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Rosette forming Glioneuronal tumours (RGNT) are rare WHO grade I tumours. They have been recognised as a sole entity in the WHO classification since 2007. They are typically described as having a favourable prognosis. Since their description as a distinct entity, there have been only four reports of malignant or anaplastic transformation of RGNT. We report a case of recurrent RGNT with new anaplastic histopathological features. We present the case of a 48-year-old female who presented with a vermian region RGNT. The tumour recurred six years after initial surgical resection with new anaplastic transformation. Despite further surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, the lesion continued to recur with high grade features. RGNT is a rare variant of a mixed glial-neuronal tumour. It has been defined as a WHO grade I lesion with a favourable prognostic course. There is growing evidence that this neoplasm can demonstrate malignant transformation with aggressive behaviour. Recurrent RGNT is a rare entity. There is a growing bank of literature surrounding this relatively new entity to aid patients and clinicians alike in management decisions. To our knowledge, we report one of only few cases of anaplastic transformation of a RGNT. A high degree of suspicion should be maintained for patients with recurrent RGNT and in suitable cases, surgical resection with adjuvant chemo-irradiation should be pursued. • Rosette Forming Glioneuronal Tumours are rarely described with anaplastic transformation • A high degree of suspicion should be maintained for patients with recurrent Rosette Forming Glioneuronal Tumours • The risk for malignant transformation of rosette-forming glioneuronal tumour may warrant safe gross total resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Bilateral vocal cord palsy is a condition which has many causes (Gupta et al., 2012) [1] . Syringomyelia is an uncommon condition which describes the formation of fluid filled cavity, occupying the spinal cord (Chang, 2003) [2] . It rarely manifests itself as subacute onset of stridor. Presentation of case We present the case of a three year old female who presented for evaluation of her speech and language delay, when incidentally it was made note of her loud breathing which had previously been managed as bronchiolitis by her general practitioner. In hospital she was found to have a bilateral vocal cord palsy. Further investigation revealed a large syrinx as well as an associated Arnold Chiari 1 malformation, for which she required neurosurgical decompression. Conclusion Although uncommon, formation of a syrinx should be considered for patients who present with stridor and reiterates the importance of MRI as an important investigative tool of bilateral vocal cord palsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bertolotti syndrome describes lower back pain secondary to an anatomical lumbosacral transitional vertebrae. We present the case of a 37 year old female with chronic lower back pain with radiological evidence of an anatomical lumbosacral pseudojoint. The patient underwent minimally invasive resection of her pseudojoint with complete resolution of symptoms postoperatively. We, as the authors would like to highlight that in patients with pain secondary to an aberrant lumbosacral articulation, consideration should be given to treatment via a minimally invasive technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]