Search

Most existing studies on shrinking cities focus on identifying and characterizing population contraction at the city scale and lack an in-depth exploration of the mechanisms of population contraction and daily life scenarios at the street scale. To fill this gap, this study employed semi-structured interviews and participant observation to analyze the street vitality and mechanisms of operation of Dongda Street in Rugao County of Jiangsu Province in China. The study found the following. First, the interspersed urban renewal has allowed residents to retain their original lifestyles and time-space routines, and they continue to enact an endogenous street ballet. Second, new residents gradually develop new lifestyles and time-space routines in the streets, showcasing an exogenous street ballet. Third, both groups jointly perform hybrid street ballets in their daily lives through close public interactions. These findings suggest that while Dongda Street is an aging neighborhood, the survival of the original street pattern and old buildings has allowed the neighborhood to retain its historical flavor. Additionally, the moving in of creative industries and merchants injects new vitality into the neighborhood. These findings examine daily street life in the context of population contraction and help break the stereotypes of population contraction. • The interspersed urban renewal has allowed local residents to retain their original endogenous street ballet. • New residents gradually develop time-space routines in the streets, showcasing an exogenous street ballet. • Both groups jointly perform hybrid street ballets in their daily lives through close public interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residential mobility has become an increasingly important issue in China, where urban families participate frenetically in the commodity housing market leading to soaring property prices. Applying place dependence approach and logistic regression models, this paper examines the association between residential mobility intentions and place dependence for employment and education in Beijing. The results reveal that people's intentions to move homes are driven by place dependence on the access to high-quality schools for their children, while the dependence for employment is rather weak. The findings indicate children's education has emerged as a new driving force that shapes urban space in contemporary China and therefore should be a focal point for planners and policy makers in urban resource distribution. This paper provides evidences to further our understanding of the high premium of properties that enable access to good schools. The needs for other spatial utilities and sentimental attachment to a place also encourage residential mobility intentions, which deserves further research. • Residential mobility intention was analyzed in Zhongguancun area in Beijing. • Influences of children's education and parents' employment were measured. • Children's education has emerged as a new driving force affecting residential choices. • Place dependence provides a useful lens to comprehend housing mobility in contemporary cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Social inclusion poses challenges in many areas, especially regarding immigrants. This study contributes to the understanding of the multidimensional nature of livelihoods of immigrants and non-immigrants and their associated satisfaction, with an empirical study of Nansha Special Economic Zone in China. Overall levels of immigrants' livelihoods were found to be lower than those of non-immigrants, especially in the social and physical dimensions. Immigrants with higher livelihood capital were more satisfied than those with lower livelihood capital, and they were generally less satisfied with their livelihoods than non-immigrants at similar livelihood levels. These results advance our understanding of the situations of immigrants compared to non-immigrants, informing the policy-making process better dealing with provisions to improve living conditions in desired ways towards socially inclusive development. Highlights • Levels of immigrants' livelihoods were found to be lower than those of non-immigrants. • Immigrants with higher livelihood capital were more satisfied than those with lower. • Immigrants were not satisfied with their financial capital. • Policies that treat immigrants as equal to non-immigrants are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to deal with anthropogenic environmental impacts are focussed predominantly on cities. This paper applies metafrontier-data envelopment analysis (DEA) to evaluate the capacity of 286 Chinese cities of different sizes and in different regions towards green growth development and assesses gaps in their efficiencies. The determinants of efficiency, including regional and population size effects, were estimated using logistic regression model. Results show that the state of green growth efficiency was different for cities of different sizes and from different regions, and gaps existed compared to the best production frontier. The paper suggests that more endeavours are required for environmental and social dimensions, and a short-term target can include achievement of group frontier efficiency and significant reduction in technology gap ratios. Owing to significant population size effect, policy programs should have target plans for cities of different sizes as they differ in performance and capacity building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth in car ownership has significant impacts on the use of urban space and management of urban environments, which makes it a topic of increasing interest especially for developing countries such as China. The dynamics of and factors influencing ownership in Chinese cities need careful investigation. Using fixed effects models applied to annual panel data (1994–2012; 293 cities) this study aimed to achieve the following: 1) assess the relationships between car ownership and average annual income per capita , population, built-up area, road area per capita , urban population density, number of taxis and bus passenger volume; 2) examine the variation of these relationships across geographical regions (East, middle, and West China) and city sizes (cities with small, medium, large, and super-large populations). The results showed that car ownership was positively associated with average annual income per capita , built-up area, road area per capita , urban population density, and number of taxis at the national level. All associations, except with the number of taxis, varied significantly across geographical regions. Built-up area, road area per capita , and number of taxis had different associations with car ownership depending on city sizes. The findings improve the understanding of relationships between car ownership and urban environments vis-a-vis variations in income and infrastructure per capita , population density, and transportation alternatives. These results have important policy implications for managing cars and health problems related to cars in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rust belt cities are a special but important phenomenon in the world's industrialization landscape and city development trajectory. This profile analyses the struggling process and revitalization initiatives of Harbin, which was the first city established after the liberation of China, featuring the largest land area and highest latitude among all Chinese cities. The remarkable history of urban and industrial development once made Harbin the cradle of manufacturing in China, strongly supported by national government with concentration of SOEs. The city however has been suffering during the transition to a market economy. Its transition is painfully challenged by the strong socialist legacies of SOEs. This paper emphasizes that the new initiatives of Harbin, based on local endowments, cold climate condition and geolocation, demonstrate great potential for successful revitalization. Such strategic choices provide experiences and alternatives for other rust belt cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ecosystem-based management requires both overall and internal knowledge of the ecoregion. • A dual approach to combine biodiversity and human value in ecosystem management. • The Qilian Mountain Protected Area in China was used as a case study area. • Ecosystem-based adaptations for biodiversity (EbA-BI) and humans (EbA-HI) compared. • These are sensitive metrics that will help achieve optimal EBM. Ecosystem-based management (EBM) has attracted wide attention in climate change adaptation strategy. However, EBM requires the realization of co-benefits of biodiversity and human wellbeing improvement. Furthermore, overall and internal knowledge of the ecoregion of interest is essential. With this knowledge, EBM can be integrated better into the spatial planning process. The present study proposes a dual service strategy for ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA): the ecosystem-based adaptation for human index (EbA-HI) and the ecosystem-based adaptation for biodiversity index (EbA-BI), which are examined at finer spatial scales. The Qilian Mountain protected area was used as an example to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of the two indices. Panel quantile regression was used to identify factors influencing the spatial distribution variations. Both EbA-HI and EbA-BI increased by 1.87% and 0.84%, respectively, from 2003 to 2019 in the Qilian Mountain Protected Area. Nevertheless, variations in the values of these indices, as well as their factors, were evident in different areas. Higher air temperatures significantly facilitated the increase in both EbA-HI and EbA-BI. A higher degree of land use positively affected EbA-HI but negatively impacted EbA-BI. Our findings illustrate the complexity associated with EbA and elucidate the need for in-depth theoretical thinking and practical adaptation measures for efficient ecosystem management, which will help to sustain and improve both biodiversity and human well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After facing climate change and other environmental problems, many countries have prioritized research on environmental protection. However, there is still a lack of relevant research in the field of regional green production and trade systems. From the perspective of the production side, this study examined the regions' abilities of constructing a green production and trade system on the local, inter-provincial, and international levels. The Epsilon-based model-data envelopment analysis method was used to measure the local, inter-provincial, and international green production and trade system efficiency of 30 Chinese provinces during 2012–2017. The measurement considered the embodied emissions of eight greenhouse and polluting gases, including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, flue dust, and carbon dioxide. The results showed that for most regions, the local green production efficiency was higher than the average efficiency value of the inter-provincial green production system, whereas the inter-provincial efficiency was higher than the average efficiency of the global green trade system. Factors, such as economic level, industrial structure, government's administrative capacity, technological investment, energy structure, urbanization level, and external dependence level affect the construction of the local, inter-provincial, and international green production and trade systems at different levels in the global-local system. The research results are helpful for understanding, in theory and from multiple spatial scales, the capacity, and major problems of the regions in constructing green production and trade systems and promote the construction of a more scientific and reasonable regional green production and trade system in practice. • Multi-scalar view and analysis of global-local system in production and trade are suggested. • The average change in national total factor productivity in 2012–2017 was 1.065 • Eastern region's capacity to build a green system is comparably more. • Western region's green economic level and technology are comparatively behind the time. • Development of strict laws is important to oversee the use of funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture in peri-urban areas is prone to dynamic changes due to urban influences. Previous studies have explored the impact of urban growth on peri-urban agriculture (PUA), but the active responses of the agricultural sector are rarely examined. This paper investigates recent agricultural development practices in peri-urban Beijing and explores approaches to agricultural transformation in the rapid process of urbanisation. The investigation finds that high-tech precision agriculture, down-stream processing and agro-tourism have emerged as major forms of PUA in Beijing. It also uncovers that the PUA developments are not only economically appealing, but also socially inclusive and environmental friendly. The findings contribute to a better understanding of PUA progress in China. The paper suggests policy implications in facilitating integrated development between urban and rural sectors, which would help improve economic development, spatial planning and local governance in peri-urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial parks have been tested in various regions around the world, in attempt to foster innovation and fuel economic growth. Despite the importance of industry co-agglomerations in regional growth, few studies examine them in regional geographic space. This paper combines exploratory spatial data analysis and input–output method to explore the spatial pattern of key industrial co-agglomerations in Beijing, which is illustrated by location, function, frequency, spatial hierarchy and spacing. The results contribute to linking abstract economic and actual geographical spaces in urban and regional growth, enabling urban and regional planners to judge and evaluate planning initiatives before and after implementation. The failure of sub-center plans and risks of industrial parks schemes in Beijing are addressed. By considering industrial input–output relations including environmental and human resources, urban planners can optimize the development of such co-agglomerations to foster sustainable urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hotel industry is deeply embedded in local regional conditions, though the influence of regional factors is seldom investigated. Three key hotel industry metrics, Revenue per Available Room (RevPAR), Average Room Rate (ARR), and rooms rented, were examined for their determinants using ordinary least squares and negative binomial regression models on key endogenous and exogenous (regional) factors, including Destination Attractiveness and Capacity, Business and Commercial Environment, Image and Openness, and Tourism Professional Specialization. Using China as a case study, and at different hotel star designations (2- to 5-star hotels), the results show that RevPAR is determined mainly by labor quality and Tourism Professional Specialization. Particularly, regional factors significantly affect ARR and rooms rented. The influence and sophistication of regional factors increases with higher star designations. This paper highlights links between the hospitality industry and regional economic development, which should be considered by both the hotel industry and tourism policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental impact of materials and energy is an important concern when cities and regions produce goods and services. To examine this requires an evaluation tool which can deal with the complex system of resources, energy inputs, products and wastes involved. This paper evaluates the urban material and energy flow efficiencies of 31 cities in China using a combination of the Data Envelopment Analysis model and Principal Component Analysis method. The results show that the urban flow system is composed of several input and output principal components, including energy, materials, urban capital investment, overall output, wastes, and others. In 2010, 16 cities were efficient as judged by the material and energy inputs and outputs. The remaining 15 cities were not efficient, primarily due to product shortfalls and waste excesses. Since 2000, half of the analyzed cities experienced a decline in the urban flow efficiencies, while only six cities showed a positive trend. The reasons include excess inputs of coal, coke, electricity, cement, investment, as well as output shortfalls in terms of overall output, wastes, services, agriculture and transport. We conclude that key priorities for improving urban systems with material and energy flow inefficiency are the use of urban renewable supplies, focus on sustainable endogenous development model, and improvement management of waste output, in order to increase efficiency and sustain economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic clusters have been recognised as important elements of urban and regional economic strategies, but their role in spatial planning is under-appreciated. This paper examines the initiatives and outcomes of economic clusters in relation to urban spatial planning in the periods of planned and market economies in China. Through an examination of the planning and development practices in Beijing, the effect of economic clusters in facilitating local growth and shaping urban spatial structure is revealed. The significance of economic clusters in achieving synergy between economic and spatial policies is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Although the scale and speed of China’s urban and economic transition is well acknowledged, a detailed account of the transformation of a single city’s development in this context is quite rare. This paper provides an insight into the recent dynamics of China’s capital city, Beijing. In the early 1980s, China’s transition process from a planned to a market economy started to deeply affect the urban economy of Beijing, so much so that the city is on its way to become one of the world’s leading cities. This article focuses on this development by looking at Beijing’s institutional context and its economic-spatial dynamics over the past 30years. Economic Clusters (ECs) are also discussed because they have contributed significantly to Beijing’s rapid growth and change. The city’s development is however under increasing pressures of ecological deterioration, limited water resources, high living costs and uncertainties regarding the future urban policy orientation of the city region. These current challenges and responses in planning are assessed and discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The peri-urban area of fast growing Chinese cities is under great pressure from the land demands of urban expansion, resulting in the loss of arable land, environmental deterioration and social exclusion of village communities. The recent development of agro-tourism enterprises in peri-urban areas, as a form of commercial urban agriculture, offers a means to promote integrated urban and rural development in a manner that can counteract some of the negative impacts of urbanization. This paper describes and analyzes the performance of a large-scale agro-tourism enterprise, Xiedao Green Resort in Beijing, over the period 2004–2008. The business model combines agricultural production and tourism services fostering a demand-supply relationship between urban and rural areas. It offers a way to improve the quality of agricultural products and services, while developing multiple functions of agro-tourism which have wider economic, environmental and social benefits, creating opportunities for integrated and sustainable urban–rural development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The human ecosystem is conceptualized into four dimensions: openness, vulnerability, harmony and independence. • Quantitative and qualitative analysis reveals complex factors influencing human ecosystems. • The quality of the human ecosystem in the park fluctuated and declined. • The openness of the human ecosystem in the park was far ahead between four dimensions. As one of the most critical ecological functional areas in China and even the world, Sanjiangyuan National Park's sustainable development has attracted attention. The integrated evaluation method, the coupling coordination model, and the grey correlation model were employed to uncover the coupling coordination relationship among sub-systems in the human ecosystem of Sangjiangyuan National Park. The results are as follows. First, the sustainable development capacity of the human ecosystem in Sanjiangyuan National Park fluctuated and declined during the study period, with insufficient momentum for sustainable development. Second, from 2005 to 2020, Sanjiangyuan National Park experienced a process of optimization and adjustment from moderately uncoordinated to nearly uncoordinated. At the county scale, the coupling coordination state of the sub-system was consistent with the overall national park. Third, among the four dimensions, the correlation degree of openness to the human ecosystem of Sanjiangyuan National Park was far ahead, followed by harmony, independence, and vulnerability. Our research can provide a reference for the coordinated development of the human ecosystem in other national parks with similar ecological functions around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of path dependence provides a useful perspective to understand the dynamics of industrial space. However, it is much developed on institutional and technological aspects. This paper proposes the idea of spatial path dependence, arguing that previous spatial distribution of economic activities and associated factors in a given industrial space shall affect current and future ones. Availing of big data technology, the spatial distribution is quantified, and spatial path dependence is examined by means of standard deviation ellipse and machine learning method for information service and its sub-sectors in Beijing during the periods of 2008 and 2013. The analysis shows an existence of spatial path dependence for those industries in the two periods. The dominant factors are screened out, which are differ in different sub-sectors and in different periods, but contribute to the same or similar spatial path. The findings call for the attention of the existing situation for industrial spatial planning, and new emerging "people-oriented" factors in influencing the spatial layout of information services industries. • Spatial path dependence is suggested. • Big data technology (BDT) offers new opportunities for industrial space analysis. • Uses case study of Beijing's information services industry development, 2008–2013. • Shows spatial path dependence in industry as whole, and among individual industry types. • Demonstrates value of BDT in identifying and examining spatial path dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The sustainability under different scenarios is evaluated by system dynamic models. • The models examine 13 cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. • Five scenarios were designed under the framework of the shared socioeconomic pathways. • The urban sustainability index in each city vary under different policy scenarios. • The approach can also be applied to other regions to provide decision support of urban sustainable development. With the building of sustainable cities being listed as one of the Sustainable Development Goals in the 2030 Agenda, cities in developing countries are facing more severe challenges. Therefore, it has become very urgent to evaluate and compare sustainability under different policy intervention scenarios. Based on the principle of system dynamics, this study constructed an urban sustainability evaluation model covering six subsystems: economy, livelihood, risk, environment, pollution governance, and resource. Using 13 cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as study cases, 5 future policy scenarios were designed under the framework of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways to simulate the variation of the urban sustainability index in each city by 2035. The results reveal that: (1) Medium and small-sized cities around Beijing are facing more challenges to achieve sustainable urban development; (2) the urban sustainability index in each city varies under different policy scenarios. (3) the gap of urban sustainability in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region does not show a significant narrowing trend and is likely to widen in the future. The approach can also be applied to other regions to provide decision support for choosing urban development pathways after comparing possible future trajectories of sustainable urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the dynamic agglomeration economies through matching channel between human capital agglomeration, regional economic development, and housing prices. Using data from 31 Chinese provinces from 1999 to 2015, it employs a panel vector auto regression model to study the interactive relationships among these factors. Overall, the results show that human capital agglomeration has a positive long-term influence on housing prices and economic development, and has become a determinant of regional economic growth. Housing prices have a negative long-term influence on economic development. However, human capital accumulation responds positively to housing price in regions other than municipalities. These findings suggest that vie for talent through housing policy might not be effective in underdeveloped regions and could lead to misallocation of government fiscal resources. • Relations among human capital, housing price and economic growth are examined by panel VAR model. • Human capital affects regional economic through labor market effects. • Regional economic affects human capital through its agglomeration and matching. • Housing price affects human capital through wealth effects or crowd-out effects. • Housing price affects regional economic through industrial agglomeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although disputed, population is often used to measure shrinking cities. Facing by this challenge, this paper proposes an alternative indicator, average human capital (HC), to investigate city vitality. The improved measurement relaxes the traditional assumption that HC has a linear relation with schooling, and combine inputs with outputs of HC by considering the heterogeneity of returns to schooling of each city. Empirical analysis was performed by constructing a comprehensive dataset and calculating average HC level for each city in the year of 2000, 2005 and 2010, our results suggest that city shrinkage might not be so serious as emphasized in previous literature based on population decline. But average HC across Chinese cities has been diverging since 2005. We also validate that our measurement is substantially better than population for explaining economic vitality in cities. The article sheds a new insight on the understanding of urban growth process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between the built environment and travel behavior has long been a hot research topic. However, most existing research focus on aggregate measures of the patterns of daily travel (e.g. vehicle miles travelled, total distance travelled), while the mechanisms and processes that lead to these outcomes are much less researched. We therefore propose an activity-based model that simulates people's detailed decision making in daily travel and the influences of the neighborhood-scale built environment throughout the process, using Beijing as the study case. More specifically, it deals with eight activity types, eleven most common activity plans, 652 traffic analysis zones, six time slots and four travel modes. The model is then applied to simulate how people's travel behavior would change in response to changes in the built environment. The simulation is implemented by changing the built environment conditions. The major advantage of the model lies in its ability to 'trace back' the influence of the built environment on aggregate travel outcomes to detailed travel aspects, such as activity frequency, travel distance for various purposes, mode choice, etc. The simulation results show that although compact design generally reduce VMT, the mechanisms of influence by different built environment variables vary, e.g. through a major impact on the mode choice or through distributed impacts on several travel aspects. • Propose an activity-based model that simulates the detailed influences of neighborhood-scale built environment on travel • The model can 'trace back' the influence of the built environment on aggregate travel outcomes to detailed travel aspects • Although compact design generally reduces car use, the mechanisms of influence by different built environment variables vary [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • 17β-estradiol accelerates the process of oocyte meiosis resumption via GPR30. • 17β-estradiol-GPR30 mediated meiosis resumption ascribe downregulation of gap junction permeability in goat COCs. • GPR30-mediated gap junction permeability downregulation resulted from GPR30-MAP kinase-dependent phosphorylation of Cx43. Abstract Estrogen plays a critical role in the regulation of gap junctions between oocytes and granulosa cells in mammalian ovaries. G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) was identified as a membrane estrogen receptor, mediating rapid, nongenomic signaling events that might be responsible for the regulation of oocyte meiosis resumption and gap junction intercellular communications (GJICs). The present study aimed to determine the expression and localization of GPR30 and its role in oocyte meiotic progression and GJICs in goat cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). Immunofluorescence experiments revealed that GPR30 was primarily located in the plasma membrane of cumulus cells and oocytes in goats. 17β-estradiol could promote oocyte meiotic progression, which was blocked by G15 (a selective GPR30 antagonist) but not ICI182780 (a nuclear estrogen receptor inhibitor) in the early stage of in vitro culture. The effect of 17β-estradiol on the GJICs was quantified by lucifer yellow (LY) microinjection and calcein-AM fluorescent dye diffusion. 17β-estradiol treatment of goat COCs resulted in rapid downregulation of GJICs. The transfer of calcein from cumulus cells to oocytes could be significantly inhibited by carbenoxolone (a known gap junction blocker), 17β-estradiol or G1 (a GPR30 agonist), and this inhibition could be reversed by G15 but not ICI182780, indicating that GPR30 mediates the effect of 17β-estradiol on the rapid downregulation of GJICs. 17β-estradiol also stimulated the serine 368 phosphorylation of connexin 43 (Cx43) when COCs were in vitro cultured for 4 h, 6 h, and 8 h. More importantly, 17β-estradiol or G1 could separately promote the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) and Cx43 significantly when COCs were cultured for 4 h. Furthermore, both ERK1/2 and Cx43 phosphorylation could be inhibited by G15 and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1478 or by the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, indicating that EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling was involved in these events. These results supported the hypothesis that GPR30 mediated 17β-estradiol-stimulated meiotic resumption and GJIC reduction in goat COCs. Thus, the present study provides novel insights into elucidating the mechanisms for steroid hormone action in the regulation of oocyte maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A systematic theorical approach to connect the density-matrix formalism and the Stokes formalism for modal analysis in mode-division multiplexing systems is developed; • The formal connections between the density-matrix formalism and the Stokes formalism allow for handy communications among researchers employing different formalisms; • The underlying approach offers a more regular and concise way to derive existing formulas in the Stokes formalism, and more importantly, to acquire useful new formulas in the Stokes formalism; • We find that the conditions for treating different mode groups separately in modal analysis could be much more stringent than previously indicated in literature. Based on some general properties of the Gell-Mann operators, we establish systematic connections between the density-matrix formalism and the Stokes formalism for modal analysis of mode-division multiplexing optical-fiber communication systems. We present analytical formulas to connect key quantities, differential evolution equations, transformations, concatenation rules, and observable information in the two formalisms, such that researchers employing different formalisms can handily communicate with each other. The underlying approach offers a more regular and concise way to derive existing formulas in the Stokes formalism, and more importantly, it also allows for acquiring useful new formulas in the Stokes formalism. With the formal connections, we examine the equivalence of statistical models in the two formalisms, and conduct numerical simulations on the modal properties of a randomly-perturbed 4-mode fiber. The numerical results suggest that the conditions for treating different mode groups separately in modal analysis could be more stringent than previously conceived in literature. Also, the agreement in numerical results obtained from the two formalisms verifies the applicability of the theoretical connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important part of urban carbon emissions, the carbon emissions from household energy consumption are increasing with the continuous improvement of Chinese urbanization. This study divides family population into 4 groups: adolescents (aged 0–17), young people (aged 18–44), middle-aged people (aged 45–59), and elderly people (aged 60 and older) and develops a calculation model for carbon emissions of household energy consumption in accordance with the latest standards of the World Health Organization based on Chinese Family Panel Studies in 2016. Results showed that the marginal and intergenerational effects coexist in various types of household energy consumption: Families with 3–5 people have the most economical consumption scale and the largest marginal sharing effect; multigenerational families or families with a large proportion of middle-aged and older people are beneficial in reducing household energy consumption. This paper suggests it is important to fully consider the impact of the intergenerational effect, marginal effect, and cultural shock caused by the electronic information age on household energy consumption when formulating standards of household energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]