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Blue carbon produced by marine ranching has tremendous economic and ecological value. A sound blue carbon trading mechanism, a fair market environment, and an effective supervision framework will help to transform and upgrade the marine economy through blue carbon trading. The present study develops a three-party evolutionary game model, that consists of the government supervisory agency, the blue carbon trading platform, and the news media, to analyse the evolutionary equilibrium conditions and each party's evolutionarily stable strategy. It also performs numerical simulations on the evolution strategies. The study results demonstrate: (1) More strict supervision from the government will prevent the platform from engaging in opportunistic behaviours, and ensure fairness in blue carbon trading. (2) The news media's participation as a watchdog can play a role in restraining the platform's non-compliance behaviours, but a free-rider issue may also arise, which leads to an absence of supervision. (3) Consumers' recognition of marine ranching products and the proportion of blue carbon produced by marine ranching that is available for trading will indirectly affect the platform's course of action. Lastly, the paper makes policy recommendations for the development of a well-functioning blue carbon trading mechanism, a fair market environment, and an effective supervision framework. • The study develops a three-party evolutionary game model to analyse the evolutionary equilibrium conditions. • More strict supervision of the government can play a positive role in establishing a good blue carbon trading environment. • The paper makes policy recommendations for the development of a well-functioning blue carbon trading mechanism. • A sound blue carbon trading mechanism will help to transform and upgrade the marine economy through blue carbon trading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvement in thermal efficiency of GDI engine is severely limited by knocking. The effects of n-butanol combined with intake dilution on engine knock and thermal efficiency were studied in this paper. The results show that the combustion activity of n-butanol containing OH functional group can be improved by blending a small amount, and then the detonation intensity and thermal efficiency can be improved. When a high proportion of n-butanol is mixed, the knock strength and thermal efficiency will be reduced due to the effect of low calorific value and latent heat of vaporization. In particular, the maximum value is reached when 15% n-butanol is employed. The spontaneous combustion tendency is reduced by intake dilution, and the influence degree is reduced in the order of EGR dilution, compound dilution and air dilution, which is caused by the different amount of CO 2 in the three dilution gases. When R A = 1.2 and R A-E = 1.2, the knock intensity of GDI engine burning Bu15 is reduced by 96.3% and 98.4%, respectively. Therefore, when n-butanol combined with composite dilution is selected, the occurrence of knocking can be suppressed, while ensuring high thermal efficiency. Current study can provide theoretical guidance for knock suppression of GDI engines. • The mechanism about the intake dilution improving the performance of GDI engines. • When the Bu15 is employed, the peaks of both thermal efficiency and knock intensity. • When R A-E = 1.2, engine knock intensity of burning Bu15 is reduced by 98.4%. • Thermal efficiency can be improved by n-butanol combined with compound dilution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A method of knock prediction using BP neural network is proposed. • Better anti-knock component proportion of fuel components is obtained. • The effect of hydrocarbon components on knock was studied by CFD simulation. In order to reduce emissions, the content of olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline is required to be lower. The reduction of these two high-octane-number components increases the knock tendency of turbocharged engines, which limits thermal efficiency. Therefore, the optimization of the component proportion of gasoline in turbocharged GDI engines under the new gasoline standard is discussed in this paper. To blend the fuel with excellent anti-knock property, the influence of each component in the gasoline on the knock of turbocharged gasoline engine was analyzed by three-dimensional CFD simulation, and BP neural network was established based on a large number of data to predict the in-cylinder combustion of the fuels with different component proportion, which greatly saved the calculation cost. The results show that increasing of aromatic hydrocarbons and olefin in fuel can effectively improve the anti-knock property of fuel. Within the range of component proportion required by the Chinese gasoline standard specification, when the volume fraction of isooctane is 47%, n-heptane is 0, toluene is 35%, and diisobutylene is 18%, P max and MAPO value is the smallest, that is, the fuel has better anti-knock property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lipocalin homologue protein from Haemaphysalis longicornis (HlLIP) was first cloned and analyzed. • The rHlLIP protein was purified and its immunogenicity was demonstrated by western blot. • The vaccination efficacy of the rHlLIP protein was 60.17 % based on engorged weight, oviposition and egg hatching rate of ticks. Haemaphysalis longicornis is distributed worldwide and transmits a variety of pathogens, causing human and animal disease. Use of chemical acaricides, as a primary tick control method, has several disadvantages, including acaricide resistance, environmental damage and residue accumulation in livestock. Development of a livestock vaccination aimed at a tick protective antigen could be an effective, labor-saving and environmentally-friendly method of reducing tick infestation and transmission of tick-borne pathogens. Lipocalins are low molecular weight proteins that play important roles in blood feeding, immune response and reproduction in ticks. In our study, the open reading frame (ORF) of a lipocalin homologue from H. longicornis (HlLIP) was successfully cloned, which consisted of 387 bp encoding a protein of 128 amino acids. The HlLIP protein sequence showed a close sequence homology with Ixodes persulcatus lipocalin. The HlLIP gene was constitutively detected in all developmental stages and in all tissues of the unfed female tick. The ORF of the HlLIP gene was sub-cloned into pET-32a (+) to obtain the recombinant protein (rHlLIP) and its immunogenicity was comfirmed by western blot. A vaccination trial on rabbits against H. longicornis infestation demonstrated that the rHlLIP protein could significantly prolong the period of tick blood feeding, and reduce tick engorged weight, oviposition and egg hatching rate. The vaccination efficacy of the rHlLIP protein was 60.17 % based on engorged weight, oviposition and egg hatching rate of ticks. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that rHlLIP protein is a promising antigen that could potentially be developed as a vaccine against H. longicornis infestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]