Jin, Won Jong, Jagodinsky, Justin C., Vera, Jessica M., Clark, Paul A., Zuleger, Cindy L., Erbe, Amy K., Ong, Irene M., Le, Trang, Tetreault, Kaitlin, Berg, Tracy, Rakhmilevich, Alexander L., Kim, KyungMann, Newton, Michael A., Albertini, Mark R., Sondel, Paul M., and Morris, Zachary S.
We report an in situ vaccination, adaptable to nearly any type of cancer, that combines radiotherapy targeting one tumor and intratumoral injection of this site with tumor-specific antibody and interleukin-2 (IL-2; 3xTx). In a phase I clinical trial, administration of 3xTx (with an immunocytokine fusion of tumor-specific antibody and IL-2, hu14.18-IL2) to subjects with metastatic melanoma increases peripheral CD8+ T cell effector polyfunctionality. This suggests the potential for 3xTx to promote antitumor immunity against metastatic tumors. In poorly immunogenic syngeneic murine melanoma or head and neck carcinoma models, 3xTx stimulates CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor responses at targeted and non-targeted tumors. During 3xTx treatment, natural killer (NK) cells promote CTLA4+ regulatory T cell (T reg) apoptosis in non-targeted tumors. This is dependent on NK cell expression of CD86, which is upregulated downstream of KLRK1. NK cell depletion increases T reg infiltration, diminishing CD8+ T cell-dependent antitumor response. These findings demonstrate that NK cells sustain and propagate CD8+ T cell immunity following 3xTx. [Display omitted] • In situ vaccine effect of radiation, antibody, and IL-2 injection (3xTx) • 3xTx elicits enhanced infiltration of T cells and NK cells in non-targeted tumors • NK cell depletion increases regulatory T cell infiltration in non-targeted tumors • NK cells antagonize CTLA4+ T reg and elicit CD8+ T cell immunity Jin et al. developed an in situ vaccination approach that combines radiation and intratumoral injection of a tumor-specific antibody and IL-2 (3xTx). This targeted 3xTx regimen elicits CD8+ T cell immunity supported by NK cell-mediated regulatory T cell antagonism in non-targeted tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]