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Abstract: To predict and analyze accurately the lubrication characteristics and its influencing factors of marine sterntube bearings, coupling simulation between EHD and MBD for sterntube bearings of marine diesel engine propulsion system was carried out. FE models for crankshaft and main bearings of a two-stroke low-speed marine diesel engine, intermediate shaft, tailshaft, intermediate bearings and sterntube bearings of a chemical carrier were established, and the results files generated from reduced FE models by employing substructure methods were entered into MBD model. Sterntube bearing forces, load distribution, orbital path, minimum oil film thickness(MOFT) and total friction power loss on fore sterntube bearing and aft sterntube bearing in one working cycle under rated working conditions were investigated. Simulation results show that the sterntube bearings were safe enough for normal operation, the vertical load and the total friction power loss on aft sterntube bearing were significantly higher than that of fore sterntube bearing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Provide a detailed analysis of the various types of carbon-based catalysts employed for CO 2 reduction from an experimental design perspective. • Present a comprehensive understanding of the recent theoretical advancements in electrochemical CO 2 RR, involving adsorbent geometric structure, electrocatalytic mechanisms, and intrinsic descriptor. • Explore the general design strategies of carbon-based catalysts to achieve efficient CO 2 conversion. • Evaluate the challenges and opportunities associated with carbon-based catalysts for CO 2 reduction. The rational design of nanostructured carbon-based materials has emerged as a crucial research area due to their significant impact on the electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR). This process converts carbon dioxide gas into value-added chemical products, such as formate, CO, or other fuels. A variety of carbon-based electrocatalysts, including non-metallic doped carbon materials (e.g., N-doped carbon nanofibers, N-doped diamonds), metal-macroring materials (e.g., metal-porphyrins, metal-phthalocyanines, and metal-corroles), and M−N−C typical materials (Fe-N-C, Co-N-C, and Ni-N-C), have exhibited promising results as efficient catalysts for CO 2 RR. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the rational design of nanostructured carbon-based materials for CO 2 RR using both experimental and theoretical approaches. These include the design and synthesis of morphology-tunable carbon-based materials and heteroatom doping. Furthermore, we delve into the catalytic mechanisms of CO 2 electrochemical reduction on carbon-based materials, encompassing surface reactions, geometric effects, and electronic effects. These findings contribute to the development of intrinsic descriptors for establishing the volcano relationship with catalytic performance. Finally, we highlight the challenges and future directions in the field of CO 2 RR, stressing the importance of gaining a better understanding of the complex structure–function relationships in carbon-based materials and the development of efficient and sustainable CO 2 RR processes for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]