform natural resource decision-making by including several different perspectives, integrating multiple spatial scales, highlighting particular ecosystem services as relevant within the context of many ecosystem services, and facilitating relations between the public and natural resource stewards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to analyze preferences for various management options at the Atlantic Islands National Park in Spain, a stated choice survey was carried out. The complexity of responses and the identification of a wide variety of heterogeneous preferences and motivations were studied through the analysis of follow up questions. The application of a latent class model employing the information gathered in the follow-up questions has proved useful to disentangle different preferences and motivations. The results show that not considering this heterogeneity in the estimation process may lead to biased results, and therefore to an erroneous interpretation of individual's management preferences. In particular, results seem to indicate that those individuals with rational responses prefer to pay more for actions to improve the quality of the National Park rather than to expand it; while those with a protest attitude are more reactive to some measures, such as visits control and the creation of smoking areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changing climatic conditions present new challenges for agricultural development in sub-Saharan Africa. Sorghum has proven to be an adaptable and resilient crop despite limited funding for crop development. Recent breeding efforts target hybrid and perennial technologies that may facilitate adaptation to climate change. Advantages of perennial crops over their annual counterparts include improved soil quality and water conservation and reduced inputs and labor requirements. In contrast, hybrid crops are often bred for improved grain yield and earlier maturation to avoid variable conditions. We use discrete choice experiments to model adoption of sorghum as a function of attributes that differ between these technologies and traditional varieties in Mali. Overall, the main perceived advantage of perennial crops is agricultural ecosystem services such as soil improvement, while adoption of hybrid crops is hampered by the inability to reuse seed. Women farmers are less concerned about higher labor requirements associated with perennial crops and the ability to reuse hybrids seeds than male farmers. Farmers prefer traditional sorghum to perennial sorghum and are indifferent between traditional and hybrid sorghum. These findings have important policy implications for understanding tradeoffs that are central to farmer decision making when it comes to breeding technologies for climate adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine how key aspects of voluntary climate action influence economic values of aviation carbon offsets using an Australian case study, where voluntary carbon offset programs for the aviation sector were active under a carbon tax between July 01, 2012 and July 17, 2014. An online survey was administered during the period using choice experiments. This rare and short-lived Australian experience is useful to gain insights into how individuals respond to the new public policy in terms of the perceived economic value of voluntary offsets for air travel. According to the estimation results, supporters of the mandatory tax policy held a welfare value of voluntary carbon offsets for their domestic flights that is three times larger than non-supporters (i.e., $AU27.83 vs. $AU9.40). It is $AU12.27 on average per ton of carbon offsets per person for domestic flights and $AU0.92 for international long-haul flights. The findings endorse that individuals seem to attach personal responsibility for carbon emissions (i.e. climate liability or carbon conscience) to frequent domestic flights, but not so much to intercontinental flights. Furthermore, reported flight frequencies by respondents did not place any significant impact on economic values of voluntary carbon offsets in both domestic and international frameworks. A coupled approach between forced choices and certainty responses was adapted, where no-choice options were retrieved, potentially improving choice experiments. Results suggest that airlines should consider simplifying their carbon offset programs to fixed levels (e.g. £3, £10, and £20 as in the case of British Airways), regardless of geographical boundaries, while governments should promote both mandatory and voluntary climate measures in tandem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic noise has been known to severely affect human population. The valuation of traffic noise pose a significant challenge in choice experiments as respondents have little understanding of the physical measure of noise and its associated perception. As a result, several techniques have been developed that represent noise using different methods, either based on the level of noise exposure or the respondent’s level of noise annoyance. This study examines the effect of different methods of attribute representation on respondents’ attribute understanding and valuation. The study is focussed on residential choice and residential view and sunlight are important attributes that are examined along with traffic noise. The study demonstrates that the methods of attribute representation have an important effect on respondents’ understanding of the attributes as well as in the subsequent valuation. It was found that attribute such as view is better represented using the location representation while noise is better represented using the linguistic method. Moreover, the method of attribute modelling also plays a significant role in the analysis as certain data input techniques are more suitable for some representation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Upper Green River Basin in southwestern Wyoming provides critical habitat for many species with ecological and recreational significance, including mule deer and greater sage grouse. A recent energy boom has increased economic opportunities in the region but has also placed development pressures on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Ranchers in the basin place high importance on good stewardship of land and water resources and are amenable to providing ecosystem services on their land in exchange for additional revenue. We conduct a rancher survey in the region to elicit preferences on program design for a voluntary “Payment for Ecosystem Services” program focused on maintaining or enhancing high-quality wildlife habitat and hydrologic services. Choice experiment results indicate management practices that reduce ranch revenues require higher levels of compensation than those that do not. Ranchers report that target ecosystem service is more important to them than associated payment levels, though reservation prices tend to be high relative to land values. Overall, ranchers do not express a preference for shorter contract length but those planning to sell their ranch operations do. Fewer than 25% of ranchers are satisfied with current mitigation programs, suggesting room for improvement. Findings have been used to inform development of a market-based PES program in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research explores whether carbon labels are an appropriate and effective tool for increasing climate-friendly food consumption in Europe. Using a mixed methods approach which combines choice experiments and a questionnaire with qualitative face-to-face interviews, the preferences and willingness to pay for carbon labels and claimed climate-friendliness are explored in six European countries. Our results show that the presence of a carbon label increases the purchase probability and that consumers are willing to pay a price premium of up to 20% for a carbon label in all countries included in the investigation. Regarding the design of a carbon label, a combination of a horizontal scale in traffic light like colors with an absolute number of CO 2 -equivalents is preferred. But consumers are willing to pay higher price premiums for local products than for carbon labeled products in most study countries. They tend to subsume climate-friendliness together with local and/or organic production under the umbrella terms 'eco-friendly' and 'ethical behavior'. Since they lack knowledge and problem awareness with respect to climate-friendly consumption, consumers are frequently overstrained with respect to climate-friendly buying decisions. Consumers expect policy makers and retailers to set up appropriate structures to support climate-friendly consumption. Given this, the contribution of a carbon label to a more climate-friendly consumption might be limited without the structural support of policy makers and retailers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the economic literature on the motivations underlying voluntary contributions to environmental public goods, little attention is granted to the way the overall objective of the environmental program is framed. A program which contributes to an increase of environmental quality can be perceived differently from a program designed to bring back the environmental quality to its original level, after it was damaged by human intervention. How does it impact participation rates and contribution levels? This paper addresses this issue in the context of agri-environmental schemes for biodiversity conservation. It compares farmers' willingness to participate in two contracts, one being framed as part of a biodiversity offset program, the other one as part of a biodiversity conservation program. We demonstrate with a discrete choice experiment that biodiversity-offsets programs need to offer a higher payment to enroll farmers compared to biodiversity conservation programs. This result is essentially driven by farmers who declare to have organic practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil invertebrates play a key role in agrosystems as providers of several ecosystem services. In particular, they regulate fungal communities in soils and could contribute to mitigate the impact of phytopathogenic fungi overwintering in crop residues. In this study, we investigated the food preferences of Heteromurus nitidus (Collembola) between phytopathogenic and non-pathogenic (or beneficial) fungi present in crop soils and grown in vitro. First, two fungi responsible for the most important diseases of wheat worldwide Zymoseptoria tritici and Fusarium graminearum , and eleven fungi previously served on wheat plants were offered in pathogenic/non-pathogenic pairs to springtails. We showed that Z. tritici was preferred over seven out of the eleven non-pathogenic fungi offered while F. graminearum was only preferred over four of them. Second, we assessed the impact of long-term consumption of these two phytopathogenic fungi by springtails on their population development and assessed how the development of the fungi was affected by the springtails that fed on them. During this long-term experiment, springtails were more abundant in populations fed with phytopathogenic fungus than in control populations after ten weeks. At the end of the experiment, mycelium of both fungi was reduced by springtail activity. These in vitro results suggest a potential of H. nitidus to act as a biological control agent as populations grew when fed on either fungus while reducing fungal development. This point should be confirmed by testing the fungus grown on host plant tissues and with experiments involving interactions with soil and its communities. Z. tritici appears to be a better candidate for such experiments as it was preferred in choice experiments. • In pairs, springtails preferred Zymoseptoria tritici to most non-pathogenic fungi. • Heteromurus nitidus grew and reproduced when fed with the two phytopathogenic fungi. • Mycelium of both phytopathogenic fungi decreased over time in presence of springtails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers are the ultimate value realizers of aquatic germplasm resources. Their choice preferences for a species trait are the endogenous driving force for constructing a long-term utilization mechanism for marine resources. So, this study gauges customer preferences and willingness to pay for various aquatic oyster trait qualities to provide marketable information for oyster breeding. We collected primary data from selected major cities in Shandong Province, China. Based on the choice experiment method, the data were analyzed using a mixed logit model and a latent category model to identify consumer preferences and willingness to pay for oyster trait attributes (shell shape, size, thickness, and color). We find that customer preferences for oyster characteristics vary widely. The highest willingness to pay was for the shell size trait, and the results were still significant after the information intervention. Next, the consumers' preferences for oyster trait attributes also differed between the low-market-value base consumers (70.5%) and the high-market-value market consumers (29.5%). In conclusion, this research offers recommendations from several angles to give breeders focused and practical references in identifying and protecting aquatic germplasm resources. • Chinese consumers' preferences and willingness to pay for different trait attributes of aquatic oysters. • Consumers' preferences for oyster traits were heterogeneous, and the results remained significant after the information intervention. • Consumers' preferences for oyster trait attributes also differed among different categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rio Paraiba do Sul is a highly polluted river in south central Brazil, that is contaminated by industrial, agricultural and municipal wastes, as well as being impacted by dams, water withdrawals and deforestation in the watershed. Since only very intensive and farreaching environmental policies could result in water quality improvements, valuing the restoration of the river presents many unique challenges. We develop a choice-modeling approach to valuation of the restoration of this river, with general tightening of environmental policy as the policy, and an increase in prices as the payment vehicle. The estimation is performed in willingness to pay space, adjusting for heterogeneity of tastes. We find that respondents, who are primarily low income, exhibit higher willingness to pay for complete restoration than moderate restoration, higher for moderate restoration in comparison to minimal restoration, and that they prefer restoration sooner, rather than later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study represents a first analysis of citizens’ willingness to pay (WTP) for agroecosystem services in a Baltic country (Lithuania). Since it is part of the European Union, Lithuania applied environmental agriculture schemes to support the production of agroecosystem services by farmers. Therefore, understanding the demand of such services may help policy makers to allocate funds. This study revealed that Lithuanian residents are concerned about environmental problems that may be caused by agriculture. Moreover, while the provision of agroecosystem services is demanded, citizens show very different tastes concerning these services. The application of a latent class model highlights three groups of citizens with different tastes and levels of WTP. Among the ecosystem services tested, the landscape provisions show the highest level of heterogeneity across the class. This study’s findings provide quantitative information concerning the demand for improvements in agroecosystem services through agri-environmental protection programmes. The obtained data supports the conclusion that choice experiments are a reliable tool to analyse consumers’ preferences related to environmental protection in Lithuania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) has been put forward as a potential sustainable alternative to single fin fish species aquaculture. In IMTA, several species are combined in the production process. Integrating species has a conceivable dual advantage; the environmental impact can be lowered through nutrient cycling and from an economic perspective there is potential for increased efficiency, product diversification and a higher willingness to pay for more environmentally friendly produced salmon. This paper presents the results from a choice experiment which examines whether the Irish public is willing to pay a premium for “sustainably produced” farmed salmon from an IMTA process. Uniquely, an ecolabel was used in the design, based on familiar energy rating labels, to communicate the environmental pressure of fish farming to respondents. The experiment demonstrates that the Irish public has a willingness to pay a price premium for sustainability in salmon farming and for locally produced salmon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use stated preference data to analyze modal choice for freight transport when information about attribute cut-offs is introduced into the utility specification. Different choice models are estimated to account for the negative effect produced when these threshold values are violated. In order to better understand the heterogeneity in shippers’ preferences, a latent class model incorporating cut-offs penalties is estimated. Our results provide evidence of the existence of differentiated classes of individuals regarding both the perception of the main attributes affecting modal choice in the corridor under analysis and penalties imposed when these attributes do not meet acceptable levels of service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates how landscape changes made in order to improve the visual quality of olive groves may trigger first and second-order effects (FOEs and SOEs) on the rural economy. The choice experiment method is combined with the probability of visiting to estimate the marginal increase in recreational demand derived from the combination of three landscape elements: green cover, stone walls and woodland islets. The results suggest that the improvement of the aesthetic value of landscape (mainly through green covers and stone walls) creates a real, positive asset (due to its FOEs and SOEs) for the local economies in rural areas. The promotion of the recreational value of these areas to attract more visitors and so bring in more income could be a profitable policy, which could be implemented by hybridizing the current Agri-environmental scheme with a Payment for Ecosystem Services approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In some Asian countries, the pursuit of high yields often leads to excessive application of chemical fertilizer, negatively impacting the environment. We use the Choice Experiment approach to investigate the preferences of rice farmers in Taiwan for a potential Agri-environmental Scheme (AES), which would aim at an optimization of fertilizer use. We are especially interested in how such an AES would optimally be designed and whether it is possible to reduce its costs by offering the farmers lower payments in exchange for an eco-label. We find that farmers have a significant preference for an eco-label and would accept lower payments in exchange. They also prefer to retain some flexibility and keep some land out of the AES. Moreover, we also find that a share of the farmers would never join an AES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates communication treatments and price differentiation for beef raised organically and in conventional animal husbandry production systems. Data were obtained from a choice experiment, assessing animal husbandry, organic or conventional production and price, with 676 consumers in six grocery stores in three different German cities. When choosing beef, participants exhibited a high preference for enhanced husbandry conditions and organic production. Without further information about the husbandry conditions, ‘organic’ and ‘pasture-based’ production labelling was most likely to influence buying decisions. When informed about the conditions of ‘extensive suckler cow husbandry’, consumers were most likely to be motivated by the label ‘extensive suckler cow husbandry’, followed by ‘organic production’; accordingly, willingness to pay for a beef steak was highest for ‘extensive suckler cow husbandry’. Informing consumers about suckler cow husbandry results in a change of their preferences from ‘organic’ to ‘extensive suckler cow husbandry’. This holds great potential for extensively produced beef. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protection of water, land, and air resources has profound implications for the sustainability of ecosystem services provided to societies that are embedded within economies, global systems, and socio-cultural and political contexts. This study assessed preferences for provisioning, regulating, and supporting ecosystem services, specifically, climate regulation (carbon sequestration), nutrient control (water quality), and agricultural and forest productivity, and the willingness to pay for protection of these ecosystem services by residents in the Suwannee River Basin of Florida, as assessed through a household mail survey and choice experiment. A conditional logit model was used to evaluate preferences and marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) under different scenarios. Survey respondents identified nutrient control (water quality) as the most important service, while agricultural and forestry production was somewhat important, and climate regulation/carbon sequestration was the least important. Respondents expressed the highest level of trust in local government agencies to implement ecosystem service protection programs, and welcomed the implementation of such programs anywhere in the basin, but not close to their home. The average MWTP was extremely low (<$2/household/year) when compared to other studies, and suggests that respondents have many competing interests for their discretionary spending in relation to environmental amenities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The livestock sector has a high impact in terms of carbon footprint. Lowering GHG emission from the livestock sector deals with implementing climate neutral production techniques in a cost effectiveness way and with developing market communication to make carbon free diary products competitive with alternative products. This study aimed at analyzing how information and communications could impact or affect the consumer's attitude toward climate neutral fresh milk. The research focused on a case study carried out in Tuscany among a sample of supermarket customers, to assess consumer attitude toward fresh climate neutral milk using choice experiments methods. The participants were asked to attend a focus group meeting made of four different sessions. During the first session participants were asked to fill a background questionnaire and to watch a short documentary video about the climate change risks. A second session consisted in a choice experiment in which participants were presented with 12 choices, each describing a scenario in which the milk key attributes were planned at different levels (price, organic labeling and carbon footprint labeling). During the third session the focus group discussions was developed following a semi-structured debate about environmental labeling, climate neutral labeling and the environmental impact of individual's purchasing behavior. In the fourth session participants were asked to express their preferences on the choice-sets with the same scenarios presented in the second session, in order to assess variation in individual willingness to pay (WTP) toward climate neutral and organic milk. Results show that communication could play a role in changing consumer attitude toward carbon free products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because edible insects provide nutritional and environmental benefits, there is a focus on establishing and optimizing the insect production sector and developing the value chain. However, little is known about consumers’ reactions to insects as food. This paper provides a first insight into consumers’ preferences for termite-based food products (TBFPs) using data from a choice experiment survey in Kenya. A novel feature of this paper is that it investigates the combined effects of product-related and contextual attributes, as well as consumer attitudes on preferences for TBFPs. In addition, the paper focuses on the extent to which preferences may be affected depending on the meal formats, i.e. whether the termites are introduced either as whole insects or as a processed component in a typical daily meal. The results suggest that consumers prefer TBFPs with high nutritional value and especially when they are recommended by officials. Results further indicate that affirmative recommendations are particularly important for the processed TBFP, and consumers prefer to buy this type of product in kiosks or supermarkets than at local marketplaces. Despite a considerable degree of preference heterogeneity, most consumers react positively to whole as well as processed termites. Therefore, the introduction of TBFPs is likely to succeed regardless of whether the termites are processed or not, although introducing the processed product may require further information and quality assurances to alleviate perceived food risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benefit transfer methods rely on past models and results, so it is important to know whether economic values are stable over time or are subject to change, either because of the reliability of the methodology or due to actual preference changes. The temporal stability of willingness to pay (WTP) has been tested extensively for contingent valuation, but rarely for stated preference choice experiments (CE). We use data from two identical CE surveys on different samples from the same population that occurred 17 months apart (Spring 2009 and Fall 2010) to estimate and compare mean WTP and preference parameters associated with threatened and endangered marine species protection. Our models account for both preference and scale heterogeneity, and the results suggest both types of heterogeneity matter. Tests of preference stability suggest stable preferences between 2009 and 2010. Furthermore, WTP values estimated from both surveys are not statistically different. This provides evidence that economic values estimated using CE methods are temporally stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose three procedures based on association rules (AR) learning and random forests (RF) to support the specification of a portfolio choice model applied in data from complex choice experiment data, specifically a Participatory Value Evaluation (PVE) choice experiment. In a PVE choice experiment, respondents choose a combination of alternatives, subject to a resource constraint. We combine a methodological-iterative (MI) procedure with AR learning and RF models to support the specification of parameters of a portfolio choice model. Additionally, we use RF model predictions to contrast the validity of the behavioural assumptions of different specifications of the portfolio choice model. We use data of a PVE choice experiment conducted to elicit the preferences of Dutch citizens for lifting COVID-19 measures. Our results show model fit and interpretation improvements in the portfolio choice model, compared with conventional model specifications. Additionally, we provide guidelines on the use of outcomes from AR learning and RF models from a choice modelling perspective. • We propose data-driven methods to assist specification of portfolio choice models. • We use data from a Participatory Value Evaluation (PVE) experiment. • We obtain goodness-of-fit and interpretation improvements from assisted models. • Additional interpretations are possible from outcomes from data-driven methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal and marine resources in Barbados supply a wide range of goods and services including seafood, numerous recreation opportunities, wildlife habitat, and coastal protection. These resources also serve as the foundation of the Barbados tourism product and provide indirect economic support via employment, income, and tax revenues. Despite their obvious importance to the economy and culture of Barbados, the economic value of many aspects of coastal and marine resources have not been directly studied. An understanding of preferences and willingness to pay for coastal and marine characteristics can be useful in terms of developing efficient, cost-effective natural resource policies, particularly with regard to tourism, the principle economic driver in Barbados. This research summarizes the results of an economic valuation study aimed at understanding visitor perceptions of environmental quality, preferences for coastal amenities and willingness to pay for changes in coastal lodging attributes. Results indicate that visitors to Barbados have strong preferences for beach-front lodging and a strong aversion to beach litter. Differences in willingness to pay to avoid litter at the lower end of the litter spectrum illustrate the potential for significant economic gains to be realized through beach cleanup efforts. Tourists also display an aversion to narrow beaches, but do not seem to place much value on additional width beyond a threshold width of 8–10 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, fisheries managers have been faced with high uncertainty about Atlantic goliath grouper ( Epinephelus itajara ) stock status, especially due to the lack of fishery-dependent data since the harvest moratorium in 1990. Regardless of this uncertainty, the angling community has been pressuring fishery managers to open the goliath grouper to recreational take, while the diving community has been pressuring managers to keep the fishery closed due to the touted ecotourism value of the spawning aggregations. A previous study estimated that resident anglers in Florida who wanted the fishery open were willing to pay between US$34 and US$79 to harvest a goliath grouper. Using a survey instrument with choice experiments, the present study estimated that divers ( n = 1537) off eastern Florida would be willing to pay approximately US$103 for a dive trip with one goliath grouper encounter during the months of their spawning aggregation (August–October), and US$202 if there are 40 goliath grouper (such as is common on a many spawning aggregation sites). Results suggested that divers coming from outside of Florida were willing to pay higher rates for dive trips with goliath grouper encounters; and at spawning aggregations sites, willingness to pay was estimated around US$336 for these non-Florida divers. Based on life-history traits of goliath grouper and the high value of their spawning aggregation sites, we suggest any changes in goliath grouper policy that would negatively impact spawning aggregation numbers be made with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The planned re-introduction of nuclear energy in Italy was abandoned in the aftermath of the Fukushima nuclear accident. Twenty years earlier, soon after the Chernobyl accident, Italians had also voted against nuclear energy. However, a new nuclear energy technology, i.e. fourth generation, is under research and development. This paper investigates its social acceptance by means of a robust methodology, employing 1) choice experiments, 2) structural equation modeling and 3) information treatments within an online nation-wide survey. Results show a great deal of preference heterogeneity: the majority of the sampled respondents oppose new nuclear plants in Italy, with some not willing to accept any monetary compensation at all. However, another segment of respondents, more confident that fourth generation nuclear energy goals will be achieved, show a modest support towards the implementation of new nuclear projects. Additional variables were found to affect opposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many marine ecosystems are under increasing pressure from multiple stressors. In the Baltic Sea, these stressors include oil and chemical spills from shipping, nutrient run-off from land and the introduction of non-indigenous species. All of these pressures have been growing over recent years. Increasing pressures lead to reductions in environmental quality, which produce negative effects on human well-being. In this paper, the choice experiment method is used to estimate the benefits to people in Estonia resulting from reductions in pressure from multiple stressors in the Baltic Sea. The main results show that, firstly, respondents have a positive, statistically-significant willingness to pay to reduce each of the three stressors analysed. Secondly, the average willingness to pay for the improvement in the quality of all Estonian marine waters to achieve Good Environmental Status is around 65 euro per household per year, with a 95% confidence interval of 48–77 euro. Thirdly, the greatest share of value of this total economic benefit is derived from the willingness to pay for reductions in the risk of large scale oil and chemical spills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many bee flowers demand physical force from their pollinators. An example is Salvia with lever-like anthers restricting access to nectar. Though the needed force is generally low, it is largely unknown how far even low forces affect flower preference and foraging behaviour of bees. In the present paper, we introduce a method to measure the response of bees to a force mechanism. We explain the construction of artificial flowers mimicking the lever mechanism of a Salvia flower and the procedure to train honeybees and bumblebees to the models. We document the behaviour of the bees on models without barriers and on those with low forces aiming at the same time to determine the bees’ sensibility for discriminating amongst slightly different flower constructions. Artificial flowers with and without movable levers are constructed to test the effect of a present or absent lever under standardised conditions. Both model types offer sugar syrup (37%) of the same volume. The lever force is 2.8–3.8 mN corresponding to the average force in bee-pollinated Salvia species. Choice experiments, five minutes each, are conducted with single bumblebees (lab, n = 40) and honeybees (outdoors, n = 40). The animal's behaviour and visitation frequency, handling time and flight time between two flower visits are recorded and statistically evaluated. Both bee species can learn to handle the complex artificial flowers. They significantly prefer the model without any barrier indicating that they are able to discriminate amongst models without and with low force demands. The results clearly illustrate that the artificial flowers are suitable for experiments. Continuative choice experiments with reciprocal models of nectar concentration and force will provide a deeper insight into the cost-benefit ratio by bees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decades, the increase in energy production from renewable sources has grown rapidly. In Italy, about 30% of the national energy production uses renewable sources. Wind energy, in particular, is one of the most promising clean energy markets. The presence of a favourable climatic condition for wind power in the Apulia Region in Southern Italy has pushed towards the development of one of the greatest on-shore areas in the country and Europe. Nonetheless, the high concentration of on-shore wind farms on the territory of the Apulia Region has posed serious problems over time. Despite the undoubted advantages of wind energy in terms of carbon and fossil fuel savings, there has been an increasing public awareness for landscape preservation. The majority of people living nearby on-shore wind farms seem to suffer from the change of ‘their’ landscape. This paper contributes to an understanding of the public awareness for the existing trade-off between landscape conservation and wind energy. With the use of a choice experiment approach, we infer on the social acceptance of on-shore wind energy in Apulia Region. Main results enable us: (i) to analyse consumers’ willingness to pay for a hypothetical re-development of on-shore wind farms; (ii) to determine the potential trade-offs between on-shore wind farms, landscape conservation and socio-economic issues; (iii) to discuss the existence and overcome the problems of an asymmetric information between producers, consumers and policy makers on the implementation of on-shore wind farms on the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We analyzed the factors affecting the consumers' acceptance of mobile ads. • Five attributes and their levels of ads affect the consumers' acceptance of ads. • The MWTAs for one ad and one second of ad are KRW 2.389 and KRW 0.484, respectively. • For single mobile ad, 4.94 s is acceptable in perspective of consumers' utility. The increasing number of mobile video advertisements has led consumers declining to watch them, making it essential that companies work to reverse this trend. A short-length advertisement platform has been launched to address this problem, but reducing the advertisement length would reduce the effectiveness of the advertising. As such, this study quantitatively analyzes the acceptable length of an advertisement, the attributes affecting consumer acceptance, and the extent to which they affect consumer acceptance. We use a mixed logit model with data collected from a choice experiment, and analyze consumers' willingness to receive monetary rewards to watch mobile advertisements using the concept of willingness to accept (WTA). The results show that consumers' marginal WTA for watching a single advertisement is KRW 2.389 (USD 0.00212) and WTA for one second of advertisement is KRW 0.484 (USD 0.00043). Therefore, we can derive that the appropriate length of one mobile advertisement, from the consumer's perspective, is 4.94 s. Furthermore, we analyze the effect of advertisement length on consumers' utility using individual characteristics. Based on the results, advertising companies can provide customized advertisement lengths to meet consumer characteristics, reducing consumer avoidance behavior and improving the efficiency of advertisements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a novel agri-environmental payment scheme aimed at saving irrigation water. The design incorporates an outcomes-based reward system, ensuring effective savings of water volumes in on-farm uses. A choice experiment (CE) was conducted with 259 farmers, in a pilot study of a water-stressed region with Mediterranean climate. Values for each attribute were estimated using the Random Parameter Logit Model. The environmental payment scheme resulted as receiving good acceptance by the interviewees. The duration of the commitment has the highest relevance in the farmers' choice behaviour, followed by the water savings effort. In general, the findings show that farmers are willing to save water in response to the tested payment scheme. Based on the significance of covariates, however, the variable of the farm's crop specialisation is critical in the farmer's choice. The main findings suggest that it is advisable to target the payment scheme based on crop profitability, territorial dimension, and taking into account the groundwater salinity map. • Reduction in resource use for irrigation water is a controversial issue. • Designing a new agri-environmental payment scheme is pursued. • Farmers' willingness to save on-farm irrigation water is assessed. • Large acceptance among farmers but differentiated by farm's crop specialisation. • Effective payment scheme should be crop and spatially differentiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The study fills a gap in valuation of ecosystem services (ES) of agricultural landscapes in Southern Brazil. • We find high demand for improving biodiversity, carbon sequestration, soils, and scenery. • Preference heterogeneity points to novel effects worth of further research. • Evidence of support for transitioning from monoculture to diverse landscapes. • Results can be used for economic appraisals of policies to facilitate landscape transition. The Brazilian agricultural commodities market and the agribusiness sector are facing an increasing international demand for improved environmental standards, such as those regarding climate change and biodiversity loss. Although there are many studies on the structural determinants of sustainable agriculture related to the production systems, markets, and governance, there is a paucity of studies focusing on the valuation of ecosystem services (ES) provided by agricultural landscapes for which no market exists. In this context, the present paper provides estimates of the value of ES related to changes in land use and management in intensive agricultural landscapes in Brazil, using a discrete choice experiment. The results show a significant demand for changes in land use and management to deliver improved ES provision, with marginal willingness to pay (WTP) estimates falling within the R$104-541 interval (€18-93) per household and year. According to WTP, ES are ordered as follows: improved biodiversity, soil conservation, carbon storage, and aesthetics. Preference heterogeneity points to novel effects worth of closer look in future research. The results provide evidence of social support for a change to a more sustainable agricultural production model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversification has been defined as one goal of sustainable fisheries. However, the role of consumer choice in successfully achieving this goal is unknown. We use a choice experiment survey to quantify consumer preferences for locally abundant and underutilized fish relative to more familiar and overfished species, as well as in the context of other common sustainability characteristics (locally sourced and eco-labeled fish). We find that while respondents valued local seafood and avoided seafood labeled as “unsustainable”, even well-informed consumers placed a high value on familiar species. However, consumers that had previously purchased underutilized fish were willing to pay significantly more for these species. These results demonstrate that fisheries diversification faces challenges, but that consumer preferences may be malleable, suggesting a long-term potential to shift demand away from unsustainable stocks and meet larger conservation goals, provided consumer education occurs. Ultimately, these efforts have the potential to increase both the ecological and economic sustainability of marine fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]