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This paper addresses a secure predictor-based neural dynamic surface control (SPNDSC) issue for a cyber–physical system in a nontriangular form suffering from both sensor and actuator deception attacks. To avoid the algebraic loop problem, only partial states are employed as input vectors of neural networks (NNs) for approximating unknown dynamics, and compensation terms are further developed to offset approximation errors from NNs. With introduction of nonlinear gain functions and attack compensators, adverse effects of an intelligent adversary are alleviated effectively. Furthermore, we present stability analysis and prove the ultimate boundedness of all signals in the closed-loop system. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is illustrated by two examples. • A secure predictor-based neural dynamic surface control (SPNDSC) strategy is proposed to accommodate the compromised state information. • By introducing a nonlinear gain function into our controller, the negative effects caused by an intelligent adversary are mitigated. • We utilize NNs to estimate the upper bound of the actuator attacks and compensate their adverse impacts, and design sensor attack compensators to deal with the sensor deception attacks. • An improved predictor is developed to achieve NNs' learning performance, while overcoming the so-called algebraic loop issue without strict assumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To investigate the effect of maternal and dietary selenium on antioxidant status in testis and apoptosis of germ cells during spermatogenesis of their offspring, selected Taihang Black Goats (n =119) were randomly allotted to four treatment groups. They were fed the experimental diet with different Se levels (from Se-enriched yeast) for 174d from 60d prior to lactation to weaning of kids. The treatments were: (1) Group 1 (control), basal diet without Se supplementation, (2) Group 2, the same basal diet supplemented 0.5mg Se/kg DM, (3) Group 3, the same basal diet supplemented 2mg Se/kg DM and (4) Group 4, the same basal diet supplemented 4mg Se/kg DM. Thirty days after weaning, testis samples of the young male goats were collected for mRNA expression and analyzing the antioxidant status and Se concentration, as well as the population of apoptotic germ cells by TUNEL assay. The results show that mRNA expression of apoptosis genes (Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase 8) were significantly higher in Groups 1 and 4 than that in Groups 2 and 3. The same trend was observed in the population of apoptotic cells analyzed by TUNEL assay. GSH-Px activity and Se concentration in testis of offspring was progressively increased with the increasing Se level in diet of dams. However, there was no significant difference in GSH-Px activity between Groups 3 and 4. The lowest MDA content was obtained in Group 2 and a significant decrease was observed in Groups 1, 3 and 4. These data suggest that doe maternal and dietary Se could influence antioxidant status in the testis of their offspring and the oxidative stress related to Se from the dam could modulate mRNA expression of apoptosis genes and apoptosis of germ cells during spermatogenesis. It is possible that Se supplementation of the dam''s diet during gestation and lactation could be a way to supply the Se necessary for normal development of reproductive function of their offspring. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present study was conducted to investigate fertility-associated proteins in ram seminal plasma and the correlation between specific protein and semen characteristics in sheep. Thirty-eight German merino sheep clinically proven healthy were chosen and divided into three groups according to fertility. Ejaculates were collected by an artificial vagina and semen characteristics (volume, pH value, motility, viability and concentration) were recorded. Seminal plasma was harvested by centrifugation and then subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis in parallel with molecular weight standards. Fifteen protein bands with different molecular weights, ranging from 15.13 to 116.20kDa, were identified on the gel. The results showed that the relative content of eight protein bands was significantly different between the high-fertility group (H-group) and the low-fertility group (L-group). Although the remaining seven protein bands showed no fertility-associated changes in their relative content, some of them were negatively or positively correlated with some semen quality parameters (motility, viability, concentration or pH value). Thus, this study indicates that ram seminal plasma contains specific proteins that are associated with fertility and semen characteristics. Also, these proteins could be utilised in developing a reliable and simple method to determine the ram fertility or semen quality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of ovarian cortex cells (OCCs) monolayers on the nuclear maturation of sheep oocytes with or without cumulus cells during IVM. Sheep ovaries collected from a local abattoir were transported to the laboratory in warm PBS containing antibiotics within 2–3h after collection. Cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were obtained by aspiration and evaluated in a pre-incubated Hepes-modified TCM 199 medium. The selected COCs were randomly divided into six treatment groups: group 1 (control group): oocytes enclosed by cumulus cells were cultured in maturation medium; group 2 (co-culture group): oocytes enclosed by cumulus cells co-cultured with OCCs monolayers; group 3 (conditioned group): oocytes enclosed by cumulus cells were cultured in OCCs-conditioned medium; group 4 (denuded group): denuded oocytes were cultured in the maturation medium; group 5 (denuded co-culture group): denuded oocytes co-cultured with OCCs monolayers in maturation medium; group 6 (denuded conditioned group): denuded oocytes were cultured in OCCs-conditioned medium. After maturation for 24h, the oocytes in each treatment group were fixed, stained and the nuclear status of the oocytes were assessed under an inverted microscope. The highest percentage of metaphase II (M-II) stage oocyte was observed in group 2 (86.3%) and the lower percentage was observed in the denuded groups (group 4–6). The removal of cumulus cells dramatically decreased the percentage of M-II stage oocyte. The comparison of the nuclear maturation status in group 4–6 showed that the co-culture of oocyte with OCCs monolayers resulted in progression to completing the GVBD stage to reach the M-II stage. The results demonstrated that the presence of OCCs could positively influence the meiotic resumption and progression of sheep oocytes during IVM. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The objective of this study was to obtain a fast, accurate and reliable method of determining the sex of goat embryos prior to implantation through amplification of the high-motility-group (HMG) box of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) gene of the goats. Goat specific primers were designed for duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). As an internal control gene, the goat beta-action gene sequence was simultaneously amplified together with the HMG box of goat SRY gene. Males showed both 1 SRY band and 1 beta-action band, but only 1 beta-action band was present in the agarose gel electrophoresis of females. The result indicated that the goat HMG-box sequence motif of SRY was male specific. Afterward, the optimized PCR procedure was applied in 30 embryo biopsies and the biopsied embryos were transferred into 30 recipient female goats. The sex of the 13 kids proved anatomically corresponded to the sex determined by PCR (100% accuracy). Thus, this study showed that this duplex PCR method can be applied to sex the goat pre-implantation embryos and to manipulate the sex ratio of offspring in goat breeding programs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of inorganic, organic and elemental nano-selenium on growth performance, Se concentration and antioxidant status in growing male goats. A total of 40 weaned Taihang black goats were randomly divided into four equal groups, given the basal diet either unsupplemented (CTRL only received 0.03mg/kg Se background) or supplemented with 0.3mg/kg Se as sodium selenite (SS), Se-yeast (SY) or elemental nano-selenium (NS) for a 90 days experiment (from weaning to maturity). Average initial and finial body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) were recorded. Serum and whole blood were collected for serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) activity and Se content analysis. At the end of the feeding trail five bucks in each group were killed and samples of heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, muscle and testis were collected for Se determination. The result showed that the final BW was increased (P <0.05) in bucks supplemented with Se compared to the controls, and ADG in NS and SY were greater (P <0.05) than SS or CTRL bucks. Whole blood, serum and tissue Se concentration, serum antioxidant enzymes activity were also affected by dietary Se supplementation. Serum GSH-Px, SOD and CAT in NS were higher (P <0.05) than those in SS and SY, and Se retention of whole blood, serum and some organs in NS were also higher than SS or SY (P <0.05). It could be concluded that supplementation of Se can improve growth performance, serum oxidant status and Se concentration in blood and tissues in growing male goat. The dietary supplementation of elemental nano-Se could be utilized more effectively when compared to inorganic or organic Se. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of elemental nano-selenium (NS) on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, and urinary purine derivatives in sheep. Eight male ruminally cannulated sheep (42.5±3.2kg of body weight, BW) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square experiment in four 20 day periods. Depending on treatment designation, sheep were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0.3, 3 and 6g of nano-Se/kg dry matter (DM). Ruminal pH (range of 6.68–6.80) and ammonia N concentration (range of 9.95–12.49mg/100mL) was decreased (P<0.01), and total VFA concentration (range of 73.63–77.72mM) was increased linearly (P<0.01) and quadratically (P<0.01) with increasing nano-Se supplementation. The ratio of acetate to propionate was linearly (P<0.01) and quadratically (P<0.01) decreased due to the increasing of propionate concentration. In situ ruminal neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) degradation of Leymus chinensis and crude protein (CP) of soybean meal were linearly (P<0.01) and quadratically (P<0.01) improved by feeding nano-Se. Similarly, nutrients digestibility in the total tract and urinary excretion of purine derivatives were also quadratically (P<0.01) changed by increasing nano-Se supplementation. The present results indicated that nano-Se supplementation in basal diet improved rumen fermentation and feed utilization. Nano-Se could also stimulate rumen microbial activity, digestive microorganisms or enzyme activity. The optimum dose of nano-Se was about 3.0g/kg dietary DM in sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the short-term effect of dietary selenium (Se)-enriched yeast on semen parameters in goat during the breeding season. Also, the antioxidant status and Se content in seminal plasma was investigated. A total of 72 adult Taihang black goats of proven fertility were randomly assigned to four treatment groups. They were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0mg of Se/kg dry matter (DM) (from Se-enriched yeast). Semen was collected by an artificial vagina (AV) and semen characteristics (volume, motility, viability, concentration and abnormality) were recorded. Seminal plasma was harvested by centrifugation for analyzing enzyme activities and Se concentration. The result showed that short-term dietary Se supplementation has both linear (P<0.001) and quadratic (P<0.001) effects on semen parameters and antioxidant activities. It could be concluded that the short-term supplementation of Se-enriched yeast can improve semen quality in goat and Se plays an important role in oxidative systems of seminal plasma. The results of this study provide an effective approach to improve the reproductive performance at a lower feeding cost through short-term dietary supplementation of organic Se. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• A dynamic average consensus (DAC) control scheme, based on event-triggered cloud access, is proposed for an MAS with constrained communication. • A cloud-based event-triggered condition is proposed with an adaptive threshold related to consensus error for accessing cloud repository. A dynamic average consensus (DAC) control scheme is proposed in the presence of constrained communication, where event-triggered cloud access is presented with a cloud repository for agents. With this framework, agents upload and download information from the cloud repository, in which they exchange information with neighbors indirectly. We first propose a triggered condition with a deviation of control signals for reduction of the frequency of communication with the cloud repository. Due to the fact that the neighbors' information in the condition can't be obtained in the cloud framework, cloud access scheduling rules, with an adaptive threshold for control signal updating, are then introduced via available information at current instants, and agents access the cloud repository in an asynchronous manner to avoid congestion. Available information from the cloud is employed, as well as their own, into the triggered condition for prediction of next access instants, and the triggered consequence is generated. Stability analysis presents that the control scheme in this paper steers the MAS to achieve DAC with an ultimately bounded tracking error and rules out Zeno behaviors. The effectiveness of the control scheme is verified via an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of maternal dietary selenium (Se-enriched yeast) on testis development, testosterone level and steroidogenesis-related gene expression in testis of their male kids, selected pregnant Taihang Black Goats were randomly allotted to four treatment groups. They were fed the basal gestation and lactation diets supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 2.0 and 4.0 mg of Se/kg DM. Thirty days after weaning, testes were collected from the kids. After the morphological development status of testis was examined, tissue samples were collected for analyzing testosterone concentration and histological parameters. Testosterone synthesis-related genes were detected using real-time PCR. Localization and quantification of androgen receptor (AR) in testis of goats were determined by immunohistochemical and western blot analysis. The results show that Se supplementation in the diet of dams led to higher (p < 0.05) testicular weight, volume, length, width, transverse and vertical grith of their male kids. Excessive Se (4.0 mg/kg) can inhibit the development of testis by decreasing testicular weight and volume. The density of spermatogenic cells and Leydig cells in the Se treatment groups was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that in the control. Maternal dietary Se did not affect the thickness of testes, thickness of germinal epithelium and diameter of seminiferous tubule. Se supplemented in the diet of dams improved the testosterone level in testis tissue and serum, and promote the expression of testosterone-related genes. The mRNA expression of StAR, 3β-HSD and CYP11A1 was decreased with the increasing dietary Se levels of dams. Maternal dietary Se can improve the AR protein abundance in testis of their offspring. AR immunopositive product was detected in Leydig cells, peritubular myoid cells, perivascular smooth muscle cells, primary spermatocytes and spermatids. The expression of AR in spermatogenetic cells is stage specific. This study suggests that maternal dietary Se can influence the testis development and spermatogenesis of their male kids by modulating testosterone synthesis in goats. More attention should be given to the potential role of maternal nutrition in improving reproductive performance of their offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of selenium (Se-enriched yeast) supplementation in gestation diet on blood antioxidant status, hormone profile and haemato-biochemical parameters in goats. Selected pregnant Taihang Black Goats (n = 119) were randomly allotted to four treatment groups. They were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 2.0 and 4.0 mg Se/kg DM during gestation period. Blood samples were collected on the 140th day of gestation to evaluate blood antioxidant status, hormone levels and haemato-biochemical parameters. The results showed that dietary Se improved (P < 0.05) the activity of GSH-Px and SOD, T-AOC of does. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in the MDA content, GSH-Px and SOD activities between the Se 0.5 and Se 2.0 group. Dietary Se did not affect the FSH and LH level, but increased (P < 0.05) the estradiol, progesterone and T 4 level of does. RBC count, haematocrit value and haemoglobin concentration were not influenced (P > 0.05) by the Se supplemented in diet. The does in the Se 4.0 group had the highest blood WBC, lymphocytes and monocytes counts. Dietary Se did not affect the ALT and CK activity, as well as the HDL and albumin concentration, but improved (P < 0.05) the AST, LDH, glucose, total cholesterol and protein in serum of does. These data suggest that Se-enriched yeast is a kind of safe Se source for the pregnant animals. Se supplementation in gestation diet can not only improve the antioxidant status and stimulate the estradiol, progesterone and T 4 production of does, but also enhance the metabolism of major nutrients in goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of maternal dietary selenium (Se-enriched yeast) on growth performance, antioxidant status and haemato-biochemical parameters of their male kids, selected pregnant Taihang Black Goats (n = 119) were randomly allotted to four treatment groups. They were fed the basal gestation and lactation diets supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 2.0 and 4.0 mg of Se/kg DM. Before weaning, the male kids were weighted at 30-d intervals and the growth performance was evaluated. Blood samples collected during the last month of the experiment were analyzed for antioxidant status, Se concentration and haemato-biochemical parameters. The results show that the kids in the Se 0.5 and Se 4.0 group had the highest (P < 0.05) birth weight and weaning weight, respectively. No significant difference was found in the birth weight between the control and the Se 4.0 group. Dietary Se levels of dams did not affect (P > 0.05) the body weight from 60 days of age, weaning weight, ADG and feed efficiency of kids. ADFI was not influenced (P > 0.05) by maternal Se. The GSH-Px and SOD activities, T-AOC and Se concentration of the kids were significantly (P < 0.05) improved with the increasing Se level in the diet of dams. Maternal Se increased (P < 0.05) the RBC count, haemoglobin content and haematocrit value of kids. The decreased WBC count, lymphocytes and monocytes percentage were also found in the Se treatment groups. Serum AST, LDH, GGT and CK activities, as well as LDL and albumin content were not affected by maternal dietary Se. The highest ALT activity, total protein and HDL content were observed in Se 4.0 group. The kids of mother fed Se had increased (P < 0.05) serum globulin, total cholesterol and glucose concentration. Dietary Se levels of dams had no effect (P > 0.05) on serum ALT, ALB, total cholesterol and protein concentration of their kids. These data indicate that appropriate maternal dietary Se can improve the birth weight and growth performance of their male kids by enhancing the antioxidant status and nutritional metabolism in Taihang black goats. It is suggested that Se-enriched yeast is a kind of relatively safe Se source for the pregnant animals, and can be supplemented to the gestation and/or lactation diets to promote growth performance of their offspring when various feeding methods and basic Se status of animals were considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Follicular fluid meiosis-activating sterol (FF-MAS), an intermediate in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, has been identified as a compound that induces the resumption of meiosis in mammalian oocyte. Follicular fluid meiosis-activating sterol is converted to testis meiosis–activating sterol by a sterol Δ14-reductase. An inhibitor of Δ14-reductase and Δ7-reductase, AY9944 A-7, causes accumulation of FF-MAS by inhibiting its metabolism. The objective of this research was to investigate the specific contribution of AY9944 A-7 on gonadotropin-induced meiotic resumption and its interactive effects with FSH or LH on meiotic maturation of oocytes and preimplantation development of parthenogenetic embryo in sheep by addition of AY9944 A-7 during IVM to cause accumulation of FF-MAS. First, ovine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were cultured in the presence of FSH (10 μg/mL), LH (10 μg/mL), AY9944 A-7 (20 μmol/L), FSH (10 μg/mL)+AY9944 A-7 (20 μmol/L), or LH (10 μg/ml) + AY9944 A-7 (20 μmol/L) with an inhibitor hypoxanthine (Hx) to prevent spontaneous meiosis of oocytes. The resumption of meiosis was assessed by the frequency of germinal vesicle breakdown and the first polar body (PBI) extrusion. The kinetics of gonadotropin and AY9944 A-7–induced meiotic resumption in vitro was also evaluated in the study. The numbers of oocytes resuming meiosis and undergoing germinal vesicle breakdown were counted after the COCs were cultured for 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours. Matured oocytes extruding PBI were selected for parthenogenetic activation, and the percentages developing to the two-cell stage and blastocyst stage were recorded as indicators of parthenogenetic embryo developmental competence. It was observed that FSH could induce the resumption of meiosis of ovine COCs cultured in the presence of Hx, but LH could not. AY9944 A-7 had a synergistic effect with FSH on nuclear maturation and developmental competence of embryos produced by parthenogenetic activation, whereas it had no added advantage on LH action. However, the kinetics of meiotic resumption after AY9944 A-7 stimulation was remarkably delayed when compared with FSH-induced maturation. In conclusion, the current study suggested that AY9944 A-7 supplementation in IVM medium optimized the beneficial effects of FSH on meiotic maturation of ovine oocytes and subsequent developmental competence of embryos produced by parthenogenetic activation. This work had important potential for developing a novel technique in IVM of ovine oocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Ultrastructure of spermatozoa and sperm parameters of freezing‐thawing of goat semen was described. [•] Using the computer‐assisted semen analysis (CASA) system evaluated the semen kinematic parameter and motility. [•] Freezing–thawing resulted in a significant reduction in spermatozoa motility and increase in unmovable cells. [•] Ultrastructure observations showed an intuitive deformity in sperm head (nucleus), midpiece and mitochondria causing by cryo‐injury. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Follicular fluid meiosis-activating sterol (FF-MAS), an intermediate in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, has been identified as a compound that induces the resumption of meiosis in mammalian oocyte. FF-MAS is converted to testis meiosis-activating sterol by a sterol Δ14-reductase. An inhibitor of Δ14-reductase and Δ7-reductase, AY9944 A-7, causes accumulation of FF-MAS by inhibiting its metabolism. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of AY9944 A-7 supplementation to oocyte maturation media on prepubertal sheep oocyte meiotic resumption and subsequent preimplantation development of embryos. Prepubertal sheep oocytes isolated at the germinal vesicle stage from their follicles were cultured with 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 μM AY9944 A-7 for 24 hours in media with or without a meiotic inhibitor hypoxanthine (Hx, 4 mM). The resumption of meiosis was assessed by the frequency of germinal vesicle breakdown and the first polar body (PBI) extrusion. After maturation for 24 hours, oocytes with PBI were inseminated in vitro, and the percentages developing to the two-cell stage and blastocyst stage were measured as indicators of early embryonic developmental competence. AY9944 A-7 induced maturation of sheep cumulus-oocyte complexes with optimal concentrations of 10 and 20 μM both in Hx-inhibited meiotic maturation and spontaneous maturation, whereas AY9944 A-7 with any concentrations had no significant effect on that of denuded oocytes and split cumulus-oocyte complexes. Furthermore, maturing oocytes treated with either 10 or 20 μM AY9944 A-7 dramatically increased the percentages of ovine embryos developing to the two-cell stage and blastocyst stage. Higher concentrations of AY9944 A-7, 30 and 40 μM, were detrimental to oocytes and led to their degeneration. The present findings indicated for the first time that AY9944 A-7 was not only able to promote meiotic maturation, both Hx-inhibited and spontaneous, but also enhanced preimplantation developmental competence of prepubertal sheep oocytes maturing in vitro. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Ultrastructure of testes Chinese Taihang black goat (Capra hircus) was described. [•] Using electron microscopic observations described the change of germ cell nucleus and mitochondria migration during spermiogenesis of Capra hircus. [•] The sizes of nucleus and chromatin can be used to identify the different stages of germ cells. [•] During reproductive season, the nuclei of the Sertoli cells were irregular shaped and showed indentations in the membrane. [•] The mitochondria have a migration process during spermatogenesis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this experiment the effect of maternal dietary selenium on the expression of Sel P and apoER2 of goat offspring was studied. The experiment was conducted on 119 Taihang Black Goats randomly divided into 4 groups which were fed with a basal diet, supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 2 and 4mgkg−1 DM Se. Testis samples were collected from young male of each treatment group at the end of the study (30d after weaning) for mRNA expression using real-time PCR and for protein expression by immunohistochemistry assay. A significant decrease was observed in mRNA expression of Sel P and apoER2 in the testis of the Se-deficient (Group 1) and the Se-excess (Group 4) compared with that in Groups 2 and 3. A similar trend of the protein expression of Sel P and apoER2 was also found. These data indicate that maternal and dietary selenium has an effect on the expression of Sel P and apoER2 in testis of their offspring. In addition, both groups were similar suggesting that the relationship between Sel P and apoER2, and apoER2 is a receptor of Sel P in the seminiferous epithelium to uptake the selenium. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of selenium on the expression of p34cdc2 and CyclinB1 (two components of MPF regulating cell cycle) of germ cells of their offspring in goats. A herd of 119 Taihang Black Goats, which was randomly divided into 4 treatments, received experimental diet with different Se levels (from Se-enriched yeast) for 174d. The four treatments, fed with a basal diet, were supplemented with 0(control), 0.5, 2 and 4mgkg−1 DM Se. Testis samples were collected from the young male goats of each treatment group at the end of the study (30d after weaning) for mRNA expression using real-time PCR and for protein expression by immunohistochemistry assay. Results show that a significant decrease was observed in mRNA expression of p34cdc2 and CyclinB1 in the testis of Se-deficient (Group 1) and Se-excess (Group 4) animals compared with that in Groups 2 and 3. However, no significant changes were found in mRNA expression of p34cdc2 between Se-deficient (Group 1) and Se-excess (Group 4). Also the immunohistochemistry assay detected similar results of protein expression of these two genes. These results suggest, that maternal and dietary Se-induced oxidative stress can modulate the mRNA and protein expression of the cell cycle related genes (p34cdc2 and CyclinB1) in the testis of their offspring. In addition, Se deficiency and Se excess could prevent the completion of the cell cycle. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]