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Reserpine is widely used for treatment of hypertension and schizophrenia. As a specific inhibitor of monoamine transporters, reserpine is known to deplete monoamine neurotransmitters and cause decreased movement symptoms. However, how zebrafish larvae respond to reserpine treatment is not well studied. Here we show that swimming distance and average velocity are significantly reduced after reserpine exposure under various stimulatory conditions. Using liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer analysis, decreased levels of monoamines (e.g. dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) were detected in reserpine-treated larvae. Moreover, reserpine treatment significantly reduced the number of dopaminergic neurons, which was identified with th (Tyrosine Hydroxylase) in situ hybridization in the preoptic area. Interestingly, dopaminergic neuron development-associated genes, such as otpa , otpb , wnt1 , wnt3 , wnt5 and manf , were downregulated in reserpine treated larvae. Our data indicates that 2 mg/L reserpine exposure induces dopaminergic neuron damage in the brain, demonstrating a chemical induced depression-like model in zebrafish larvae for future drug development. Unlabelled Image • Zebrafish larvae locomotion decreased after reserpine treatment. • Zebrafish sensitivity to light/sound stimulation reduced by reserpine-exposed • Monoamine levels were decreased in reserpine treated groups. • 2mg/L reserpine treated group lead to a reduction in prethalamic dopaminergic neurons. • And the related dopaminergic developmental genes were downregulated in 2mg/L treated group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the dynamic relationship between rural GDP, rural energy consumption and rural investment based on a provincial panel data set covering the 1995–2010 period. The vector error correction model (VECM) and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) are utilized to examine the short- and long-run causal relationship between the variables of interest. Then, the impulse response function (IRF) and variance analysis are used to examine the dynamic impact of the process and the contribution of relevant factors. The estimation results indicate that there is two-way Granger causality between rural GDP and rural investment and unilateral Granger causality extending from rural energy consumption to rural GDP and investment in the long term. Furthermore, the results also verify the existence of unidirectional causal relationship from rural GDP to rural investment and bilateral causal relationship between rural GDP and rural energy consumption in the short run. Hence, it is feasible for China to promote economic development through hastening the optimization and upgrading of its rural industrial structure and encouraging and promoting the use of green energy. Additionally, rural economic growth is helpful for stimulating rural investment and energy consumption, which in turn benefits economic development in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]