Search

As demand for wood energy rises, it's vital to understand the environmental impact of various harvest types, considering different best management practices (BMPs) and site conditions, for sustainable forest management. This study provides a comparative analysis of postharvest site characteristics between biomass and conventional harvest sites located in the Coastal Plain region of the southeastern US. A total of 30 recently harvest sites (15 each for biomass and conventional) were selected from the Coastal regions of Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Erosion rates were estimated using the USLE-Forest method and ground cover was assessed as a percentage of the area covered by bare soil, litter, light slash, heavy slash, and piles. BMP implementation (%) was based on state-specific BMP surveys. The findings show that stream management zones (SMZs) and harvest areas were less prone to soil erosion, while forest roads, skid trails, and stream crossings were more prone to erosion, regardless of the harvest type. Conventional harvest sites had an overall weighted average erosion rate of 0.35 Mg/ha/year, with an average BMP implementation of 92.70 %, while biomass harvest sites had an overall weighted average erosion rate of 0.22 Mg/ha/year, with an average BMP implementation rate of 97.91 %. Average erosion rate (Mg/ha/year) from the harvest area (biomass=0.11, conventional=0.06) and SMZs (biomass=0.05, conventional=0.02) were not significantly different (p >0.05). Conversely, average erosion rate from roads (biomass=4.17, conventional=6.44), skid trails (biomass=2.15, conventional=3.73), decks (biomass=0.39, conventional=0.72), and stream crossings (biomass=1.53, conventional=5.31) were significantly higher in conventional harvest sites (p <0.05). BMP implementation rates for roads (biomass=98.09 %, conventional=93.71 %), stream crossings (biomass=95 %, conventional=71 %), and timber harvest (biomass=96.44 %, conventional=93.33 %) were significantly higher in biomass harvest sites, while waste management BMP (biomass=89.91 %, conventional=100 %) was significantly higher in conventional harvest sites. Regarding ground cover, conventional harvest sites had significantly larger areas covered by light slash, heavy slash, and piles than biomass harvest sites, while biomass harvest sites had significantly larger areas covered by green growth. Our research shows a significant negative correlation between overall BMP implementation and erosion rates (r=-0.67, p =0.0002), as well as site size (r=-0.38 p =0.0400), indicating that larger sites tend to have lower BMP implementation and increased erosion risk. In conclusion, biomass harvest sites in our study did not yield higher erosion rates in comparison to conventional harvest sites, provided that the current BMP recommendations were implemented properly and in adequate amounts. This study emphasizes the importance of site-specific management strategies to mitigate erosion in all harvest sites, irrespective of harvest type used. • There is no significant difference in erosion rate between biomass and conventional harvest sites. • Conventional harvest sites exhibit a greater coverage of woody debris than biomass harvest sites. • Proper implementation of BMPs at both conventional and biomass harvest sites underscores water quality protection efforts. • A significant negative correlation exists between BMP implementation and erosion rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • BMPs stimulate canonical (Smad) and non-canonical (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathways. • Acute ethanol exposure selectively affects non-canonical BMP signaling. • Nuclear translocation of pSmads was unaffected by acute ethanol exposure. • Severe reductions in pAkt levels induced by ethanol were restored by BMPs. • BMPs protect against ethanol-induced changes to cellular and growth cone morphology. This study explores the effect of acute Ethanol (EtOH) exposure on Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)-evoked intracellular signaling, and the concomitant morphological changes induced by EtOH in C2C12 cells and DRG (Dorsal root ganglion) neurons in an in vitro model related to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder (FASD). All assays were performed within 30 min of BMP stimulation to specifically investigate the earliest events occurring in BMP-evoked intracellular signaling pathways. We show that Smad phosphorylation and nuclear translocation stimulated by BMPs was not altered following acute exposure to EtOH. In contrast, acute EtOH exposure alone caused a striking concentration-dependent decrease in Akt phosphorylation, as well as a loss of adhesion in C2C12 cells. The addition of BMPs before exposure to EtOH was associated with maintenance of Akt phosphorylation, greater cell adhesion in C2C12 cells, and preservation of growth cone complexity in DRG neurons. Thus, for both C2C12 cells and DRG neurons, BMPs, acting through non-canonical BMP signaling pathways, appear to impart some protection against the profound effects of acute EtOH exposure on cellular adhesion and structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fracture non-union results in serious morbidity for patients and a financial burden on healthcare services. Fracture healing is a complex process that involves many chemical signalling molecules and cells. This complexity means there are many stages at which the healing pathway can theoretically be influenced by biologic adjuvants. Biologic adjuvants can be either osteoconductive, osteoinductive or osteogenic. Many laboratory studies have shown success in manipulating the signalling pathways involved in fracture healing. The majority of biologics serve to increase the presence of certain cytokines to stimulate bone forming cells; some agents involve effecting the delivery of early progenitor cells. There have been clinical trials involving multiple biologics, usually in the treatment of tibial non-unions. The clinical trials have shown very limited evidence to support the use of adjuvants in clinical practice. There is a consistent problem translating encouraging laboratory results into similar clinical results with the majority of agents, therefore there remains a lack of clinical evidence to support their use in everyday trauma practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the anti-remodeling and anti-fibrotic and effect of quercetin (QUR) in the remote non-infarcted of rats after myocardial infarction (MI). Rats were divided as control, control + QUR, MI, and MI + QUR. MI was introduced to the rats by ligating the eft anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. All treatments were given for 30 days, daily. QUR persevered the LV hemodynamic parameters and prevented remote myocardium damage and fibrosis. Also, QUR supressed the generation of ROS, increased the nuclear levels of Nrf2, and enhanced SOD and GSH levels in the LVs of the control and MI model rats. It also reduced angiotensin II, nuclear level/activity of the nuclear factor NF-κβ p65, and protein expression of TGF-β1, α-SMA, and total/phospho-smad3 in the LVs of both groups. Concomitantly, QUR upregulated LV smad7 and BMP7. In conclusion, QUR prevents MI-induced LV remodeling by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibroticα effects mediated by ROS scavenging, suppressing NF-κβ, and stimulating Nrf-2, Smad7, and BMP7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Model for Urban Stormwater Improvement Conceptualisation (MUSIC) was used in this study to assess the status of river water quality. • One of the major rivers in Malaysia has been chosen as study area due to noticeable degradation in its water quality. • Four main parameters have been investigated namely, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Phosphorus (TP) and Total Nitrogen (TN). • The impacts of existing and future land use for various land types have been also examined. • Various Best Management Practices (BMPs) were examined for enhancing the river's water quality. The aim of this study is to evaluate the current water quality status of one of the urban rivers in Malaysia, called Sungai Air Hitam. The river's water supply is not only unsuitable for the inhabitants but also hazardous to the aquatic species that depend on it. In order to simulate the water quality formulation of the river, the Model for Urban Stormwater Improvement Conceptualization (MUSIC) was used. The effects of various best management practices (BMPs) components have been examined to improve the river's water quality. This study also investigated different scenarios of the expected future changes in the land cover and the quality of the river. As the proportion of impervious surfaces increases, the urban hydrology cycle can be significantly altered, resulting in an increase in volumes and peak flows, and a decrease in storage, infiltration, and interception. The MUSIC results have shown significant reductions in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN) after introducing BMPs. It was also noticed that the prediction of pollutants falls within the acceptable range set by the Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia (MSMA) 2nd edition. For the land cover, it was found that the total reduction of BOD, TSS, TP, and TN for existing land use is 92.5 %, 94.5 %, 90.7 % and 91.9 %. Meanwhile, the total reduction in future land use is 81.6 % for BOD, 86.2 % for TSS, 80.9 % for TP and 80.8 % for TN. From the simulation results, it was observed that the application of BMPs has successfully reduced the observed mean BOD concentration from 92.38 mg/L (Class V) to 6.93 mg/L (Class IV) of the national water quality standards, NWQS, water quality index. As a result, the water quality index of the overall catchment has improved from Class IV to Class III (WQ1, WQ3, and WQ4) and from Class V to IV (WQ2) with the application of the BMPs. This assessment aims to raise awareness within the Sungai Air Hitam community regarding the importance of preserving river cleanliness and understanding the long-term environmental impact of water quality. These findings underscore the importance of an integrated system in managing urban water systems, which can offer valuable insight to the decision-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demands on global water supplies are increasing in response to the need to provide more food, water, and energy for a rapidly growing population. These water stressors are exacerbated by climate change, as well as the growth and urbanisation of industry and commerce. Consequently, urban water authorities around the globe are exploring alternative water sources to meet ever-increasing demands. These alternative sources are primarily treated sewage, stormwater, and groundwater. Stormwater including roof-harvested rainwater has been considered as an alternative water source for both potable and non-potable uses. One of the most significant issues concerning alternative water reuse is the public health risk associated with chemical and microbial contaminants. Several studies to date have quantified fecal indicators and pathogens in stormwater. Microbial source tracking (MST) approaches have also been used to determine the sources of fecal contamination in stormwater and receiving waters. This review paper summarizes occurrence and concentrations of fecal indicators, pathogens, and MST marker genes in urban stormwater. A section of the review highlights the removal of fecal indicators and pathogens through water sensitive urban design (WSUD) or Best Management Practices (BMPs). We also discuss approaches for assessing and mitigating health risks associated with stormwater, including a summary of existing quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models for potable and non-potable reuse of stormwater. Finally, the most critical research gaps are identified for formulating risk management strategies. Unlabelled Image • Stormwater has been considered as an alternative water source. • Microbial contamination hinders stormwater reuse. • WSUD is effective in removing pathogens but requires more validation. • QMRA analysis can facilitate decision making and risk management efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoinductive BMPs require a suitable delivery system for treating various pathological conditions of the spine and segmental bone defects. INFUSE, the only commercially available BMP-based osteoinductive device, consisting of rhBMP2 on bovine absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) showed major disadvantages due to serious side effects. A novel osteoinductive device, OSTEOGROW, comprised of rhBMP6 dispersed within autologous blood coagulum (ABC) is a promising therapy for bone regeneration, subjected to several clinical trials for diaphysial bone repair and spinal fusion. In the present study, we have examined the release dynamics showing that the ABC carrier provided a slower, more steady BMP release in comparison to the ACS. Rat subcutaneous assay was employed to evaluate cellular events and the time course of ectopic osteogenesis. The host cellular response to osteoinductive implants was evaluated by flow cytometry, while dynamics of bone formation and maintenance in time were evaluated by histology, immunohistochemistry and micro CT analyses. Flow cytometry revealed that the recruitment of lymphoid cell populations was significantly higher in rhBMP6/ABC implants, while rhBMP2/ACS implants recruited more myeloid populations. Furthermore, rhBMP6/ABC implants more efficiently attracted early and committed progenitor cells. Dynamics of bone formation induced by rhBMP2/ACS was characterized by a delayed endochondral ossification process in comparison to rhBMP6/ABC implants. Besides, rhBMP6/ABC implants induced more ectopic bone volume in all observed time points in comparison to rhBMP2/ACS implants. These results indicate that OSTEOGROW was superior to INFUSE due to ABC's advantages as a carrier and rhBMP6 superior efficacy in inducing bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Better management practices (BMPs) for shrimp farming are a standardized set of farming practices to ensure the environmental and financial sustainability of shrimp farming systems. Uniform implementation of the BMPs poses a challenge if most of the shrimp farms in a given region are small (<2 ha). The adoption of BMPs and the associated economics were studied in two districts of Andhra Pradesh, the state that leads India's shrimp production. The overall rate of adoption was approximately 73%. Using factor analysis, all the partly adopted BMPs were categorized into six thematic factors: optimized input supply, improved management practices, routine maintenance, social responsibility, group approach, and culture-system-related and other practices. The ordinary least square regression model explained the factors that influenced the decision to adopt a given practice. These factors included key socio-economic variables such as age, education, and membership of farmers associations. Partial budget analysis revealed that adopting all the recommended BMPs in full would decrease the net returns from each crop by 16.6%. Although adopting the BMPs is voluntary, the practices crucial to the success of a crop were adopted by all the farmers (almost as if it were mandatory to adopt them), whereas those that involved significant costs were left out. Although small farmers can be persuaded to adopt the BMPs through awareness programmes, upgrading their holdings to a size at which a standardized farming system is feasible needs substantial investment. The governments of shrimp-exporting nations should improve their regulatory structure to embrace an inclusive governance model involving all the key actors in the value chain to make the small scale shrimp farming sustainable. Highlights • Farm level adoption of Better Management Practices for sustainable shrimp farming and the associated economics were studied in detail. • Factors influencing the adoption of BMPs were found. • Institutional regulatory framework of shrimp farming was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An On-Farm Water Storage (OFWS) system is a structural Best Management Practice (BMP) that prevents downstream nutrient loading by capturing irrigation tailwater and storm runoff from agricultural fields. OFWS systems, as a result, also act as a source of water for irrigation with the potential to recycle nutrients captured in runoff events. A monitoring study was conducted for an OFWS system located on a corn and soybean farm in East Mississippi from June 2014 to August 2016 to analyze the effectiveness of the system for reducing downstream nutrient runoff, supplying water for irrigation, and recycling nutrients in captured water that is reapplied to the field. Nitrate and dissolved phosphorus (DP) concentrations in the storm runoff events captured by the OFWS system storage pond and prevented from going downstream measured as high as 179 mg L −1 and 0.69 mg L −1 , respectively. Water can be lost downstream from the storage pond overflow pipe when the pond is at its maximum capacity in March-April of each year, but nitrate concentrations were less than 10 mg L −1 in the storage pond in March-April for both years of the study, and DP concentration was less than 0.053 mg L −1 in the water that could be lost downstream, which showed that OFWS systems can be effective in reducing downstream nutrient loading by capturing storm runoff events. Over three growing seasons, roughly 357,000 m 3 of water was used for irrigation from the OFWS storage pond in a region which has traditionally been under dryland production. This shows that OFWS systems can serve a dual purpose of reducing nutrient runoff and providing water for irrigation in East Mississippi, where groundwater is not a cost-efficient source of water for irrigation. Irrigated corn yields were higher than non-irrigated corn yields by an average of 1532; 2285; and 3950 kg ha −1 in 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively; and irrigated soybean yields were higher than non-irrigated soybean yields over the same years by an average of 302; 1411; and 800 kg ha −1 , respectively, demonstrating the importance of irrigation in East Mississippi. Analysis of nutrient concentrations in water samples collected simultaneously from both the irrigation system (sprinkler), which is fed from the bottom of the pond, and the storage pond grab samples showed that nitrate concentrations in the irrigation samples were lower than in the storage pond, but ammonia concentrations were higher in the irrigation water samples. Low nitrate concentrations and variability in nitrate concentration in the irrigation water as compared to the storage pond water showed that some of the nitrogen load is being recycled but not enough for the producer to reduce commercial fertilizer application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Limonene is a cyclic monoterpene (CTL) found in citrus fruits and many plant kingdoms. It has attracted attention as potential molecule due to its diverse biological activities. However, molecular mechanism involved in the osteogenic induction of CTL in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells remain unclear.Purpose: Skeletal development maintains the bone homeostasis through bone remodeling process. It coordinated between the osteoblast and osteoblast process. Osteoporosis is one of the most common bone diseases caused by a systemic reduction in bone mass. Recent osteoporosis treatment is based on the use of anti-resorptive and bone forming drugs. However, long term use of these drugs is associated with serious side effects and strategies on the discovery of lead compounds from natural products for osteoblast differentiation are urgently needed. Therefore, we planned to find out the role of CTL on osteoblast differentiation and glucose uptake in C2C12 cells and its effect on signaling pathways.Methods: Cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium deposition, genes, and proteins associated with osteoblast activation and glucose utilization were analysed.Results: CTL did not affect the cell viability. CTL significantly increased ALP activity, calcium depositions and the expression of osteogenic specific genes such as Myogenin, Myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD), ALP, Run-related transcription factor 2(RUNX2), osteocalcin (OCN). In addition, CTL induced the mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP-2 BMP-4 BMP-6 BMP-7 BMP-9). CTL treatment enhanced 2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) uptake. Moreover, CTL stimulated the activation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), Protein kinase B (Akt), Extracellular signal related kinase (ERKs) by increasing phosphorylation. CTL treatment abolished p38 inhibitor (SB203580) mediated inhibition of osteoblast differentiation, but no effect was noted by ERKs specific inhibitor (PD98059).Conclusion: These results suggest that limonene induces osteoblast differentiation and glucose uptake through activating p38MAPK and Akt signaling pathways, confirming the molecular basis of the osteoblast differentiation by limonene in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously reported that the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist, noggin, improved the repair process with an increase in the reactive microglia/macrophage population in the ischemic brain. Since BMP plays a role in intracellular iron homeostasis via the hepcidin/ferroportin axis, and iron is required for myelination, this study was aimed to determine whether noggin affected iron status and remyelination in the brain following ischemic stroke. We further examined the effect of blocking the BMP/hepcidin pathway on reactive microglia (BV2) and myelination of oligodendroglial cells (MO3.13) to define the link between microglial iron status and myelin formation. Following the noggin infusion into the ischemic brain of mice, the induction of hepcidin and ferritin protein levels decreased, and the number of myelinated axons and myelin thickness increased at 8 weeks after ischemic stroke. Noggin repressed the increase in hepcidin and ferritin levels in BV2 exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and oxygen/glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R). When MO3.13 were exposed to the conditioned media from noggin-treated BV2 (noggin CM) during reperfusion, OGD/R-induced MO3.13 cell death was reduced. Under normal conditions, noggin CM induced myelin production with an increase in ferritin levels in MO3.13, which was reversed by the iron chelator, deferoxamine. These results indicated that noggin altered the iron status in reactive microglia from the iron-storing to the iron-releasing phenotype, which contributed to myelin synthesis by providing iron. We suggest that the BMP/hepcidin pathway can be a target for the regulation of the iron status in microglia to enhance remyelination in the ischemic brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) developed the Mississippi River Basin Healthy Watersheds Initiative (MRBI) program to improve the health, water quality and wildlife habitat within the Mississippi River Basin. Lake Conway Point Remove (LCPR) watershed was identified as one of the watersheds for the MRBI program implementation. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of the MRBI program in LCPR watershed using a computer simulation model. Seven best management practices (BMPs) (pond, wetland, pond and wetland, cover crops, vegetative filter strips, grassed waterways and forage and biomass planting) were modelled under four placement strategies: random placement in 30% of the watershed, random placement in 30% hydrologic response units (HRUs) of the high priority hydrological unit code (HUCs), placement in the top 30% of the high priority HUCs, and top 30% of the HRUs in the HUCs near the outlet of the watershed. The model was calibrated for flow for the period 1987–2006 and validated for the period 2007–2012. Sediment and nutrients were validated from 2011 to 2012. Out of the BMPs evaluated, grassed waterways proved to be the most effective BMP in reducing sediment and nutrient loads from row crop (soy beans) and pasture fields. Reductions at the watershed outlet ranged 0–1% for flow, 0.28–14% for sediment, 0.3–10% for TP and 0.3–9% for TN. Relatively higher reductions were observed at the subwatershed level, flow reductions ranged 0–51%, sediment reductions −1 to 79%, TP −1 to 65% and TN −0.37 to 66% depending on BMP type, placement scenario, and watershed characteristics. The results from this study provide the data to help prioritize monitoring needs for collecting watershed response data in LCPR and BMP implementation evaluations, which could be used to inform decisions in similar studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollutant Model (AnnAGNPS) is a watershed-scale, continuous simulation, physical model that has been widely used to simulate runoff, nutrients, sediment, and pesticides in different watersheds. This study applied AnnAGNPS to simulate runoff, nutrients (total Nitrogen and total Phosphorus), and sediment from an agricultural watershed of 30.3 ha in East-Central Mississippi. AnnAGNPS was then used to evaluate an On-Farm Water Storage (OFWS) system as a Best Management Practice (BMP) for nutrient and sediment loading control from agricultural fields within this watershed and as a source of water for irrigation. An R 2 of 0.85 and E of 0.82 in daily runoff estimation showed that the model can adequately simulate runoff from watersheds in East-Central Mississippi. In addition, an R 2 of 0.88 and E of 0.67 for event-based sediment estimation and an R 2 of 0.74 and E of 0.54 for monthly phosphorus estimation also showed that the model can satisfactorily simulate sediment and phosphorus. However, the model was not able to simulate nitrogen at a monthly scale, with an R 2 of only 0.15 and E of −0.107, because of the lack of site specific and accurate input data. After AnnAGNPS successfully simulated runoff, sediment, and phosphorus, an evaluation of the OFWS system showed that the system was able to capture 220,000 m 3 of runoff from the monitored watershed that can be stored and used for irrigation. AnnAGNPS estimated that the OFWS system also captured 46 tons of sediment and 558 kg of phosphorus during the monitoring period, preventing downstream nutrient and sediment pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design of new osteoinductive biomaterials to reproduce an optimized physiological environment capable of recruiting stem cells and instructing their fate towards the osteoblastic lineage has become a priority in orthopaedic surgery. This work aims at evaluating the bioactivity of BMP combined with human plasma fibronectin (FN/BMP) delivered in solution or coated onto titanium-hydroxyapatite (TiHA) surfaces. Herein, we focus on the comparison of in vitro osteogenic efficacy in mouse C2C12 pre-osteoblasts of three BMP members, namely: BMP-2, BMP-6 and BMP-7. In parallel, we evaluated the molecular binding strength between each BMP with FN using the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technology. The affinity of BMPs for FN was found totally different and dependent on BMP type. Indeed, the combination of FN with BMP-2 on TiHA surfaces potentiates the burst of gene-mediated osteogenic induction, while it prolongs the osteogenic activity of BMP-6 and surprisingly annihilates the BMP-7 one. These results correlate with FN/BMP affinity for TiHA, since BMP-6 > BMP-2 > BMP-7. In addition, by analyzing the osteogenic activity in the peri-implant environment, we showed that osteoinductive paracrine effects were significantly decreased upon (FN/BMP-6), as opposed to (FN/BMP-2) coatings. Altogether, our results support the use of FN/BMP-6 to develop a biomimetic microenvironment capable to induce osteogenic activity under physiological conditions, with minimum paracrine signalization. Statement of Significance The originality of our paper relies on the first direct comparison of the in vitro osteogenic potential of three osteogenic BMPs (BMP-2, -6 and -7) combined with native human plasma fibronectin delivered in solution or coated by laser transfer onto titanium hydroxyapatite surfaces. We confirm that BMP association with fibronectin enhances the osteogenic activity of BMP-2, -6 and -7, but with essential discrepancies, depending on the BMP member, and in agreement with the affinity of BMPs for fibronectin. Moreover, we bring elements to explain the origin of the BMP-2 medical life-threatening side-effects by analyzing in vitro paracrine effects. Finally, this work supports the alternative use of FN/BMP-6 to induce osteogenic activity under physiological conditions, with minimum side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Follicular growth and ovulation of healthy oocytes is a complicated process which is regulated by several endocrine and paracrine factors as well as cross-talk between the oocyte and its surrounding somatic cells. This study compared the expression profile of some candidate genes involved in BMP signaling as well as estrogen and AMPK production in cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) of small and large antral follicles and their associated somatic cell layers in ovaries from ewes with high- and low-antral follicle count (AFC). Expression of GDF9 was increased by increasing the size of antral follicles, while BMP15 expression was decreased by follicular size. It should be noteworthy that transcription of both GDF9 and BMP15 was also detected in the adjacent cellular layers under the follicles. There was a very strong positive correlation between BMP15 and BMPR2 in ovary tissues. Expression of GDF9 was highly correlated with BMP15, BMPR1B, and BMPR2 in large antral follicles. Expression of BMP7 in small antral follicles and BMPR2 in ovary tissues was significantly increased in the high-AFC group. Expression of ESR1 and ESR2 involved in estrogen production as well as PRKAA1 which involved in AMPK production were significantly greater in large antral follicles of high-AFC. There was a very high correlation between Cyp19 and ESR1 in large antral follicles and ovary tissues. Expression of Cyp19 and PRKAA1 were positively correlated with GDF9, BMP15, and BMP7 in large follicles. In conclusion, this study suggests that apart from the BMP signaling, genes involved in AMPK and estrogen production can be pivotal players in ewe's follicular development process. In addition, a strong cross-talk can exist among AMPK, BMP signaling, and estrogen synthesis systems in ewe ovary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Grand River is the largest river in Southern Ontario feeding Lake Erie with water, sediment, and nutrients. Understanding the watershed hydrological processes is crucial to support decision making on reducing non-point source pollution from the watershed into Lake Erie. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was adapted to Canadian conditions and applied to the Grand River watershed in Southern Ontario to simulate hydrologic processes based on available geospatial, climate, management, flow, and water quality data. The SWAT was calibrated based on flow, sediment, and nutrient concentrations at eight flow gauging stations and seven water quality stations. The calibrated model was then applied to evaluate the potential effects of Best Management Practices (BMPs) including nutrient management, buffer strip, cover crop, and wetland restoration on water quantity and water quality in the watershed. The evaluated results showed that the BMPs of nutrient management and wetland restoration have more significant impacts on nutrient reduction at the watershed outlet to Lake Erie based on the BMP implementation and extent that were applied in this study. The SWAT modeling, findings, challenges, and recommendations for future research in the Grand River watershed are also discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem management in the face of uncertain disturbances has triggered increasing practices of resilience thinking. A multiscale probabilistic simulation-optimization framework is developed based on the nested nature of watersheds to inform decision robustness for Best Management Practices (BMPs). We presented a novel approach using hybrid Bayesian Networks (BNs) as interpretable and probabilistic emulators of process-based models. The hybrid BNs established at the scale of Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs) are embedded into simulation-optimization, whereby we analyze the cost-effectiveness-robustness of candidate BMP strategies at the subbasin scale. The optimal strategy is identified in compliance with water quality standards using watershed-scale integer programming. We apply the approaches in a typical intensively cultivated plateau watershed adjacent to Lake Dianchi, one of the three most eutrophic lakes in China. Our findings suggest that the hybrid BNs, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative information, are reliable emulators of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in capturing critical pathways of diffuse phosphorus. Tradeoffs among cost, effectiveness, and robustness follow the law of diminishing marginal benefits. The optimum BMP strategies vary with policymakers' preference toward robustness levels. Our findings indicate that robustness should be accounted for as an additional decision attribute besides costs and pollution mitigation. The benefits of the modeling framework are to (i) reduce over 99% computation complexity and support efficient decision-making under multifaceted uncertainties; (ii) improve interpretability and reliability of machine learning emulators; and (iii) inform policymakers of robustness with the probability of water quality restoration success. [Display omitted] • A novel multiscale probabilistic simulation-optimization framework is presented. • The success probability of mitigation efforts is informed as decision robustness. • We use hybrid BNs as emulators of process-based models to improve interpretability. • The model effectively reduces computational budget whilst preserving model accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skeletal development is regulated by the coordinated activity of signaling molecules that are both produced locally by cartilage and bone cells and also circulate systemically. During embryonic development and postnatal bone remodeling, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) superfamily members play critical roles in the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and other bone cells. Recently, several molecules that regulate RTK signaling have been identified, including the four members of the Sprouty (Spry) family ( Spry1 – 4 ). We report that Spry2 plays an important role in regulation of endochondral bone formation. Mice in which the Spry2 gene has been deleted have defective chondrogenesis and endochondral bone formation, with a postnatal decrease in skeletal size and trabecular bone mass. In these constitutive Spry2 mutants, both chondrocytes and osteoblasts undergo increased cell proliferation and impaired terminal differentiation. Tissue-specific Spry2 deletion by either osteoblast- ( Col1 -Cre) or chondrocyte- ( Col2 -Cre) specific drivers led to decreased relative bone mass, demonstrating the critical role of Spry2 in both cell types. Molecular analyses of signaling pathways in Spry2 −/− mice revealed an unexpected upregulation of BMP signaling and decrease in RTK signaling. These results identify Spry2 as a critical regulator of endochondral bone formation that modulates signaling in both osteoblast and chondrocyte lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferromagnetism in p-type N-doped ZnO films, deposited on (0001) sapphire substrates by radio frequency (rf) reactive magnetron sputtering at different N 2 /O 2 ratios, has been observed at room temperature. Both the p-type conduction and ferromagnetism are originated from the substitution of O with N. At the N 2 /O 2 ratio of 15:15, the film displays the maximum hole density and the minimum resistivity as well as the maximum Ms. The transition from n-type to p-type strongly depends on both the substitutional nitrogen on the oxygen site (N O ) and oxygen vacancy (V O ) concentrations. The observed ferromagnetism of p-type ZnO:N films is intrinsic and strongly related to both the N O and V O content and can be interpreted by the bound magnetic polarons (BMPs) model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better understand the relative contributions of mesenchymal and endothelial progenitor cells to rhBMP-2 induced bone formation, we examined the distribution of lineage-labeled cells in Tie2-Cre:Ai9 and αSMA-creERT2:Col2.3-GFP:Ai9 reporter mice. Established orthopedic models of ectopic bone formation in the hind limb and spine fusion were employed. Tie2 -lineage cells were found extensively in the ectopic bone and spine fusion masses, but co-staining was only seen with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity (osteoclasts) and CD31 immunohistochemistry (vascular endothelial cells), and not alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity (osteoblasts). To further confirm the lack of a functional contribution of Tie2 -lineage cells to BMP-induced bone, we developed conditional knockout mice where Tie2 -lineage cells are rendered null for key bone transcription factor osterix ( Tie2-cre:Osx fx/fx mice). Conditional knockout mice showed no difference in BMP-induced bone formation compared to littermate controls. Pulse labeling of mesenchymal cells with Tamoxifen in mice undergoing spine fusion revealed that αSMA- lineage cells contributed to the osteoblastic lineage ( Col2.3-GFP ), but not to endothelial cells or osteoclast populations. These data indicate that the αSMA + and Tie2 + progenitor lineages make distinct cellular contributions to bone formation, angiogenesis, and resorption/remodeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to 70% of residential water use goes to maintaining landscape plantings. With increasing water scarcity, changing the landscape preferences and choices of individual homeowners provides a crucial opportunity for water conservation. Using three demonstration landscapes varying in water conservation best management practices (BMPs), we surveyed attendees of a University of California Cooperative Extension educational event to determine preferences for the demonstration landscapes according to aesthetics as well as other preference criteria. The survey examined aesthetic preferences for BMPs at both the whole landscape level and the landscape component (turf, paving, non-turf vegetation) level whereas other preference criteria were examined only at the whole landscape level. Preference for the landscape with an intermediate amount of BMPs was the highest at the whole landscape level for nearly all criteria. Surprisingly, at the component level, homeowners exhibited preference for the more water conserving components. This indicates that BMPs are aesthetically appealing individually but when BMPs exist for every component in the landscape, the landscape is less preferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a case of extensive osteonecrosis of the mandible after a dental extraction in a 71-year-old woman who was taking alendronic acid (Fosamax ® , Merck) for osteoporosis. Bone damaged by bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ), also now known as medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), can be regenerated and filled with endosseous implants using non-vascularised autologous grafts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background aims: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) are a promising therapeutic option for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Myogenic differentiation occurs in the skeletal muscle of the mdx mouse (a mouse model of DMD) after BMSC transplantation. The transcription factor bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) plays a crucial role in growth regulation, differentiation and survival of many cell types, including BMSCs. We treated BMSCs with BMP4 or the BMP antagonist noggin to examine the effects of BMP signaling on the myogenic potential of BMSCs in mdx mice. Methods: We added BMP4 or noggin to cultured BMSCs under myogenic differentiation conditions. We then injected BMP4- or noggin-treated BMSCs into the muscles of mdx mice to determine their mvogenic potential. Results: We found that the expression levels of desmin and myosin heavy chain decreased after treating BMSCs with BMP4, whereas the expression levels of phosphorylated Smad, a downstream target of BMP4, were higher in these BMSCs than in the controls. Mdx mouse muscles injected with BMSCs pretreated with BMP4 showed decreased dystrophin expression and increased phosphorylated Smad levels compared with muscles injected with non-treated BMSCs. The opposite effects were seen after pretreatment with noggin, as expected. Conclusions: Our results identified BMP/Smad signaling as an essential negative regulator of promyogenic BMSC activity; inhibition of this pathway improved the efficiency of BMSC myogenic differentiation, which suggests that this pathway might serve as a target to regulate BMSC function for better myogenic differentiation during treatment of DMD and degenerative skeletal muscle diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed the effect of forest management practices on temporal differences in riparian litterfall input and autumnal leaf litter processing of 3 evergreen plant species, using independently 2 mesh sizes (for two of the three species), between two contrasting headwater streams draining (a) near-pristine and (b) harvested evergreen old-growth forests in Chile (39° S). Additionally, we compared rainfall, streamflow, suspended sediment concentration, and the in-stream invertebrate community, collected two years after logging in the harvested microcatchment. The harvested forested stream had higher runoff, suspended sediment concentration and input of litter (3377 kg ha −1 yr −1 ) than the pristine stream (3166 kg ha −1 yr −1 ). However, leaf-litter decay rates were faster for the pristine (ranging from k = −0.0120 to −0.0024 day −1 ) than for the harvested forest stream ( k = −0.0049 to −0.0023 day −1 ) depending on leaf species and litterbag type. Likewise, the pristine stream revealed higher shredder taxa richness than harvested stream, suggesting a higher correlation with the decomposition rate and leaf mass losses. Therefore, the results of our study suggest that despite the implementation of best management practices on riparian forests, there are detectable shifts in the structure and functioning of aquatic invertebrate community in the Andean streams of south-central Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mexican tetra ( Astyanax mexicanus ), a freshwater teleost fish, is an excellent vertebrate model organism to study tooth development, specifically the spatiotemporal events related to the development of the oral and pharyngeal dentitions. In contrast to the coordinated early tooth development in the premaxilla and mandible, the maxillary teeth develop much later in life at 60 dpf. By analysing a growth series of bone and cartilage stained tetra and histological sectioning of the tooth bearing bones, we track the developmental events of tooth development over ontogeny of this animal. Whole mount in situ hybridisation with bone morphogenetic proteins and their inhibitor Noggin was conducted to track the late tooth development events. Our data show that the first generation teeth are small and unicuspid irrespective of their location. Oral jaw teeth become multicuspid and large over ontogeny while the pharyngeal dentition remains unicuspid and disorganised. Tooth eruption occurs late in the maxillary bone. The distinct expression pattern of the BMP antagonist, Noggin, suggests that Noggin plays an inhibitory role by preventing early tooth development in the maxillary bone. These data further support and highlight the use of the Mexican tetra in understanding the spatio-temporal differences in tooth development in vertebrate jaws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A process-based nitrogen model suitable for urban stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs), when used as an extension to current stormwater models, can assist decision-making by predicting nitrogen removal performances. While such a model has not been created, process-based nitrogen modules for agricultural fields have been developed and applied. In this paper, the nitrogen modules in six agricultural models are reviewed in the perspective of assisting the development of a process-based nitrogen module for stormwater BMPs. The agricultural nitrogen modules have consistent structures and mathematical descriptions of biochemical reactions, but show more variety in incorporating environmental factors. The operational challenges, strengths, and weaknesses of simulating stormwater BMPs' nitrogen removal performances with current models are illustrated with a case study. Finally, suggestions on developing the process-based nitrogen module for stormwater BMPs are offered based on the review, the case study results, and the differences between the stormwater BMPs and agricultural fields. • Reviewed agricultural nitrogen modules from the perspective of developing process-based stormwater nitrogen modules. • Assumptions, module structures, environmental factors, and biochemical reaction kinetics were listed annd compared. • Challenges of simulating bioretention with current agricultural and stormwater models were illustrated with a case study. • Specific suggestions were offered for establishing a more mechanistically accurate nitrogen model for stormwater BMPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Sediment delivery rates from bare road approaches were 7.5 times greater than gravel. [•] Problem road approaches had poor water control and minimal surface cover. [•] Legacy roads may require additional measures to minimize water quality problems. [•] USLE-forest and WEPP performed well in identifying problem road approaches. [•] Results show that judicious BMP usage can reduce road approach sediment delivery. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: Watershed systems involve complex interactions that affect aquatic ecosystems. Watershed simulation model of hydrologic processes is developed for assess impacts. Urbanization and forest loss deplete water quality and intensify watershed flows. Targeted implementation of BMPs can mitigate cumulative impacts on water resources. System-wide conservation efforts are critical to sustaining lake ecosystems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

While a soft film itself is not able to induce cell spreading, BMP-2 presented via such soft film (so called "matrix-bound BMP-2") was previously shown to trigger cell spreading, migration and downstream BMP-2 signaling. Here, we used thin films of controlled stiffness presenting matrix-bound BMPs to study the effect of four BMP members (BMP-2, 4, 7, 9) on cell adhesion and differentiation of skeletal progenitors. We performed automated high-content screening of cellular responses, including cell number, cell spreading area, SMAD phosphorylation and alkaline phosphatase activity. We revealed that the cell response to bBMPs is BMP-type specific, and involved certain BMP receptors and beta chain integrins. In addition, this response is stiffness-dependent for several receptors. The basolateral presentation of the BMPs allowed us to discriminate the specificity of cellular response, especiallyd the role of type I and II BMP receptors and of β integrins in a BMP-type and stiffness-dependent manner. Notably, BMP-2 and BMP-4 were found to have distinct roles, while ALK5, previously known as a TGF-β receptor was revealed to be involved in the BMP-pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Due to increased regulations concerning urban stormwater runoff, stormwater control measures (SCMs) such as bioretention, ponds, and constructed stormwater wetlands, are becoming a more common feature of urban and periurban landscapes. The water quality and hydrologic benefits of SCMs are generally well-documented, and planning tools are available to optimize water quality benefits with economic costs of SCM construction and maintenance. Given rising interest in and potential for regulation of carbon emissions, a planning tool that allows for estimation of carbon emissions associated with SCM construction and maintenance is also a relevant pursuit. The objective of this work was to present a framework by which carbon emissions attributable to SCMs and conveyances could be predicted. This method was then applied to present a comparison of the carbon footprint of eight common SCMs and three stormwater conveyance types. The carbon embodied in construction materials represented a prominent part of the carbon footprint for green roofs, permeable pavement, sand filters, rainwater harvesting systems, and reinforced concrete pipes while material transport and construction dominated that of bioretention systems, ponds, wetlands, level spreader-grassed filter strips and concrete-lined swales. Despite accounting for sequestration by vegetation in these systems, only stormwater wetlands and grassed swales were predicted to store more carbon than what was released through construction and maintenance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sclerostin, encoded by the SOST gene, is specifically expressed by osteocytes. However osteoblasts bear a heavily methylated SOST promoter and therefore do not express SOST. Thus, studying the regulation of human SOST is challenged by the absence of human osteocytic cell lines. Herein, we explore the feasibility of using the induction of SOST expression in osteoblasts by a demethylating agent to study the mechanisms underlying SOST transcription, and specifically, the influence of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Microarray analysis and quantitative PCR showed that AzadC up-regulated the expression of several BMPs, including BMP-2, BMP-4 and BMP-6, as well as several BMP downstream targets. Recombinant BMP-2 increased the transcriptional activity of the SOST promoter cloned into a reporter vector. Likewise, exposing cells transfected with the vector to AzadC also resulted in increased transcription. On the other hand, inhibition of the canonical BMP signaling blunted the effect of AzadC on SOST. These results show that the AzadC-induced demethylation of the SOST promoter in human osteoblastic cells may be a valuable tool to study the regulation of SOST expression. As a proof of concept, it allowed us to demonstrate that BMPs stimulate SOST expression by a mechanism involving BMPR1A receptors and downstream Smad-dependent pathways. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: More and more of our aging populations will suffer from large bone defects in the next few years. But the growth factor (GF) delivery systems (DSs) currently under investigation will help overcome the limitations of the bone grafts presently used. Some GFDSs accredited by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are commercially available, but they have mechanical, structural and GF retention weaknesses. New studies focus on polymers and the composition of GFs in order to mimic as closely as possible the physiological environment of healing bone. This review first summarizes the process of endochondral bone healing and the major cytokines involved. We then review the latest GFDSs, with their combinations of organic, inorganic, natural and synthetic biomaterials, the kinetics of GF release and their biological effects. We will explore new research avenues such as the use of peptides derived from bone morphogenetic proteins, including our own results, and the sequential release of bone-inducing GFs. We then review the latest mathematical models of drug delivery systems (DDSs) for several transport phenomena that may be encountered when using GFDS. The final section discusses new improvements for GFDS modeling. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Most treatment practices for urban runoff capture pollutants such as phosphorus by either settling or filtration while dissolved phosphorus, typically as phosphates, is untreated. Dissolved phosphorus, however, represents an average 45% of total phosphorus in stormwater runoff and can be more than 95%. In this study, a new stormwater treatment technology to capture phosphate, called the Minnesota Filter, is introduced. The filter comprises iron filings mixed with sand and is tested for phosphate removal from synthetic stormwater. Results indicate that sand mixed with 5% iron filings captures an average of 88% phosphate for at least 200 m of treated depth, which is significantly greater than a sand filter without iron filings. Neither incorporation of iron filings into a sand filter nor capture of phosphates onto iron filings in column experiments had a significant effect on the hydraulic conductivity of the filter at mixtures of 5% or less iron by weight. Field applications with up to 10.7% iron were operated over 1 year without detrimental effects upon hydraulic conductivity. A model is applied and fit to column studies to predict the field performance of iron-enhanced sand filters. The model predictions are verified through the predicted performance of the filters in removing phosphates in field applications. Practical applications of the technology, both existing and proposed, are presented so stormwater managers can begin implementation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sclerostin is a secreted inhibitor of Wnt signaling and plays an essential role in the regulation of bone mass. The expression of sclerostin is largely restricted to osteocytes although its mode of transcriptional regulation is not well understood. We observed regulated expression of sclerostin mRNA and protein that was directly correlated with the mineralization response in cultured human Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells and rat primary calvarial cells. Sclerostin mRNA and protein levels were increased following treatment of cells with BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7. Analysis of deletion mutants from the −7.4kb upstream region of the human sclerostin promoter did not reveal any specific regions that were responsive to BMPs, Wnt3a, PTH, TGFβ1 or Activin A in Saos-2 cells. The downstream ECR5 element did not show enhancer activity in Saos-2 cells and also was not affected when Saos-2 cells were treated with BMPs or PTH. Genome-wide microarray analysis of Saos-2 cells treated with BMP2 showed significant changes in expression of several transcription factors with putative consensus DNA binding sites in the region of the sclerostin promoter. However, whereas most factors tested showed either a range of inhibitory activity (DLX family, MSX2, HEY1, SMAD6/7) or lack of activity on the sclerostin promoter including SMAD9, only MEF2B showed a positive effect on both the promoter and ECR5 element. These results suggest that the dramatic induction of sclerostin gene expression by BMPs in Saos-2 cells occurs indirectly and is associated with late stage differentiation of osteoblasts and the mineralization process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) has a crucial role in the differentiation of ectodermal cells to neural or epidermal precursors. TGF-β and bone morphogenetic protein molecules (BMPs) are involved in many developmental processes, including cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, mitotic arrest and intercellular interactions during morphogenesis. Additionally, the failure of central thymic tolerance mechanisms, leading to T cells with a skewed autoreactive response, is being described as a contributor in inflammatory processes in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Since TGF-β and BMP proteins are crucial for the development of the neural system and the thymus, as well as for the differentiation of T cells, it is essential to further investigate their role in the pathophysiology of this disorder by using references from embryonic experimental research. Available literature in the TGF/BMP signalling cascade, mostly during embryonic development of the nervous system is being reviewed. An attempt is made to further elucidate a potential role of TGF/BMP signalling in the pathophysiology of MS. During demyelination, BMP signaling, through various molecular mechanisms, directs the development of the adult neural stem cell in the astrocyte rather than the oligodendrocyte direction, therefore inhibiting the repair process. Further understanding of the above relationships could lead to the development of potentially efficient therapies for MS in the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Over the last decades, the medical world has advanced dramatically in the understanding of fracture repair. The three components needed for fracture healing are osteoconduction, osteoinduction and osteogenesis. With newly designed scaffolds, ex vivo produced growth factors and isolated stem cells, most of the challenges of critical size bone defects have been resolved in vitro, and in some cases in animal models as well. However, there are still challenges needed to be overcome before these technologies can be fully converted from the bench to the bedside. These technological and biological advancements need to be converted to mass production of affordable products that can be used in every part of the world. Vascularity, full substation of scaffolds by native bone, and bio-safety are the three most critical steps to be challenged before reaching the clinical setting. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The incidence of long bone non-unions has been estimated to range between 5 and 10%. Autologous bone graft usually harvested from the iliac crest continues to be the gold standard for biological enhancement of atrophic non-unions. However, its use has been hampered by minor and major donor site complications. Moreover despite possessing the properties of osteogenecity, osteoconductivity and some osteoinductivity the overall results of treatment have not been consistent with disappointing success rates at times. The concept of polytherapy for the treatment of non-unions, namely the simultaneous application of the three fundamental elements of the diamond concept, osteoprogenitor cells, growth factor and osteoconductive scaffold, appears to be an attractive alternative but more studies are desirable to validate this strategy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of boron (B) on the cell-survival, proliferation, mineralization and mRNA expression of mineralized tissue-associated proteins. Additionally, determination of the effects of B on the BMP-4, -6 and -7 protein levels of pre-osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) was also intended. The effects of B (pH 7.0) concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 and 10,000ng/ml) on the survival of the cells were evaluated at 24 and 96hrs with MTT assay. To evaluate the proliferation in long term, MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with different concentrations of B (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000ng/ml) and were counted on days 2, 5, and 14. While in short term, decreased cell survival rate was observed at 1000ng/ml and above, at long term no statistically significant difference was detected in different B concentrations applied. Slight decreases at the proliferation of the B-treated groups were determined on days 5 and 14 but one-way analysis of variance revealed that the difference was statistically insignificant. In mineralization assay, increased mineralized nodules were apparently observed in B treatment (1 and 10ng/ml concentrations) groups. Based on quantitative RT-PCR results, remarkable regulation in favor of osteoblastic function for Collagen type I (COL I), Osteopontin (OPN), Bone Sialoprotein (BSP), Osteocalcin (OCN) and RunX2 mRNA expressions were observed in B treatment groups in comparison with untreated control groups. Increased BMP-4, -6 and -7 protein levels were detected at 0.1, 1, 10 and 100ng/ml B concentrations. Results of the study suggest that at the molecular level B displays important roles on bone metabolism and may find novel usages at the regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Hatchlings to fry, and fry to fingerling rearing of the striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) sectors of the Mekong Delta (8°33’- 10°55''N; 104°30’-106°50''E), Vietnam, a practice that has witnessed an explosive growth (1,094,879 tonnes, in 2008), in an area of approximately 7,000ha, and the produce exported to over 100 countries, is presented. The findings are based on a survey of 45 hatcheries and 47 nursery farms located in three provinces (Dong Thap, An Giang and Can Tho) where these activities are predominant. Hatchery and nursery farm size ranged from 0.2-15ha (2.5±0.5ha), with 0.05-10ha (1.59±0.3ha), and from 0.09-11ha (mean 1.9±0.4ha), with 0.01-8ha (1.36±0.28ha) under water, respectively. Hatcheries maintained 350 to 29,200 (8,042±805) fish, of which 240-11,300 (4,100±454) are considered as broodstock, the rest being potential broodstock. The mean weight of male and female broodstock ranged from 0.5-8kg and 0.5-12kg, respectively, maintained at a ratio of 0.05-1.0 (mean 0.34±0.03). Fish spawned were at least 1.75kg (female) and 1.5kg (males), and induced spawned by injection with HCG. Females received four or five doses at a time (averages 542, 597, 893 and 3,442IU/kg or 500, 500, 500, 1500 and 3000IU/kg; injected at 0, 23, 46, 56 and 66hrs). Ovulation occurred 5-11hours after the last injection (at 28-29°C). The relationship of relative fecundity and larvae per kg to body weight are: Eggs/ kg (mil.)=0.151 - 0.015 x female wt (kg) (P=0.006, Adj. R2 =0.179) Larvae/ kg (mil.)=0.108 - 0.012 x female wt (kg) (P=0.006, Adj. R2 =0.182) [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Objective: Alterations in chondrocyte differentiation and matrix remodeling play a central role in osteoarthritis (OA). Chondrocyte differentiation and remodeling are amongst others regulated by the so-called Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs). Although BMPs are considered protective for articular cartilage these factors can also be involved in chondrocyte hypertrophy and matrix degradation. This review is focused on these opposed roles of BMPs in OA development and progression. Methods: Peer reviewed publications published prior to August 2009 were searched in the Pubmed database. Articles that were relevant for the role of endogenous BMPs in OA were selected. Since good quality reviews on the application of BMP supplementation in cartilage tissue engineering have been described this subject has not been covered in this review. Results: BMPs can stimulate both chondrocyte matrix synthesis and chondrocyte terminal differentiation. The latter results in elevated matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) production. Stimulation of matrix synthesis will be protective for cartilage while elevated MMP-13 activity will drive matrix degradation. What action of BMPs is dominant in OA is not yet elucidated and their role might be different in patient subgroups. Conclusion: BMPs can be protective for articular cartilage but can, due to their effect on chondrocyte differentiation, have harmful effects on articular cartilage and contribute to OA progression. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Influences of vegetation management on soil erosion have been extensively studied. However, interactive effects between land use and soil are poorly documented in literature. Given the importance of understanding such effects for successful watershed management, the objective of this study was to examine the land use–soil interactive effects on water and sediment yields for the 117,845-ha drainage area upstream of the U.S. Geological Survey flow gauging station 08101000 in the Cowhouse Creek watershed located in north central Texas. The examination was implemented using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a distributed watershed model that has been widely used to tackle problems relevant to nonpoint source pollution. A SWAT model was calibrated and validated in accordance with the observed daily streamflows at this gauging station. Subsequently, the calibrated model was used to examine changes of water and sediment yields as a result of the conversion of range brush to range grasses on an individual soil basis. The results indicated that for the study area, the removal of range brush would result in an annual water yield increase of 24mmha−1 treated area. However, the removal on an upland soil with a moderately high permeability was predicted to increase the annual water yield by 80mmha−1 treated area, while it would result in a small increase of annual sediment loading (4.2tha−1 treated area) and a minimal alteration to the existing spatial patterns of sediment sources. The increase of water yield would be larger for the removal of range brush on a soil that is adjacent to the stream channels. For a given soil, the predicted water yield increase was greater for the wetter hydrologic condition than that for the drier one. A reasonable generalization of this study was that the development of best management practices for watershed health and sustainability may need to take into account land use–soil interactive effects on an individual soil basis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Since the discovery of the link between mutations in the LRP5 gene and human bone mass, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of Wnt signalling and bone formation. The connection between canonical Wnt signalling and bone formation is convincing, and there is evidence of interaction between the Wnt signalling pathway and key growth factors, transcriptional factors and systemic hormones. More recently, the role of the non-canonical pathway in bone metabolism has also started to be explored as well as potential bone–gut interactions. This review focuses on the role of the Wnt pathway in osteoblast differentiation as well as the interplay between Wnt signalling and other pathways involved in bone formation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recent studies in Conesus Lake, New York, documented significant decreases in the biomass of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) near the mouths of streams draining sub-watersheds where reductions in nutrient loading occurred as a result of the implementation of agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs). In situ experiments were conducted to further investigate the relationship between stream loading, foliar uptake, and growth of Eurasian watermilfoil. In two of three experiments, plants cropped to a height of approximately 50 cm had the lowest growth (g/m2) downstream from a sub-watershed where major BMPs had been implemented (80% and 0%). In sub-watersheds where minimal or no BMPs were introduced, plants showed significantly higher growth as biomass increased (216% and 22%). In a second set of experiments, shoots of Eurasian watermilfoil plants were incubated for 24 h in ambient lake water and in lake water with enriched concentrations of nitrate and soluble reactive phosphorus comparable to rain event stream effluent concentrations and then allowed to grow in situ for a 2-week experimental period. For all experiments combined, the shoot biomass increased significantly in the enhanced nutrient treatments when compared to the ambient treatment at the Sand Point macrophyte bed (reduced loading) but not at the Eagle Point macrophyte bed (high loading). Overall, the results indicate that foliar uptake of nutrients in stream effluent can contribute to the growth of Eurasian watermilfoil and reinforce the hypothesis that reductions in stream loading through agricultural BMPs can help reduce macrophyte growth in the lake littoral. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Long-term studies of macrophyte beds growing near streams in Conesus Lake, New York, have revealed a high biomass and continuing dominance of the invasive rooted species Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum). We tested whether agricultural best management practices (BMPs) designed to reduce tributary nutrient and soil loss from the watershed could reduce populations of Eurasian watermilfoil downstream in the lake littoral. Six macrophyte beds were monitored during a 3-year baseline period (2001–2003) prior to the implementation of BMPs and for a 4-year experimental period after a variety of agricultural BMPs were implemented in three sub-watersheds. For three macrophyte beds downstream from sub-watersheds managed as part of our project, quadrat biomass decreased by 30–50% and was statistically lower than Pre-BMP baseline values in 7 of 11 experimental sample years. Biomass loss primarily in the form of the dominant Eurasian watermilfoil ranged from 6.2 to 10 t wet weight for each bed. The declines in biomass coincided with significant annual and January–August decreases in the concentrations and fluxes of dissolved nutrients, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids in nearby streams. For three macrophyte beds downstream from watersheds in which landowners applied less extensive or no new agricultural management, biomass was statistically indistinguishable from Pre-BMP baseline values in all 12 experimental sample years. Milfoil remained the overwhelmingly dominant species at all sites during the entire study period. These results provide impetus for the use of watershed nutrient management to control the nuisance growth of Eurasian watermilfoil on a local scale in the lake littoral. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this study is to present APOIA-Aquaculture, an indicator system for assessing Best Management Practices (BMPs) in tilapia cage farming. Two specific objectives were set: (1) to detail the construction and operation of APOIA-Aquaculture; and (2) to attest to its analytical feasibility for BMP assessment in six fish farms selected as contrasting ventures at the Furnas and the Ilha Solteira reservoirs, important production sites in Southeastern Brazil. The proposed APOIA-Aquaculture comprises 68 integrated indicators, grouped into a set of four managerial dimensions: Spatial Organization (22 indicators), Management and Nutrition (23), Water Quality (14), and Quality of Sediment (9). The indicators were devised as to express fish farm compliance to predefined environmental standards, selected legislation requirements, and BMP effectiveness. Results of farm assessments indicate common deficiencies in the indicators of the Spatial Organization dimension, such as those related to the lack of equipment for water quality monitoring, fish cage positioning, improper storage of feed and supplements, inadequate control of fish disease symptoms, lack of appropriate records of the use of therapeutic and prophylactic products, and conflicts related to multiple water uses. In the Management and Nutrition dimension, indicators stressed the absence of biometric checks, inadequate procedures for residue disposal, and deficient control and records of fish losses (escapes). Overall, interactions were observed among indicators of the Management and Nutrition dimension and signs of deterioration in Water and Sediment Quality, as a consequence of inadequate feeding practices. Based on our results, we demonstrate the efficacy of APOIA-Aquaculture as an analytical tool for assessment of BMPs in tilapia cage farming. Aggregate information from indicators facilitates the adoption of measures to promote specific local infrastructure and monitoring needs according to proposed BMPs, towards improving the sustainability of the fish farms. • An assessment system for aquaculture best management practices is presented. • Management performances were assessed in fish cage farms with different typologies, in contrasting contexts of large hydroelectric reservoirs. • Specific deficiencies in performance indices are related to environmental impairment and implied management recommendations. • Improved management practices can be properly reported to farmers based on the integrated assessment of indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium phosphate cement loaded with BMP-9 was coated on the surface and partially filled in the intramedullary cavity of deproteinized osteoarticulation. As a novel compound osteoarticular repair material, DPOA/CPC/BMP-9 has excellent biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, and angiogenicity, and it is expected to become an excellent alternative repair material for bone tissue engineering. [Display omitted] • The CPC/BMP-9 persistently and slowly released BMP-9. • CPC prevented the overlap between the peaks of inflammatory and immune responses of local surgical trauma. • DPOA/CPC/BMP-9 repaired the femoral condylar defects successfully. • DPOA/CPC/BMP-9 had excellent biocompatibility, angiogenicity, osteoconductivity, and osteoinductivity. The objective of this study was to combine bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP-9), a protein with good osteogenic and angiogenic activities, with deproteinized osteoarticulation (DPOA). Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) loaded with BMP-9 was coated on the surface and partially filled in the intramedullary cavity of DPOA. A canine femoral condylar defect model was established and implanted with DPOA/CPC/BMP-9 material. DPOA preserved the shape of the femoral condyle and the three-dimensional reticular bone matrix structure. CPC/BMP-9 persistently and slowly released BMP-9. The DPOA/CPC/BMP-9 group was superior to the DPOA/BMP-9 and DPOA groups in the number and maturity of newly formed blood vessels, the number and maturity of bone trabecular structures, and the integrated optical density of the type I collagen-positive area. At 16 weeks after the operation, the newly formed bone trabeculae in the DPOA/CPC/BMP-9 group were well shaped and orderly, forming a lamellar woven bone structure that was tightly connected to the boundary of the host bone, resulting in excellent osteoarticular repair. As a novel compound osteoarticular repair material, DPOA/CPC/BMP-9 has excellent biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, and angiogenicity, and it is expected to become an excellent alternative repair material for bone tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Over the years giant steps have been made in the evolution of fracture fixation and the overall clinical care of patients. Better understanding of the physiological response to injury, bone biology, biomechanics and implants has led to early mobilisation of patients. A significant reduction in complications during the pre-operative and post-operative phases has also been observed, producing better functional results. A number of innovations have contributed to these improved outcomes and this article reports on the advances made in osteosynthesis and fracture care. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: A computational framework is presented for analyzing the uncertainty in model estimates of water quality benefits of best management practices (BMPs) in two small (<10km2) watersheds in Indiana. The analysis specifically recognizes the significance of the difference between the magnitude of uncertainty associated with absolute hydrologic and water quality predictions, and uncertainty in estimated benefits of BMPs. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is integrated with Monte Carlo-based simulations, aiming at (1) adjusting the suggested range of model parameters to more realistic site-specific ranges based on observed data, and (2) computing a scaled distribution function to assess the effectiveness of BMPs. A three-step procedure based on the One-factor-At-a-Time (OAT) sensitivity analysis and the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) was implemented for the two study watersheds. Results indicate that the suggested range of some SWAT parameters, especially the ones that are used to determine the transport capacity of channel network and initial concentration of nutrients in soils, required site-specific adjustment. It was evident that uncertainties associated with sediment and nutrient outputs of the model were too large, perhaps limiting its application for point estimates of design quantities. However, the estimated effectiveness of BMPs sampled at different points in the parameter space varied by less than 10% for all variables of interest. This suggested that BMP effectiveness could be ascertained with good confidence using models, thus making it suitable for use in watershed management plans such as the EPA’s Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program. The potential impact of our analysis on utility of models and model uncertainties in decision-making process is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]