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Understanding how the wind energy resources will change in a future climate under different greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios is critical for global energy safety and economy. In this study, we evaluate the simulated wind speed over the Northern Hemisphere in global climate models that participate in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and Phase 6 (CMIP6) using observation, and further show the future change of wind speed and wind energy in the Northern Hemisphere under four different GHG emission scenarios using superior models. We find that the CMIP6 models are generally better in simulating surface wind speeds over the Northern Hemisphere than CMIP5 models, in terms of spatial pattern and long-term trend. For future projection of wind speed at the end of the 21st century, models generally show a continued decreasing trend, except in SSP3-7.0 scenario. The change in wind energy and emissions are non-linearly related in different regions, as wind speed exhibits the fastest drop over Europe and Asia while shows the flattest trend over North America under SSP3-7.0. Our results suggest that higher emission scenario will undermine the magnitude of the wind energy resources and more importantly, reshape its spatial distribution over the Northern Hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic pollution is widely found in deep-sea sediments. Despite being an international environmental issue, it remains unclear whether PET can be degraded through bioremediation in the deep sea. Pelagic sediments obtained from 19 sites across a wide geographic range in the Pacific Ocean were used to screen for bacteria with PET degrading potential. Bacterial consortia that could grow on PET as the sole carbon and energy source were found in 10 of the 19 sites. These bacterial consortia showed PET removal rate of 1.8%–16.2% within two months, which was further confirmed by the decrease of carbonyl and aliphatic hydrocarbon groups using attenuated total reflectance–Fourier-transform infrared analysis (ATR-FTIR). Analysis of microbial diversity revealed that Alcanivorax and Pseudomonas were predominant in all 10 PET degrading consortia. Meanwhile, Thalassospira , Nitratireductor , Nocardioides , Muricauda , and Owenweeksia were also found to possess PET degradation potential. Metabolomic analysis showed that Alcanivorax sp. A02-7 and Pseudomonas sp. A09-2 could turn PET into mono-(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (MHET) even in situ stimulation (40 MPa, 10 °C) conditions. These findings widen the currently knowledge of deep-sea PET biodegrading process with bacteria isolates and degrading mechanisms, and indicating that the marine environment is a source of biotechnologically promising bacterial isolates and enzymes. [Display omitted] • Diverse bacteria in deep sea could degrade polyethylene terephthalate (PET). • Alcanivorax and Pseudomonas were the key members of PET degrading consortia. • The weight loss of PET in two months reached 1.8%–16.2% by the enriched consortia. • Key members degrade PET under mimetic deep-sea environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noradrenergic neuronal identity and differentiation are controlled by cascades of transcription factors acting downstream of BMP4, including the basic helix-loop-helix DNA binding protein HAND2 and the homeodomain factor Phox2a. Dopamine-[beta]-hydroxylase (DBH) is the penultimate enzyme required for synthesis of norepinephrine and is thus a noradrenergic cell type-specific marker. We have examined the interaction of HAND2 and Phox2a at the DBH promoter. Using transient transfection of P19 or NT-2 cells, HAND2 is shown to synergistically enhance Phox2a-driven transcriptional activity at the DBH promoter, an effect that is enhanced by cAMP. While mutation of the Phox2a homeodomain binding sites HD1, HD2, and HD3 results in the loss of HAND2/Phox2a transactivation of DBH, it is the interaction of HAND2/Phox2a at the CRE/AP1-HD1/2 domains in the DBH enhancer that are required for synergistic activation by HAND2. We find that HAND2 functions as a transcriptional activator without directly binding to E-box sequences in the DBH promoter, suggesting that HAND2-mediated DBH activity occurs by protein-protein interactions with other transcriptional regulators. Although we were unable to detect interaction of HAND2 and Phox2a in IP/Westem blots, HAND2 synergistic activation of DBH is blocked by E1 A, suggesting that HAND2 interacts with CBP (cAMP response element binding protein) in this transcriptional complex. In the presence of the putative HAND2 dimerization partner, E12, synergistic activation of DBH transcription is titrated away, suggesting that HAND2 does not functionally dimerize with E12 in the DBH transcription complex. Our data suggest that HAND2 regulates cell type-specific expression of norepinephrine in concert with Phox2a by a novel mechanism. Keywords: HAND2; Phox2a; Noradrenergic differentiation; Neural crest; cAMP; Cell type-specific gene expression; Sympathetic ganglion neurons; Homeodomain core recognition sites

• 3D4d SiC preform reinforced SiBCN matrix composites was fabricated and their oxidation behavior at 800−1200 ℃ for 50 h was investigated. • The SiC fiber could be protected by SiBCN matrix after oxidation treatment at temperature above. • The fracture mode of 3D SiCf/BN-SiC/SiBCN composites after exposure to air at 800−1200 ℃ for 50 h showed brittle fracture due to strong bonding fiber/matrix after oxidation treatment 3D SiC f /BN–SiC/SiBCN composites were fabricated via precursor impregnation and polymer infiltration pyrolysis (PIP). Oxidation behavior of the composites heated in air at 800 °C, 1000 °C and 1200 °C for 50 h was investigated. Following the oxidation treatment, it was found that the bending strength of the composites at different oxidation temperatures was degraded. The weight loss of the composites decreased gradually over the range of oxidation times of 1–50 h. In order to clarify the oxidation mechanism of the composites, reconstructed images, microstructures, phase compositions, the oxide layer formed on the composites and main chemical reactions were all analyzed. It was revealed that the degradation in the fracture strength of the composites was closely related to the oxidation of SiBCN matrix and BN-SiC interphase, whereas there was no signs of oxidation products about SiC fiber, which indicated that SiC fiber could be protected from oxygen by SiBCN matrix at 800−1200 °C in air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The nucleoporin 98 gene ( NUP98 ) is fused to a variety of partner genes in multiple hematopoietic malignancies. Here, we demonstrate that NUP98 fusion proteins, including NUP98-HOXA9 (NHA9), NUP98-HOXD13 (NHD13), NUP98-NSD1, NUP98-PHF23, and NUP98-TOP1 physically interact with mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) and the non-specific lethal (NSL) histone-modifying complexes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing illustrates that NHA9 and MLL1 co-localize on chromatin and are found associated with Hox gene promoter regions. Furthermore, MLL1 is required for the proliferation of NHA9 cells in vitro and in vivo. Inactivation of MLL1 leads to decreased expression of genes bound by NHA9 and MLL1 and reverses a gene expression signature found in NUP98 -rearranged human leukemias. Our data reveal a molecular dependency on MLL1 function in NUP98-fusion-driven leukemogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Protein degradation by the proteasome plays an important role in all major cellular pathways. Aberrant proteasome activity is associated with numerous human diseases including cancer and neurological disorders, but the underlying mechanism is virtually unclear. At least part of the reason for this is due to lack of understanding of the regulation of human proteasome genes. In this study, we found that a large set of human proteasome genes carry the CCAAT box in their promoters. We further demonstrated that the basal expression of these CCAAT box-containing proteasome genes is regulated by the transcription factor NF-Y. Knockdown of NF-YA, an essential subunit of NF-Y, reduced proteasome gene expression and compromised the cellular proteasome activity. In addition, we showed that knockdown of NF-YA sensitized breast cancer cells to the proteasome inhibitor MG132. This study unveils a new role for NF-Y in the regulation of human proteasome genes and suggests that NF-Y may be a potential target for cancer therapy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The proteasome homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by a negative feedback circuit in which the transcription activator Rpn4 upregulates the proteasome genes and is rapidly degraded by the assembled proteasome. In addition to the proteasome genes, Rpn4 regulates numerous other genes involved in a wide variety of cellular processes. However, the transcription activation domain of Rpn4 remains largely unclear. Here we locate a major transactivation domain of Rpn4 in the N-terminal region between residues 118 and 210. Interestingly, this domain is separate from its degradation signals (degrons), suggesting that functional overlap of sequences that activate transcription and signal degradation may not be as common as previously thought. We further demonstrate that the intracellular proteasome activity is correlated with the transactivation potency of Rpn4. This study provides important information for further understanding the biological functions of Rpn4 and the proteasome system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A ubiquitylation signal of a protein substrate is defined as a short primary sequence or a structural feature recognized by a specific E3. Our previous work has mapped the ubiquitylation signal of Rpn4, the transcription activator for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteasome genes, to an N-terminal acidic domain (NAD) consisting of amino acids 211–229. However, the molecular mechanism by which Ubr2, the cognate E3, recognizes NAD remains unclear. Here we show that phosphorylation of either Ser-214 or Ser-220 enhances the binding of NAD to Ubr2. However, phosphorylation of Ser-220 but not Ser-214 plays a predominant role in Rpn4 ubiquitylation and degradation. Interestingly, NAD does not constitute the major Ubr2-binding site of Rpn4 even though it serves as the ubiquitylation signal essential for Rpn4 degradation. By contrast, the stable binding with Ubr2 conferred by other domains of Rpn4 is not required for Rpn4 degradation. Our results indicate that ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Rpn4 is controlled by a phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitylation signal. This study also suggests that binding to E3 may be only a part of the function of a ubiquitylation signal. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The optimized interface OVs concentration not only reduced the migration resistance of the photo-induced carriers at the interface under the driven of built-in electric field, but also effectively inhibit the recombination of photo-generated carriers, resulting in excellent photocatalytic performance. • Supply a novel ideal to estimate the interface OVs concentration. • The migration resistance of carriers was greatly decreased by the interface OVs. • 0D/2D Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 /BiOCl present wonderful photocatalytic activity. Enhancing the separation and migration efficiency of the photo-induced carriers is an appealing strategy to augment the photocatalytic performance. Herein, 0D/2D Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 /BiOCl heterojunction with rich interface oxygen vacancy (OVs) was successfully fabricated by in-situ ion exchange avenue using sodium citrate as CO 3 2− source. Multiple characterizations reveal that BOBl can degrade 84% tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) in 60 min, which is 6.4 and 6.0 fold higher than that of BiOCl and Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 , respectively. Moreover, further research found that the impressive activity of 0D/2D Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 /BiOCl emanates from the large surface area and the polishing separation and migration efficiency of the photo-generated carriers induced by the reasonable interface OVs concentration. Additionally, the OVs concentration of Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 , BiOCl and interface in 0D/2D Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 /BiOCl composites were estimated based on Raman and ESR techniques. This work not only provides a novel avenue to identify the components OVs concentration in heterostructure, but also offers a new ideal to ameliorate photocatalytic performance through interfacial defect engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SiC f /BN/SiBCN composites were prepared through the technique of polymer infiltration pyrolysis (PIP). To enhance the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE), 20 wt% of Ti 3 SiC 2 was incorporated into the composites. The study investigated the influence of different oxidation temperatures (1300 °C, 1400 °C, and 1500 °C) on both the mechanical properties and EMI SE of the composites. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to analyze the phase and microstructure of the composites, while characterizing their mechanical properties and EMI SE. The outcomes revealed a decline in the mechanical properties of the composites following high temperature oxidation, with the formation of SiO 2 and TiO 2 as the main oxidation products. Notably, an oxide layer formed on the material's surface at 1400 °C acted as a barrier to oxygen diffusion, facilitating self-healing of pores and cracks and thereby enhancing material protection. Moreover, the material oxidized at 1400 °C demonstrated a remarkable synergy between impedance matching and electromagnetic loss, resulting in the optimum EMI SE. The EMI SE of this material was 6.35% higher than the total shielding effectiveness at room temperature and effectively shielded 99.88% of electromagnetic waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron nitride (BN) was synthesized from BCl 3 /NH 3 /H 2 precursor mixtures via chemical vapor deposition, with a focus on the influence of the total partial pressure of BCl 3 , NH 3 , and H 2 (p BCl3+NH3+H2) on the surface deposition rate. The surface deposition rate of BN initially increased and then decreased with increasing p BCl3+NH3+H2 , implying that the deposition process transitioned from surface reaction control to mass transfer control. BN deposition from BCl 3 and NH 3 was mainly attributable to several intermediate gaseous products containing B, N, Cl, and H, such as Cl 2 BNH 2 , ClB(NH 2) 2 , and B(NH 2) 3. The microstructures of BN coatings deposited on SiC fibers were also analyzed. The BN coatings were uniformly and evenly deposited on the SiC fiber surfaces at low p BCl3+NH3+H2 values, whereas excessive p BCl3+NH3+H2 values afforded coatings containing large grains. The as-prepared BN coatings were stoichiometric but amorphous. Heat treatment substantially improved the texture and crystallinity to afford hexagonal BN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early life experiences may have a persistent influence throughout life. However, little is known about the effect of parental absence during infancy and early childhood on offspring's cognition and risk of depression.Methods: Data were obtained from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). We examined the effect of parental absence during infancy and early childhood on cognitive development and depression in later life using weighted linear regression models. A series of sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses were also conducted.Results: Parental absence during infancy and early childhood was associated with poor mathematics performance and high depression scores measured 8 years later. The coefficients of association between parental absence and math test performance and depression were -0.012 (95%CI: -0.024, -0.001, P = 0.031) and 0.009 (95%CI: 0.001, 0.017, P = 0.028) in adjusted models, respectively. Moreover, a similar association was observed among children who were females, urban dwellers, and had more years of education.Limitations: Recall bias may exist for the exposure measure, and the current study cannot control residual confounders.Conclusion: Long parental absence during infancy and early childhood may attenuate the cognitive process and increase risk of depression in later life, indicating the necessity of parental care as an intervention initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]