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To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.04.005 Byline: David Gerard (a), Elizabeth J. Wilson (b) Abstract: The potential to capture carbon from industrial sources and dispose of it for the long-term, known as carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), is widely recognized as an important option to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions. Specifically, CCS has the potential to provide emissions cuts sufficient to stabilize greenhouse gas levels, while still allowing for the continued use of fossil fuels. In addition, CCS is both technologically-feasible and commercially viable compared with alternatives with the same emissions profile. Although the concept appears to be solid from a technical perspective, initial public perceptions of the technology are uncertain. Moreover, little attention has been paid to developing an understanding of the social and political institutional infrastructure necessary to implement CCS projects. In this paper we explore a particularly dicey issue -- how to ensure adequate long-term monitoring and maintenance of the carbon sequestration sites. Bonding mechanisms have been suggested as a potential mechanism to reduce these problems (where bonding refers to financial instruments used to ensure regulatory or contractual commitments). Such mechanisms have been successfully applied in a number of settings (e.g., to ensure court appearances, completion of construction projects, and payment of taxes). The paper examines the use of bonding to address environmental problems and looks at its possible application to nascent CCS projects. We also present evidence on the use of bonding for other projects involving deep underground injection of materials for the purpose of long-term storage or disposal. Author Affiliation: (a) Center for the Study & Improvement of Regulation, Department of Engineering & Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA (b) Center for Science, Technology, and Public Policy, Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Article History: Received 24 April 2007; Revised 26 January 2008; Accepted 6 April 2008

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2007.12.003 Byline: Jennie C. Stephens (a), Elizabeth J. Wilson (b), Tarla Rai Peterson (c) Keywords: Deployment; Energy technology; Technology diffusion; Technology innovation; Climate change mitigation Abstract: Stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases to reduce the risks of climate change requires a major transition in society's energy infrastructure; yet despite a growing sense of urgency, deployment of alternative emerging energy technologies has been slow and uncertain. This paper proposes a systematic, interdisciplinary framework for the integrated analysis of regulatory, legal, political, economic, and social factors that influence energy technology deployment decisions at the state level to enhance awareness of the interconnections and enable improved energy policy and planning and accelerated change in society's energy infrastructure. This framework, Socio-Political Evaluation of Energy Deployment, (SPEED), integrates analysis of laws, regulations, institutions and policy actors as well as varying regional perceptions and levels of awareness about the risks and benefits of emerging energy technologies to facilitate improved understanding of the complex interconnected components of state energy systems. While this framework has been developed with U.S. states as a model, the SPEED framework is generalizable to other countries with different sub-national structures. We present three research methods that could be applied within the SPEED framework that could be particularly helpful in understanding the integrated socio-political influences on energy technology deployment: (1) policy review and analysis, (2) media analysis, and (3) focus groups and structured interviews with key stakeholders. By integrating the fields of technology diffusion, environmental policy, comparative analysis of states, and risk perception, future empirical research conducted within this SPEED framework will improve understanding of the interconnected socio-political influences on energy technology deployment to enable energy modelers, policy-makers, energy professionals, state planners and other stakeholders to develop and implement more effective strategies to accelerate the deployment of emerging energy technologies. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of International Development, Community, and Environment, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, United States (b) Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, 301 19th Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States (c) Boone and Crockett Chair of Wildlife and Conservation Policy, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Science, Texas A&M University, TAMU-2258, College Station, Texas 77843-22585, United States Article History: Received 30 May 2007; Revised 23 December 2007; Accepted 26 December 2007

Everyone is accustomed to sniffing out new product opportunities to offer a constant-stream of new items that provide value to the target market at Yankee Candle Company, a small concern selling premium-priced scented candles and accessories operating in the hypercompetitive, forever-fickle consumer giftware industry. Besides from effective marketing, new product stream and cross-functional activity are imperative among the Yankee Candle employees in order to stay competitive.

The development of an inductive theory model from case studies on partnering relationship activities involved different steps. The process includes developing research questions, selecting cases, developing protocols, doing field research, analyzing the data, shaping new research promotions, evaluating previously published research, and reaching a closure. The findings reflected more of the relationships in the wood products industry, and analysts are encouraging future research in other business-to-business aspects, as well as research on skills to effectively manage partnering relationships.

Four models of relational marketing were contrasted and compared in order to arrive at a common area, which can provide insights for managers when entering into an intensive relational exchange. The study showed that trust, communication, and functional conflicts were the common variables among the four models. The study also showed that it is possible not one model can capture all the elements in relationship marketing, and future research will require a thorough exploration of the constructs of relationship marketing relative to strategic alliances and network organizations.

An attempt was made to offer a theoretical framework and an empirical method for evaluating the effects of comparisons made by customers of competitors' marketing mix strategies. An industrial setting was considered, with the purchased products being plastic conveyor belts manufactured by five competing firms. Direct comparisons were thought to influence customer preferences and for competing products. It is possible to forecast the relationship between the offering of a specific superior benefit and the derived business gain.

Reference pricing studies in marketing are examined to show the nature of the studies, the measurement methods used and the constructs applied. Means for enhancing this type of research are suggested. The level of statistical effects gained from reference pricing studies are also examined, with the average levels useful for studying future research results. Reference pricing is being increasingly used to study consumer behaviour. The studies are reviewed both quantitatively and qualitatively.

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) capture and storage, (CCS) has the potential to substantially mitigate CO 2 emissions, but concerns over the potential for leakage of CO 2 and brine from subsurface formations in which CO 2 has been geologically stored have impeded the deployment of CCS. In three lines of work, we investigated the causes and consequences of the leakage risk of CO 2 storage in deep saline aquifers. Our work developed the Leakage Impact Valuation (LIV) method to estimate the economic costs of leakage, produced an approach to probabilistically estimate the extent and magnitudes of leakage, and established the Leakage Risk Monetization Model (LRiMM) of geologic CO 2 storage to estimate the site-specific monetized leakage risk (MLR) of geologic CO 2 storage. The LRiMM combines the estimates of the economic costs and probabilistic extents and magnitudes of leakage in three dimensions within the geospatial context of leakage pathways and other subsurface activities. Here, we provide brief summaries of these lines of work and the lessons that arise from the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) injected into geologic reservoirs for long-term sequestration, or the brine it displaces, may leak through natural or manmade pathways. Using a leakage estimation model, we simulated fluid leakage from a storage reservoir and its migration into overlying formations. The results are discussed in the context of policies that seek to assure long-term sequestration and protect groundwater. This work is based on a case study of CO 2 injection into the Mt. Simon sandstone in the Michigan sedimentary basin, for which we constructed a simplified hydrologic representation of the geologic formations. The simulation results show that (1) CO 2 leakage can reach an aquifer containing potable water, but numerous intervening stratigraphic traps limit the rate to be orders of magnitude less than the rate of leakage from the storage reservoir; (2) U.S. Department of Energy guidelines for storage permanence allow for more leakage from larger injection projects than for smaller ones; (3) well leakage permeability is the most important variable in determining leakage processes and substantial leakage requires that numerous wells leaking with the anomalously high permeability of 10 −10 m 2 ; and (4) leakage can reduce the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Area of Review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Leakage may incur costs for numerous stakeholders. [•] Leakage costly without legal action, groundwater interaction, or surface release. [•] Regulatory discretion and activities to Find and Fix leaks are major cost drivers. [•] Leakage from FOAK projects is costlier than from NOAK projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage involves injecting CO2 into permeable geologic reservoirs. Candidate reservoirs will be overlain by an impervious caprock, but CO2 or brine may leak through this caprock via natural or manmade pathways into overlying units. Such leakage will incur multiple costs to a variety of stakeholders, as mobile fluids may interact with other subsurface activities, reach groundwater, or possibly escape from the surface. We summarize a methodology to monetize leakage risk throughout a basin, based on simulations of fluid flow, subsurface data, and estimates of costs triggered by leakage. We apply this methodology to two injection locations in the Michigan (U.S.A.) Sedimentary Basin, and show that leakage risk is site-specific and may change priorities for selecting CO2 storage sites, depending on its siting relative to leakage pathways and other subsurface activities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Leakage of brine or carbon dioxide (CO2) from geologic CO2 storage reservoirs will trigger numerous costs. We present the Leakage Impact Valuation (LIV) method, a systematic and thorough scenario-based approach to identify these costs, their drivers, and who incurs them across four potential leakage outcomes: 1) Leakage only; 2) leakage that interferes with a subsurface activity; 3) leakage that affects groundwater; and 4) leakage that reaches the surface. The LIV method is flexible and can be used to investigate a wide range of scenarios. The financial consequences of leakage estimated by the LIV method will be specific to the case study, because the consequences of leakage will vary across case studies due to differences geologic, institutional, and regulatory settings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: On January 11, 2011 a local farm couple from Saskatchewan held a press conference claiming CO2 had leaked from the Weyburn project onto their land. This first public reporting of potential leakage from a carbon capture and storage (CCS) project provides an opportunity to analyze media coverage and expert perspectives to advance understanding of risk perceptions and communication of emerging energy technologies. Risk perceptions of new and emerging technologies play an influential role in innovation processes. The Weyburn project has recently been the subject of controversy as local residents alleged that CO2 leaked from the underground storage formation and affected their surface property. The public were presented with conflicting assessments of whether the CO2 was or was not leaking, and communication about the alleged leakage and its risks reflected this uncertainty. We analyze media coverage of the controversy and interviews with CCS professionals to explore differences in media and expert risk perception and framing. This study considers the influence of public controversy on perceptions of emerging technologies and provides insights on responses and influences of both the media and technology experts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Background: Higher levels of physical activity are associated with better functional status, fewer hospital admissions, and lower mortality. In this pilot study, we examined the feasibility and safety of a novel program that combines a pedometer with a website to increase walking. Methods: 27 persons with stable COPD wore the Omron HJ-720ITC pedometer and used the website for 90 days. They uploaded step-count data to the study server using their home computer and received an email each week with their individualized step-count goal. The website provided step-count feedback, education, and motivational content. Subjects participated in a monthly semi-structured interview by telephone. Subjects reported changes in medical condition by telephone or on the website. Paired T-tests assessed change in daily step counts. Results: Subjects were males, mean age 72 ± 8 years, with moderate COPD, FEV1 1.57 ± 0.48 L (55 ± 16% predicted). 87% and 65% reported no problems using the pedometer and website, respectively. At month 3, 96% reported it was true that they knew their step count goal every day, and 52% reported that they were able to reach their goal. 95% of participants said they would recommend the walking program to another person with COPD. Eight subjects experienced breathing problems unrelated to the intervention. In 24 subjects with step counts at baseline and month 3, there was a significant increase of 1263 steps per day (approximately 1.0 km), p = 0.0054. Conclusions: The use of a website and pedometer was feasible and safe, and persons increased their daily walking. Registration Site and Registration Number: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01564043. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Perceptions of the potential of emerging technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS) are constructed not just through technical and economic processes but also through discourse, i.e. through compelling narratives about what a technology is, what a technology might become and why it is needed and preferable to competing technologies. The influence of discourse is particularly important in the innovation phases prior to commercialization when innovation activities are focused on research, development and demonstration, and when feasibility and costs of alternatives systems cannot yet be tested by market dynamics. This paper provides a state-level comparative analysis of CCS discourse in the U.S. to provide insights about the socio-political context in which CCS technology is advancing and being considered in four different states: Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, and Texas. This research combines analysis of interviews of state-level energy stakeholders and media analysis of state-level newspapers. In semi-structured interviews, state-level energy policy stakeholders were asked to explain their perceptions of the potential opportunities and risks of CCS technology within their unique state context. Interview texts were coded to assess the frequency and extent of various different frames of CCS opportunities and risks including technical, political, economic, environmental, aesthetic, and health/safety. A similar coding scheme was applied to analysis of state-level newspaper coverage of CCS technology. Here, the frequency of these different framings of CCS opportunities and risks in state-level print media was assessed. This analysis demonstrates wide variation in state-level CCS discourse and perceptions of the potential opportunities and risks associated with CCS technology. This mixed-methods approach to characterizing the socio-political context for CCS advancement in these four states contributes to improved understanding of state-level variation in energy technology innovation, provides valuable information about energy technology development in these specific states, and also offers insight into the very different sub-national discourses associated with emerging low-carbon energy technologies in the U.S. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An important subset of the utility sector has been scarcely explored for its ability to reduce carbon dioxide emissions: consumer-owned electric utilities significantly contribute to U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, but are often excluded from energy efficiency and renewable energy policies. They sell a quarter of the nation''s electricity, yet the carbon impact of these sales is not well understood, due to their small size, unique ownership models, and high percentage of purchased power for distribution. This paper situates consumer-owned utilities in the context of emerging U.S. climate policy, quantifying for the first time the state-by-state carbon impact of electricity sales by consumer-owned utilities. We estimate that total retail sales by consumer-owned utilities account for roughly 568 million metric tons of CO2 annually, making this sector the 7th largest CO2 emitter globally, and examine state-level carbon intensities of the sector in light of the current policy environment and the share of COU distribution in the states. Based on efficiency and fuel mix pathways under conceivable regulations, carbon scenarios for 2030 are developed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As the private sector and government begin to spend billions of dollars to research and deploy carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, the question of legal liability for managing short-term and long-term environmental, health and safety risks must be addressed. We examine potential CCS liability within a U.S. context and survey the existing environmental and tort law liability regimes that may affect CCS. We conclude that while existing liability regimes are insufficient on their own to govern the CCS industry, they could provide important risk management tools and serve as safeguards to private parties and governments in the event of harm. We also propose a model for long term stewardship, blending including bonding, insurance, and pooled federal funding into commercial CCS project management to better provide financial security to investors without destroying existing liability protections for those who may suffer harm from CCS. This proposal offers a starting point to develop a model to integrate liability for the nascent CCS industry. A longer version of this paper can be found in the Emory Law Review, Fall 2008. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: States will play a vital role in the deployment of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) in the United States. Many of the decisions and planning required to deploy CCS projects on a national scale will occur at the state and regional levels, including Public Utility Commission decisions on treatment of CCS costs, decisions on land use for building CO2 pipelines and developing geologic sequestration sites. There has been a burst of CCS policy activity in the states over the past few years. As of August 2008, 26 states have some sort of policy in place aimed at furthering CCS. To examine the importance of states’ particular circumstances on CCS policy development, we consider variables related to each state’s geology, electrical power system, economy, and political ideology. We find that distinctly different profiles emerge between states with CCS policies, states with climate policy, states with both, and states with neither. Understanding the state level policy landscape provides a basis for more effective coordination between state, regional, and federal CCS policy, and sheds some light on the compromises that need to be made between geographically diverse states for CCS to be widely deployed. A case study of the Midwestern Governors Association CO2 Management Infrastructure Partnership illustrates the opportunities that regional partnerships offer to facilitate these types of compromises and coordinate policy between states with varying circumstances but a shared interest in regional cooperation to advance commercial scale CCS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As a technology that may involve new risks, large-scale infrastructure, and significant government involvement, carbon capture and storage (CCS) faces a wide variety of deployment challenges. Because energy policy in the U.S. is negotiated at the state level, it is important to evaluate what might influence CCS related decisions in the U.S. at that level. This paper presents a detailed analysis of how deployment discussions and decisions regarding CCS are negotiated within Texas, Minnesota, and Massachusetts. These states were chosen based upon their current involvement in CCS research (high, medium, low), potential for deploying CCS (direct, indirect, or absent), and regulation (restructured, regulated). We explore nuances within the policy debates and public discourse surrounding CCS in these three states through the use of legislative and policy analysis, interviews with stakeholders, and media analysis. Using information generated from legislative dockets and state-level newspaper coverage we construct a template of CCS discussions, framing, and policy creation within each study state. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We examine the implications of school choice on walkability, school travel mode and overall environmental emissions. In developing this proof-of-concept model we show—and quantify—differences between city-wide schools and their neighborhood school counterpart. Our analysis demonstrates how children attending city-wide schools may have heightened travel distance, greenhouse gas emissions, and exposure to bus fumes. Using available data along with a series of informed assumptions we figure the city-wide school had six times fewer children walking, 4.5 times as many miles traveled, 4.5 times the system cost, and 3–4.5 times the amount of criteria air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. By providing bus service, the overall miles traveled (and resulting emissions) decreased 30–40% compared to the scenario without bus service, however system costs were higher for both the neighborhood and city-wide school (no pollution externality costs were factored in). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract The economic viability of new energy technologies is held as a central tenet to their future deployment; conventional wisdom posits economically rational decision-makers will readily invest in proven low-risk and affordable technologies. But what happens when this is not true. This paper examines the non-financial barriers facing economically viable Combined Heat and Power (CHP) projects. CHP is a mature and lower carbon technology that efficiently uses waste heat from thermal electricity generation; CHP can also provide flexibility services to help integrate variable renewable resources. CHP is low risk and many industrialized countries, particularly those in colder climates in Northern Europe and Russia, generate as much as 50% of their electricity and heat needs from CHP, but United States deployment remains low and investment hurdle rates high. While lower U.S. energy costs make some projects un-economic, many economically-viable CHP projects are stalled or killed by non-financial barriers. To better understand why financially viable CHP projects are not getting built, developers, owners and operators, regulators, and other stakeholders of this technology were interviewed and three major barriers emerged a) the business model of the electrical utility b) negative subjective impressions and c) challenges in allocating the risks and benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Reviews is focused on the social and policy dimensions of smart grids, an emerging set of technologies and practices which have the potential to transform dramatically electricity systems around the world. The six related articles explore social and political dynamics associated with smart grid deployment in the United States of America (USA) and Canada. Aspects examined in this special issue include the evolution of smart grid policy in Ontario, media coverage of smart grid experiences in Canada and smart grid approaches being taken in Québec. Other aspects covered include an analysis of smart grid systems planning post-Superstorm Sandy (that hit the Northeastern coast of the USA in 2012), the environmental framing of socio-political acceptance of the smart grid in British Columbia, and news coverage of the smart grid in the USA and Canada. These articles were supported by collaborative research from the National Science Foundation in the USA and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council in Canada which involved three expert workshops held in Canada in 2013, 2014 and 2015. The six articles were accepted after a vigorous review process overseen by the guest editors of this special issue. The contents are in keeping with the aims and scope of the journal which is to bring together under one roof the current advances in the ever broadening field of renewable and sustainable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term smart grid (SG) has been widely used in both the United States (U.S.) and Canada to represent multiple visions and configurations of electricity system change. In both countries policies, programs, and initiatives have emerged to promote technological and social changes associated with SG, and different patterns of SG implementation and governance are apparent at local, regional, and national levels. This paper reports on a comparative analysis of SG media content in nationally-circulating newspapers in the U.S. and Canada to explore patterns of SG conversations in the two countries. Media reporting about SG provides a valuable lens that reflects public discourse and also contributes to setting the public agenda by shaping public opinion and framing key issues. Despite similarities in terms of policy, program design, and SG deployment strategies, several prominent differences between the two countries emerge in public conversations. Firstly, Canadian SG newspaper content focuses more on implementation and describing people's experiences with smart meters, while the U.S. content focuses more on commercial opportunities with more reference to private sector actors and various technological components beyond smart meters. Secondly, although media coverage in both countries frequently highlights technological and economic benefits of SG, positive SG framing is more frequent in the U.S. newspapers than in the Canadian ones. Negative SG portrayals, including cultural, political and health and safety risks, are more frequently mentioned in the Canadian newspapers. These differing SG framings could be due to national level cultural differences. In the U.S, considered to be more of an individualistic society, there is more emphasis on business opportunities, being entrepreneurial, and more private sector involvement in the electricity sector. By contrast, in Canada, public authorities, more prominent in the electricity market than in the U.S., play a key role in smart grid deployment. Furthermore, in Canada, considered to have more social support structures for individuals and communities, there was more emphasis on the experiences of people. This suggests that cultural differences at the national level be a further contextual lens helpful to policy makers and technology proponents as they embark upon energy system change initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed and renewable energy technologies are changing the electricity sector and altering traditional relationships between electric utilities and their customers. This analysis involving focus groups with fourteen electric utilities in seven U.S. states (California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, Texas, and Vermont) demonstrates divergence in framing among utility representatives in terms of how they characterize customer engagement opportunities and renewable energy integration. This research is among the first qualitative studies comparing utility representatives’ discourse across the United States. Utilities in Texas and Vermont are particularly divergent especially in their framing of customer engagement opportunities during this time of energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superstorm Sandy hit the northeastern United States in October 2012, knocking out power to 10 million people and highlighting energy and critical infrastructure system vulnerabilities in the face of a changing climate. The increased frequency and intensity of such disruptive events is shifting priorities in electricity system planning around the world, including how multiple stakeholders consider linkages between climate vulnerability and energy. This research links smart grid development with adaptation to changing climates and explores how different stakeholders grapple with system vulnerabilities and climate disruptions. To illustrate this, the in-depth case study assesses post-Sandy discourse to compare how electricity sector stakeholder groups in New York, Massachusetts and Vermont associate energy, smart grid, and climate change. To explore how different energy system stakeholders frame the impacts of Superstorm Sandy on energy system planning, we conducted 22 focus groups with a broad range of organizations representing diverse aspects of the electricity system including utilities, regulatory authorities, research and development agencies, regional transmission organizations, academic research institutions, consumer advocacy and environmental organizations across the three states. We used these data to examine post-Sandy discourse about climate mitigation and climate adaptation, routine system management, and the potential value of “smart grid” for future energy system planning. We found that both New York and Massachusetts stakeholders focused more on climate adaptation than climate mitigation, while stakeholders in Vermont focused more on mitigation. In all three states stakeholder discussions of adaptation focused most heavily on system resilience and reliability, whereas discussions of mitigation focused on demand-side management and demand response followed by alternative energy strategies. These results suggest that extreme weather and climate disruptions will differentially shape discourse around smart grid and energy system change and shift the focus among energy system stakeholders on climate adaptation compared to climate mitigation. This research demonstrates variation between political jurisdictions (states) and energy system stakeholders in energy system planning in the face of new challenges related to an uncertain and rapidly changing world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Without careful planning and design, energy policies like carbon taxes and renewable subsidies like production tax credits undercut one another in unanticipated ways. We examine how a carbon tax interacts with PTCs by simulating an electricity market using the IEEE RTS model with a carbon tax of $38/tonCO2e and a PTC of $23/MWh. The results show that PTCs work against the carbon tax by both lowering average energy prices and altering the generator dispatch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Over the past decade, the United States (US) has demonstrated strong and evolving interest in the development of carbon capture and storage (CCS), an emerging set of technologies with potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants. Given the many technical, economic, and environmental uncertainties about the future of CCS, the political salience of this technology is high. In the US, states make key decisions about deploying energy technology projects, but variation in state-level energy context (both technical and socio-political) is substantial. This research assesses variation in the state-level energy context for CCS development by exploring energy policy stakeholders' perceptions of CCS in four geographically and demographically diverse states. Policy stakeholders have different degrees of familiarity with CCS, and the goal of this research is to understand and compare the perceptions of CCS among stakeholders who shape state-level energy policy. Semi-structured interviews with 84 energy policy stakeholders across government, industry, academia, and non-governmental organizations active in four different states (Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana and Texas) were analyzed to compare perceptions of CCS risks and benefits. Negative associations of CCS were mentioned more frequently than positive attributes in each state, and technical, political and economic risks are more dominant than environmental or health and safety risks. Content analysis of the interviews provides insight on emerging sub-national discourse regarding CCS, on state-level variation in familiarity with CCS, and on sub-national variation in the socio-political context for energy technologies. The variation in state and stakeholder energy priorities and perceptions revealed in this study highlights challenges in the development and implementation of national-level energy policy and also specific challenges in the deployment of CCS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Grid-scale energy storage are modeled to arbitrage in electricity market. • Storage-induced emissions are estimated in two power grids with high and low wind penetration. • High wind penetration can favorably pair with storage and reduce air pollutant burden. • Carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and mercury emissions are estimated. • Storage-induced emissions are 42-64% lower in the high- than in the low-wind grid. Energy storage provides many benefits that can improve electric grid performance but has been shown to increase overall system emissions. Yet, how energy storage might interreact with renewables in existing grids and how these interactions affect overall emissions remain unclear. Here, we estimate emissions induced by battery energy storage in two regions of the United States with very different levels of wind penetration using high-resolution, both spatially and temporally, locational marginal prices and hourly marginal emission factors. We find that the emission intensity of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and mercury is 4264% lower in the high wind penetration grid (28%) than in the low wind penetration grid (<5%). This is due in part to a significant share of wind dispatched as marginal fuel in baseload hours when battery storage charges from the grid, reducing storage-induced emissions. Our study suggests that more wind generation can favorably pair with storage and reduce the air pollution burdens otherwise caused by storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]