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• Web and mobile-based physical activity interventions present innovative solutions to increase physical activity in older adults. • Participation and adherence of older adults to interventions is low; there is scope for adjustment and improvement. • This review scrutinizes and explores existing qualitative studies investigating older adults' perceptions and experiences of engaging in web and mobile-based physical activity intervention worldwide. • Synthesizing the findings can provide important references for designing, developing, and implementing physical activity interventions in older adults. Web- and mobile-based physical activity interventions effectively promote physical and mental health among older adults, but participation and adherence are suboptimal. This qualitative review used the mega-aggregation approach. Searches were conducted in five databases from the earliest to November 2023. Quality assessment and data extraction used JBI tools. Data synthesis used the COM-B model as a guide. Sixteen sub-themes were identified from the eight studies and categorized into the COM-B model. Sub‑themes were physical and psychological changes, digital skills and knowledge, older adult-friendly design, integration into daily routines, social influence, family engagement and support, health benefits and impairments, accessibility and flexibility, low cost, visibility and interaction, instructions and feedback, personalization and progression, incentives, self-efficacy, visual cues, self-monitoring. Web- and mobile-based interventions motivate older adults to engage in physical activity, but modifications are necessary. This includes age-appropriate interfaces and contents, tailored behavioral change techniques, and family engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Self-rated health has direct or indirect effects on depressive symptoms in older adults. • Social participation and spouse health are mediating factors. • Gender, drinking, visual function, diet, quality of life, and economic level have significant moderating effects in the model. This study investigates the relationship between self-rated health, social participation, spouse health, and depressive symptoms in older adults. It also analyzed the moderating effects of gender, drinking, visual function, diet, quality of life, and economic level on the model. We analyzed data from 5119 participants aged 60 and above, from the CLHLS. We used a partial least squares structural equation model to explore the correlation between self-rated health, spouse health, social participation, and depressive symptoms. Self-rated health was significantly correlated with spouse health, social participation, and depressive symptoms (P < 0.001). Social participation (β=-0.034) and spouse health (β=-0.029) were mediators of self-rated health to depressive symptoms. In addition, gender, drinking, visual function, diet, quality of life, and economic level were mediated factors. This study provides evidence that self-rated health has direct or indirect associations with depressive symptoms in older people, with social participation and spouse health playing a crucial mediating role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Factors affecting intrinsic capacity decline in older people living in the community are derived from social issues. • Modifiable risk factors of intrinsic capacity decline in older people residing in community include education attainment, rural area living status, single relationship status, more than three children, social participation and the comorbidity. • Nurses in primary care settings need to work with older people, their families, the local communities, and the policymakers to address the root-cause of intrinsic capacity decline in community-dwelling older people. To identify intrinsic capacity trajectories, predictors of intrinsic capacity trajectories and associations between intrinsic capacity trajectories and care dependence in community-dwelling older adults in China. A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted, and the data were obtained from a five-year national longitudinal cohort study of older adults in China between 2011 and 2015. The social determinants of health framework informed the data analysis and interpretation. A total of 3893 older adults met the selection criteria and were included in the study. Three intrinsic capacity trajectories were identified: high trajectory (15.7 %), stable trajectory (52.7 %) and declining trajectory (31.6 %). Social determinants contribute to intrinsic capacity decline in older adults. Decreased cognitive function, psychological status, and locomotion at baseline were associated with care dependence. Approximately thirty percent of the older adults in this cohort study experienced a decline in intrinsic capacity within a 5-year period. Social determinants contributed to this decline in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of frailty and pain among older adults with physical functional limitations in China. We also assessed the impact of pain and psychosocial determinants on frailty among this vulnerable population. This study was a cross-sectional study. Totally, 2,323 Chinese elders with physical functional limitation were enrolled. Physical functioning was assessed by the Barthel Index, participants who reported "often troubled with pain" were further asked about the intensity of their pain using a 1-10 numeric rating scale, and frailty was assessed by the Assessment of frailty FRAIL scale. The impact of pain and psychosocial factors on frailty was assessed by multivariable binary logistic regression. The prevalence of frailty and pain were 30.9% and 46.1%, respectively. Compared with subjects who reported no pain, those who reported mild (odds ratio [OR] = 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.21-2.31), moderate (OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.53-2.82), or severe pain (OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.56-3.40) tended to be more vulnerable to frailty. Furthermore, compared with participants with positive psychosocial determinants, those with negative psychosocial determinants seemed more likely to be frail. These findings suggest that the incidence of pain, negative psychosocial status, and frailty were prevalent, and the presence of pain and negative psychosocial factors increased the risk of frailty among older adults with physical functional limitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study provides new insight of the environmental governance on community levels. • Higher cadmium content of soil affect the sustainability of community. • Community characteristics with cluster analysis help identify relevant recommendations. • Hierarchical control strategies are recommended to improve rural sanitation. Equitable access to sanitation for all is a goal of sustainable development, notably in rural areas. However, studies including economic, socio-cultural, and other factors that have been conducted to comprehensively assess rural sanitation at the community level in developing countries are limited. This study aimed to investigate the current state of rural environmental sanitation on the community level and to evaluate the characteristics of the diverse sub-clusters. A multidimensional environmental sanitation survey was conducted on 400 communities in Chongqing, China in 2020, and the priority options for improving sub-clusters' sanitation were explored using cluster analysis. Among all communities, more than 60 % had positive village appearance, 50.50 % had domestic sewage treatment, and the coverage rate of household sanitary toilets was 72.28 %. The average content for lead, cadmium (Cd), and chromium in soil was 26.01, 0.53, and 54.47 mg/kg, respectively. The communities were clustered into 3 groups (I, II, III) based on similar characteristics including basic information, village appearance, water, sanitation, hygiene management, bio-vector control, and soil pollution. The proportion of cluster I, II, and III was 39.25 % (157/400), 31.75 % (127/400), and 29.00 % (116/400), respectively. Each cluster had its sanitation characteristics, and significant differences among the sub-clusters were observed in Cd of soil (p = 0.001), domestic sewage disposal ratio (p < 0.001), and environmental health funding (p = 0.001). To sum up, the environmental sanitation in rural areas of Chongqing was better than that of the national average in China, but the Cd content of farmland soil was higher. Our study provides novel evidence for assessing the characteristics of rural sanitation at the community level, and communities with similar environmental health status were clustered into the same group, while the heterogeneity of different sub-cluster was thoroughly characterized. The hierarchical control strategy should be performed in communities based on different characteristics and deficiencies of the clusters to improve environmental sanitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a common and complex mental illness that manifests as persistent episodes of sadness, loss of interest, and decreased energy, which might lead to self-harm and suicide in severe cases. Reportedly, depression affects 3.8 % of the world's population and has been listed as one of the major global public health concerns. In recent years, aromatherapy has been widely used as an alternative and complementary therapy in the prevention and treatment of depression; people can relieve anxiety and depression by sniffing plant aromatic essential oils. Acorus tatarinowii and Panax ginseng essential oils in Chang Shen Hua volatile oil (CSHVO) are derived from Acorus tatarinowii and Panax ginseng , respectively, the main medicines in the famous Chinese medicine prescription Kai Xin San (KXS), Then, these oils are combined with the essential oil of Albizia julibrissin flower to form a new Chinese medicine inhalation preparation, CSHVO. KXS has been widely used in the treatment of depression; however, whether CSHVO can ameliorate depression-like behavior, its pharmacological effects, and the underlying mechanisms of action are yet to be elucidated. A rat model of chronic and unpredictable mild stimulation (CUMS) combined with orphan rearing was treated with CSHVO for 4 weeks. Using behavioral tests (sucrose preference, force swimming, tail suspension, and open field), the depression-like degree was evaluated. Concurrently, brain homogenate and serum biochemistry were analyzed to assess the changes in the neurotransmitters and inflammatory and neurotrophic factors. Furthermore, tissue samples were collected for histological and protein analyses. In addition, network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses of the major active compounds, potential therapeutic targets, and intervention pathways predicted a role of CSHVO in depression relief. Subsequently, these predictions were confirmed by in vitro experiments using a corticosterone (CORT)-induced PC12 cell damage model. CSHVO inhalation can effectively improve the weight and depression-like behavior of depressed rats and regulate the expression of inflammatory factors and neurotransmitters. Hematoxylin-eosin, Nissl, and immunofluorescence staining indicated that compared to the model group, the pathological damage to the brain tissues of rats in the CSHVO groups was improved. The network pharmacological analysis revealed that 144 CSHVO active compounds mediate 71 targets relevant to depression treatment, most of which are rich in the cAMP signaling and inflammatory cytokine pathways. Protein-protein interaction analysis showed that TNF, IL6, and AKT are the core anti-depressive targets of CSHVO. Molecular docking analysis showed an adequate binding between the active ingredients and the key targets. In vitro experiments showed that compared to the model group, the survival rate of PC12 cells induced by CSHVO intervention was increased, the apoptosis rate was decreased, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the cell supernatant was improved. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining confirmed that CSHVO regulates PC12 cells in the CORT model through the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway, and pretreatment with PKA blocker H89 eliminates the protective effect of CSHVO on CORT-induced PC12 cells. CSHVO improves CORT-induced injury in the PC12 cell model and CUMS combined with orphan rearing-induced depression model in rats. The antidepressant mechanism of CSHVO is associated with the modulation of the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An undisclosed polysaccharide, BCP80–2, was isolated from Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. Structural investigation revealed that BCP80–2 consists of ten monosaccharide residues including t- α -Ara f -(1→, →3,5)- α -Ara f -(1→, →5)- α -Ara f -(1→, →4)- β -Xyl p -(1→, →3)- α -Rha p -(1→, →4)- β -Man p -(1→, t- β -Glc p -(1→, →6)- α -Glc p -(1→, t- β -Gal p -(1→, and→3)- α -Gal p -(1→. In vivo activity assays showed that BCP80–2 significantly suppressed neoplasmic growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in zebrafish. Mechanistic studies have shown that BCP80–2 inhibited cell migration of HepG2 cells by suppressing the FAK signaling pathway. Moreover, BCP80–2 also activated immunomodulation and upregulated the secretion of co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD86, CD80, and MHC-II. In conclusion, BCP80–2 inhibited tumor progression by targeting the FAK signaling pathway and activating CD40-induced adaptive immunity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The integrated car routing and train formation optimization problem is formulated. • An efficient simulated annealing based heuristics is presented to solve the problem. • Applicability of the model and solution approach is verified by a real-world case. • Result indicates that the solving method can promptly provide a quality solution. An essential problem encountered in a railway freight transport system is determining the best formation plan on a capacity-constrained physical network. The formation plan is not only the foundation of railway operations, but also the basis of train scheduling, yard and terminal management, and infrastructure resource planning. An integrated optimization of the traffic routing and train formation plan aims at designing a globally optimal train service network to decide: between which pairs of reclassification yards (terminals) should provide a block, the frequencies of the train services, the physical paths of traffic, and the block sequences of shipments. This study proposes a non-linear binary programming model to address the integrated problem to minimize the total costs of accumulation, reclassification, and travel distances while satisfying various practical requirements. An efficient simulated annealing based heuristic solution approach is developed to solve the mathematical model. We use a penalty function method to tackle the capacity constraints and a customized method for the operational requirements. The feasibility of the solving approach is tested using a numerical case study based on the east-west railway channel of China. The computational results of a national-scale example based on the China railway network consisting of 235 nodes indicates that the proposed model and approach can achieve good quality solutions within an acceptable computing time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of metaverse, augmented reality and human–robot teleoperation, action recognition plays an increasingly important role. In this work, we propose a Lightweight Feedforward Cross-channel Information Sharing Network (Sharing-Net) for action recognition. A multi-feature input module is constructed, which includes Cartesian Motion features, Global Joint Distances (GJD), and Global Joint Angles (GJA). The three types of features can tackle the problems of velocity differentiation, viewpoint diversification and object-distance variation, respectively. In order to take full use of the restricted parameters caused by the lightweight structure to enhance the accuracy under the premise of guaranteeing high speed, a multi-feature cross-channel information sharing mechanism is proposed. Dynamic nonlinear composite mapping between feature channels uses cross-channel residual blocks to share data information and establish coupling relationships. Extensive experiments on 3 public datasets and a self-built dataset verify the effectiveness of proposed methods. Compared with the state-of-the-art (SOAT) methods, Sharing-Net achieves the best accuracy with high speed on JHMDB and SHREC and performs superior balance of accuracy and computational cost on NTU RGB+D. • A multi-feature input module including Cartesian motion, GJD and GJA is proposed. • A general multi-feature cross-channel information sharing mechanism is proposed. • Hand-gesture-based robot teleoperation experiments are conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 42 trials including 8249 participants are enrolled in our meta-analysis. • A traditional and net meta-analysis was performed to test the diagnostic value of NfL. • NfL increases in all kinds of neurodegenerative disease compared to healthy controls. • NfL in CSF and blood differentiates neurodegenerative dementia from healthy controls. • NfL concentration is ranked among neurodegenerative dementia using cluster analysis. The diagnostic value of neurofilament light chain protein in neurodegenerative dementia diseases is still controversial. A systematic literature search was performed to identify relevant case-control studies conducted through October 2018. Traditional and net meta-analyses were performed based on 42 studies that tested the diagnostic performance of neurofilament light chain protein (NfL) concentration in CSF and serum/plasma from patients with neurodegenerative dementia. CSF and serum/plasma NfL levels were significantly increased in patients with neurodegenerative dementia diseases. Network meta-analysis showed a significant reduction in CSF NfL levels during mild cognitive impairment, whereas an increase was observed in vascular dementia compared to Alzheimer's disease. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve and cluster analysis showed that the NfL concentration in CSF (vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and Alzheimer's disease) and serum/plasma (frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease) ranked first among neurodegenerative dementia diseases. NfL is an important biomarker that can help clinical neurologists make early diagnoses of neurodegenerative diseases, so patients can receive prompt treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Global nitrogen (N) enrichment likely alters plant community composition and increases productivity, consequently affecting ecosystem stability. Meanwhile, the effects of N addition on plant community composition and productivity are often influenced by phosphorus (P) nutrition, as the effects of N and P addition and interactions between N and P on plant community structure and productivity are still not well understood. An in situ experiment with N and P addition was conducted in a temperate meadow in northeastern China from 2013 to 2016. The responses of plant community composition, structure, functional group cover, richness and productivity to N and P additions were examined. N addition significantly reduced species richness and diversity but increased aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) during the four-study-year period. P addition exerted no significant impact on species richness, diversity or ANPP but reduced cover of grasses and increased legume cover. Under N plus P addition, P addition alleviated the negative effects of N addition on community structure by increasing species richness and covers of legume and forbs. N and P additions significantly altered plant community structure and productivity in the functional groups. N addition significantly increased the cover of gramineous and reduced the cover of legume, P addition significantly increased legume cover. Our observations revealed that soil nutrient availability regulates plant community structure and ANPP in response to nutrient enrichment caused by anthropogenic activities in the temperate meadow. Our results highlight that the negative influence of N deposition on plant community composition might be alleviated by P input in the future. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • N addition reduced plant species richness and diversity. • Phosphorus (P) addition alleviated the negative effects of N addition on community composition. • N and P additions reduced relative abundance of grasses, but increased relative abundance of forbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A novel method developed for six-legged robots to turn valves. • Detecting the position and the size of the valve based on force sensing. • A 0-DOF tool is installed on the robot to perform the valve turning task. • The real-time trajectory planning strategy is designed for the robot. Abstract According to previous studies, usually multi-degree-of-freedom (DOF) manipulators are installed on robots to perform the valve turning task, and vision systems are used to detect the valve data. However, vision systems are limited in the environment with less visibility and the internal force always occurs as the multi-DOF manipulator is compelled to follow the valve exactly by a firm grasp. In this paper, a novel valve turning method based on force sensing is proposed and implemented to the six-legged robot. Firstly, the method can enable the robot to judge the valve position through force sensing in the case of poor vision situation. Moreover, a 0-DOF tool is installed on the body of the robot. By integrating with the body, the tool has enough workspace to perform the operation task. Compared with the multi-DOF manipulator, loose grasp achieved by the 0-DOF tool helps to reduce the internal force during the valve turning process. In addition, the real-time trajectory planning strategy is designed for the robot. Based on the above initiatives, experiments are carried out to demonstrate effectiveness of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of great importance but full of challenge to construct intelligent materials with self-powered, durable and high fire-safety to meet the requirements of the intelligent fire protection towards Internet of Things (IoT). In this work, phosphorous-containing ionic liquid (PIL)-based ionogels (PILGs) were fabricated with acrylamide, low melting point polyanionic polystyrene sulfonate sodium and polycationic polydiallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride via ultraviolet initiated polymerization. PILGs showed good ionic conductivity (1.33 S·m−1) and high ionic thermoelectric effect (1.31 mV·K−1), which endowed flammable materials with accurate temperature-sensing, sensitive fire-warning performance and outstanding flame retardancy. When being burned, PILGs triggered the fire-warning system at about 1 s and rapidly self-extinguished. Besides, due to the good thermostability and low volatility of PIL, PILGs displayed high durability in extreme environments. More importantly, PILGs were designed as thermoelectric capacitors and high output power galvanic cells, which could power fire-warning circuits and electronics. Our work provides new insights for the development and application of self-powered intelligent fire protection materials. [Display omitted] • Phosphorous-containing ionic liquid (PIL)-based ionogels (PILGs) were fabricated. • PILGs exhibited self-powered, durability and high fire-safety. • PILGs endowed materials with temperature-sensing and fire-warning performance. • PILGs could be applied in low-grade heat harvesting and power supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifunctional biomass-based aerogels with mechanically robust and high fire safety are urgently needed for the development of environmentally-friendly intelligent fire fighting but challenging. Herein, a novel polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ)/cellulose/MXene composite aerogel (PCM) with superior comprehensive performance was fabricated by ice-induced assembly and in-situ mineralization. It exhibited light weight (16.2 mg·cm−3), excellent mechanical resilience, and rapidly recovered after being subjected to the pressure of 9000 times of its own weight. Moreover, PCM demonstrated outstanding thermal insulation, hydrophobicity and sensitive piezoresistive sensing. In addition, benefiting from the synergism of PMSQ and MXene, PCM displayed good flame retardancy and improved thermostability. The limiting oxygen index of PCM was higher than 45.0 %, and it quickly self-extinguished after being removed away from fire. More importantly, the rapid electrical resistance reduction of MXene at high temperature endowed PCM with sensitive fire-warning capability (trigger time was less than 1.8 s), which provided valuable time for people to evacuate and relief. This work provides new insights for the preparation and application of the next-generation high performance biomass-based aerogels. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sucrose esters (SEs) have great potential applications in gene delivery because of their low toxicity, excellent biocompatibility, and biodegradability. By using tripeptide-based lipid (CDO) as a model lipid and SEs as helper lipids, a series of liposomes were prepared. The SEs with hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) values of 1, 6, 11, or 16 and the fatty acids of laurate, stearate, or oleate were used in the liposomes. We investigated the effect of HLB values of SEs and fatty acid types on gene transfection efficiency and toxicity of liposomes. The results showed that transfection efficiencies of the liposomes containing SEs with HLB value of 6 were superior to other liposomes in HeLa, MCF-7, NCI-H460, and A549 tumor cells. For the same HLB value, liposomes of laurate SEs were preferable to transfect cells compared to SEs of stearate and oleate. The liposomes with SEs showed higher cellular uptake than liposome without SEs (LipoCDO). LipoL12-6/Luc-siRNA treatment on tumor-bearing mice exhibited about 60% in vivo gene silencing of luciferase, and LipoL12-6 could mediate IGF-1R siRNA to greatly inhibit tumor growth. Moreover, liposomes with SEs revealed remarkably low toxicity in vitro and in vivo . The illustration of SE structures on gene delivery will promote the use of SEs for clinical trials of liposomes. Statement of Significance This article is the first to study the effects of various chain lengths and hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) of sucrose esters (SEs) on gene transfection efficiency and safety of liposomes for gene delivery. The in vitro delivery of pDNA and siRNA by lipoplexes against HeLa, MCF-7, NCI-H460, and A549 tumor cells showed that the lipoplexes could lead to better transfection and lower cytotoxicity after the addition of SEs. SEs with shorter chain and a median HLB value could provide the liposomes with much higher gene transfection efficiency than others. The in vivo delivery of siRNA to tumor-bearing mice further confirmed that liposome containing laurate SE (LipoL12-6) could be a potential therapeutic vector, as it delivered siRNA to silence nearly 60% of the luciferase in tumors and also greatly inhibited the tumor growth. Therefore, the addition of SEs to liposomes proved to be relatively safe in vitro and in vivo . These preliminary results demonstrated that SEs show great potential for constructing controlled-release systems for gene delivery. The readers will get insights into a series of gene vectors and deepen their understanding about gene delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several models have been proposed and developed to formulate prediction equations for the significant duration (D S) of shallow crustal and subduction earthquakes. However, no equation for D S and a corresponding spatial correlation model have been proposed for upper mantle earthquakes. To address records are selected from the Kyoshin network (K-net) and Kiban Kyoshin network (KiK-net) databases in this study for shallow crustal and upper mantle earthquake with moment magnitudes of 4 ≤ M w ≤ 7.3, rupture distances R rup ≤ 300 km and peak ground accelerations (PGAs) ≥ 0.01 g. A new prediction equation is established for D S of shallow crustal and upper mantle earthquakes in Japan by considering the influences of M w , R rup , the time-averaged shear-wave velocity to 30 m V S 30 , the difference between the measured and predicted values of the overburden thickness for a shear wave velocity of 1000 m/s δZ 1 , and the depth to the top of the rupture Z tor on the D S of ground motion. The rationality and reliability of the proposed prediction model is confirmed using residual analysis and by comparison with existing prediction models. Based on intra-event residuals and single-station intra-event residuals, a semivariogram function and exponential model are used to analyze the spatial correlation of D S , which provides a reference basis for the development of GMPEs based on the nonergodic hypothesis, and regional seismic risk analysis and loss assessment. • GMPEs for significant duration of shallow crustal earthquakes in Japan is modified. • GMPEs for significant duration of upper mantle earthquakes in Japan is presented. • Spatial correlation model of significant duration is developed for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Natural products are one of the essential sources of innovative drugs. Trigothysoid N, a natural daphnane diterpenoid obtained from Trigonostemon thyrsoideus, possessed the strong ability to inhibit the proliferation of A549 cells. Besides interrupting the cell cycle, the mechanism examination revealed that trigothysoid N can inhibit tumor proliferation and migration by targeting mitochondria, regulating the STAT3/FAK signal pathway, and suppressing angiogenesis. In addition to the possible mechanism, in vivo antitumor experiments were performed to explore the potential of trigothysoid N for treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Collectively, these findings supported the great potential of trigothysoid N as a hopeful therapeutic agent against NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A feasibility–economic–environment assessment system for EVs is established. • Real-world travel trajectories and charging infrastructures are considered. • Economic and environmental benefits are explored under TCO and LCA frameworks. • Ride-hailing electrification is feasible under the current infrastructure and technology. • Electrification can reduce 47–66 t CO 2 and save 14000–24500 $ per vehicle. Ride-hailing has become a common travel choice in global megacities. However, ride-hailing fleets are facing severe challenges toward electrification owing to high travel intensity, high price sensitivity, inconvenience related to charging, and range anxiety. This study established a comprehensive feasibility–economic–environment assessment system to explore the applicability, life-cycle economic as well as carbon reduction benefits of ride-hailing electrification. For full-time ride-hailing vehicle drivers who face the greatest electrification challenges, it is found that charging station service radius of 1 km, average charging power of 37.5 kW, and state of charge of 30–70% as charging threshold are optimal for balancing the charging feasibility and driving experience. Ride-hailing electrification for full-time drivers can achieve synergetic economic and environmental benefits by saving 14000–24500 $ and reducing 47–66 t of CO 2 emissions in a whole lifetime. This research suggests that developing a smart order dispatch system for ride-hailing to guide more efficient charging activities would help relieve range anxiety and further promote ride-hailing electrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early detection of pulmonary nodules is critical for the prevention and treatment of lung cancer. Concomitant with recent advancements in computer performance and intelligent algorithms, the efficacy of pulmonary nodule computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) has been continuously improving, and various algorithms have been proposed using different datasets. This study systematically analyzed and compared the performance of machine learning algorithms using the same dataset in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules through a literature review. The widely used LIDC-IDRI dataset and its subset LUNA16 were used as data objects. The SpringerLink, Science Direct, IEEE Xplore, and PubMed scientific databases were searched, and seventy-five papers were analyzed. Deep-learning-based CAD was found to be superior to conventional machine-learning-based CAD in terms of the number of published studies and algorithm performance. The best performances were as follows: feedforward neural network (FNN) and convolutional neural network (CNN) for detecting pulmonary nodules; region-based CNN (R-CNN) for the segmentation of pulmonary nodules; residual neural network (ResNet) for the classification of nodules and non-nodules; and deep neural network (DNN) for the classification of benign and malignancy. To further extend the application of CAD in clinical practice, the appropriate algorithm type should be used based on the characteristics of the task. The CAD process should be divided into logical stages and the optimal algorithm for each stage should be used to increase the reliability of the process. The CAD performance of numerous algorithms on the same dataset is systematically compared and ideas for future exploration are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To use siRNA (small interfering RNA) for gene therapy, a gene delivery system is often necessary to overcome several challenging requirements including rapid excretion, low stability in blood serum, non-specific accumulation in tissues, poor cellular uptake and inefficient intracellular release. Active and/or passive targeting should help the delivery system to reach the desired tissue or cell, to be internalized, and to deliver siRNA to the cytoplasm so that siRNA can inhibit protein synthesis. This review covers conjugates of small targeting molecules and non-viral delivery systems for the mediation of siRNA, with a focus on their transfection properties in order to help the development of new and efficient siRNA delivery systems, as the therapeutic solutions of tomorrow. Statement of Significance The delivery of siRNA into cells or tissues remains to be a challenge for its applications, an alternative strategy for siRNA delivery systems is direct conjugation of non-viral vectors with targeting moieties for cellular delivery. In comparison to macromolecules, small targeting molecules have attracted great attention due to their many potential advantages including significant simplicity and ease of production, good repeatability and biodegradability. This review will focus on the most recent advances in the delivery of siRNA using conjugates of small targeting molecules and non-viral delivery systems. Based the editor’s suggestions, we hope the revised manuscript could provide more profound understanding to the conjugates of targeting molecules to vectors for mediation of siRNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]