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Abstract: Two new steroidal saponins with a new aglycone moiety, aspafiliosides E (1) and F (2), were isolated from the roots of Asparagus filicinus Buch.–Ham. Their structures were fully elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic study and chemical analysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) efficacy is patient-dependent. • Monitoring the emergence of resistance to INSTIs remains important. • First- and second-generation INSTIs have different resistance barriers to viral mutation. • Characterising INSTI resistance can help discovery of high resistance barrier drugs. Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are the most recent class of antiretroviral drugs with potent and durable antiviral activity used to treat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. However, development of drug resistance increases the risk of treatment failure, disease progression and mortality. A better understanding of drug efficacy and resistance against INSTIs is crucial for their efficient use and the development of new antiretrovirals. A meta-analysis of studies reporting efficacy and resistance data on INSTI use in HIV-infected patients was performed. Odds ratios (ORs) of efficacy outcome data favouring INSTI use in different clinical settings demonstrated that INSTIs have higher efficacy compared with drugs of other classes. For combination antiretroviral therapy-naïve patients and virologically-suppressed patients who switched to INSTI-based therapy, the OR was 1.484 (95% CI 1.229–1.790) and 1.341 (95% CI 0.913–1.971), respectively. ORs of resistance data indicated decreased treatment-emergent resistance development to dolutegravir (DTG) upon virological failure than to non-INSTIs (OR = 0.081, 95% CI 0.004–1.849), whereas the opposite was observed for raltegravir (RAL) (OR = 3.137, 95% CI 1.827–5.385) and elvitegravir (EVG) (OR = 1.886, 95% CI 0.569–6.252). Pooled analysis of resistance data indicated that development of resistance to DTG and bictegravir was rare, whereas EVG and RAL had low genetic barriers to resistance and the intensive cross-resistance between them limits INSTI efficiency. Efficient means of monitoring the emergence of resistance to INSTIs and the development of drugs with high genetic barriers are clear paths for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]