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The Purdue Pegboard Test is a manual dexterity test that requires the manipulation of pegs, washers, and collars. Our population for this research study focused on the geriatric community owing to the lack of recent available normative data. The purpose of this study was to provide updated normative data for hand therapists to use in clinical practice to determine if seniors have dexterity deficits. This is a cohort study. This study was completed through a convenience sample which included 128 participants. Participants were stratified into three age groups (60-69, 70-79, and 80+). Participants were asked to complete the Purdue Pegboard Test. Mean scores were analyzed using an independent-sample t -test and one-way analysis of variance to compare the mean scores of each designated age group. A one-way analysis of variance reported statistically significant differences between the 3 age groups (F = 15.03, P <.00). The results supported that those individuals who were younger (60-69) scored better on the assessment than those aged 80+ years. There was not a statistically significant difference between PPT mean scores of males and females. Mean scores for the PPT for community-dwelling seniors were established. The findings from this study support that dexterity may decline with age, which can affect occupational performance over time. • Participants between the ages of 60 to 65 years had the highest scores on the Purdue Pegboard Test. • Males and females received similar scores on the Purdue Pegboard Test. • There was not a difference between right-hand and left-hand scores on the Purdue Pegboard Test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few patients receive cognitive behavioral therapy, the gold-standard for body dysmorphic disorder (CBT-BDD). Smartphones can make evidence-based interventions, like CBT-BDD, more accessible and scalable. A key question is: how do patients view it? Low credibility and expectancy would likely translate to low uptake and engagement outside of research settings, diminishing the impact. Thus, it is important to understand patients' beliefs about digital CBT-BDD. We compared credibility and expectancy in a coach-guided app-based CBT-BDD trial (N = 75) to a previous in-person CBT-BDD trial (N = 55). We further examined the relationship of perceptions of digital CBT-BDD to baseline clinical and demographic factors and dropout. Credibility did not differ between the in-person (M = 19.3) and digital (M = 18.3) trials, p =.24. Expectancy for improvement was moderately higher for in-person (M = 58.4) than digital (M = 48.3) treatment, p =.005. In the digital trial, no demographic variables were associated with credibility or expectancy. Better BDD-related insight and past non-CBT BDD therapy were associated with greater expectancy. Credibility was associated with lower likelihood of dropout. Digital CBT-BDD was regarded as similarly credible to in-person CBT-BDD but with lower expectancy. Tailored expectancy-enhancing strategies could strengthen this novel approach, particularly among those with poorer insight and without prior BDD treatment. • Patient views of digital CBT-BDD is expected to affect uptake and impact of digital solutions. • We compared credibility and acceptancy ratings of app-based to in-person CBT-BDD. • Patients viewed app-based CBT-BDD as equally credible but with lower expectancy. • Expectancy was higher for those with greater insight and past non-CBT BDD therapy. • Enhancing expectancy is a priority for this treatment and digital health in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Though data on youth is limited, face-to-face CBT for BDD is effective across ages. • Digital treatments show efficacy, with sustained benefits and potential scalability. • Current evidence lacks diversity and may overlook underserved groups' experiences. • New therapies for visual deficits are being explored as potential treatment options. • Studies needed on long-term treatment effects and predictors of treatment response. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an underrecognized, challenging illness with severe comorbidities, demanding urgent advancements in treatment strategies. This state-of-the-science review describes current research on existing BDD treatments, beginning with a detailed discussion of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), the primary psychosocial intervention for BDD, and its foundational theories. We emphasize the significant progress in the field, including the efficacy of face-to-face CBT, the promising outcomes of digital interventions for broadening access to care, and emerging treatments that warrant further exploration. The review also addresses the critical gap of targeted interventions for youth, considering the diseases' typical onset during adolescence. Our review also sheds light on the significant gap in research dedicated to testing these treatments in underserved communities, stressing the importance of including these populations in research and culturally informed and adapted, if necessary, care. The review concludes with recommendations for future directions, outlining areas for ongoing treatment development and research to expand the scope and efficacy of interventions for BDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classroom management practices were studied in middle school classrooms with positive interpersonal classroom climates, high levels of student engagement, and high levels of autonomy support. Students' motivational responses to autonomy-supportive instructional interactions were explored to understand variability within classroom management practices identified and described in this study as providing autonomy support. Our findings suggest proactive classroom management is enacted through instructional interactions wherein teachers scaffold students' autonomous self-regulatory capacities that sustain student engagement in classroom activities by supporting students' strategy use, transferring responsibility to students, encouraging students' to structure physical and social contexts to support learning, and promoting prosocial behavior. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]