Search

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.09.008 Byline: G. Vidal (a), M.C. Diez (b) Abstract: Wood processing effluents contain different types of phenolic compounds, from simple monomers to high molecular weight (MW) polyphenolic polymers, that can inhibit wastewater treatment. This work presents a comparative study of the methanogenic toxicity produced by three wood processing effluents (hardboard, fiberboard and BKME (kraft mill effluent)) using Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus and Tepa as feedstock (the last one being a native Chilean tree species). This study evaluates the influence of non-adapted granular and adapted flocculent sludge on forest industrial wastewater treatment as well as continuous anaerobic biodegradation of hardboard processing effluent using the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). The adapted biomass (flocculent sludge) did not show any lag-phase signs. The 50% IC (the concentration causing 50% inhibition of methanogenic activity) was 4.3g COD-effluent (chemical oxygen demand (COD)-of the effluent)/l and 2.8g COD-effluent/l for the flocculent sludge and the granular sludge, respectively. The UASB system worked at low organic load rates (0.1-0.4g COD/l d) with the COD removal ranging between 10 and 30%, and color removal did not occur under anaerobic conditions due to high MW. Indeed, the MW analysis indicates the presence of phenolic compounds over 25,000Da in the anaerobic effluent. Author Affiliation: (a) Environmental Science Center EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepcion, Casila P. O. Box 160-C. Concepcion, Chile (b) Chemical Engineering Department. Universidad de La Frontera, P. O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile Article History: Received 7 January 2004; Revised 30 August 2004; Accepted 27 September 2004

• Shape and texture of aggregates influence the fatigue behaviour of asphalt mixtures. • Fine aggregates with higher particle index improve the fatigue behaviour. • EBADE® test allows to evaluate the fatigue behaviour of asphalt mixture quickly. • Asphalt mixtures with a greater dissipated energy showed a better fatigue behaviour. The effect of aggregate type on the fatigue behaviour of asphalt mixtures is an important variable for ensuring greater durability of pavements over time. This study presents the main results of an assessment of the effect of the physical properties of different aggregates on the fatigue behaviour of asphalt mixtures. Two fatigue tests were used for this study, one standardized and another developed recently which evaluates dissipated energy during the cracking of asphalt mixtures (EBADE® test). Three types of aggregates were used and adjusted to a semi-dense aggregate gradation: two of fluvial type (AF1 and AF2) and one from a quarry (AC). Two different shredding processes were used to obtain the aggregates. The results obtained show that there is a strong relationship between the shape and texture of the fine aggregates and the fatigue behaviour of the mixtures. It was also showed that the greater the thickness of the mixture in the pavement structure, the more influence these properties have. Likewise, the shape and texture of the fine aggregate influence the ability of asphalt mixtures to dissipate energy during fatigue damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A new stress sweep fatigue test for asphalt mixtures is proposed (called DUSST). • The new fatigue test is done in a shorter time than classical fatigue tests. • DUSST shows a good sensitivity of the main parameters evaluated. Abstract Fatigue cracking is one of the main damage mechanisms that take place in asphalt pavements. However, its evaluation during the design asphalt mixtures is not usually considered due to the complexity of the tests required, their high costs and the long time required to perform them. As a consequence, several research teams are working on developing new test procedures to reduce the time related to fatigue characterization of asphalt mixtures. In this context, this paper presents the development of a new test procedure consisting of a cyclic uniaxial tension-compression test in which the stress applied increases every 5000 cycles. In this manner, it is possible to evaluate a mixture's response under cyclic loading at different stress levels in one test. Also, failure of the mixture takes place in a shorter time period than that required by classical time sweep fatigue tests. This paper presents results obtained in the application of this new methodology to a mixture frequently used in Chilean pavement structures (type IV-A-12 by Chilean standards) with three different asphalt binders: a conventional binder (CA-24), a high modulus binder (CA-HM) and a polymer-modified binder (CA-PM). We evaluated three different types of aggregates obtained through two different shredding processes. Results achieved in the development of our Direct Uniaxial Stress Sweep Test (DUSST) show that it is an experimental method with great potential. This test can characterize fatigue behaviors of asphalt mixtures in a shorter time by using important parameters such as initial strain, failure strain, complex modulus and dissipated energy. In addition, we obtained a good sensitivity of the DUSST main parameters to variables evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In South America, cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most frequent clinical form of leishmaniasis. Bolivia is one of the countries with higher incidence, with 33 cases per 100,000 individuals, and the disease is endemic in 70% of the territory. In the last decade, the number of cases has increased, the age range has expanded, affecting children under 5 years old, and a similar frequency between men and women is found. An entomological study with CDC light traps was conducted in three localities (Chipiriri, Santa Elena and Pedro Domingo Murillo) of the municipality of Villa Tunari, one of the main towns in the Chapare province (Department of Cochabamba, Bolivia). A total of 16 specimens belonging to 6 species of the genus Lutzomyia were captured: Lu. aragaoi , Lu. andersoni , Lu. antunesi , Lu. shawi , Lu. yuilli yuilli and Lu. auraensis . Our results showed the presence of two incriminated vectors of leishmaniasis in an urbanized area and in the intradomicile. More entomological studies are required in the Chapare province to confirm the role of vector sand flies, the intradomiciliary transmission of the disease and the presence of autochthonous cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurement of the effect of aggregate type on mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures is a complex and understudied variable. This paper presents main results of an experimental study about the influence of physical properties of different aggregate type on mechanical behavior of asphalt mixtures. With this purpose, twelve different asphalt mixtures have been manufactured, with the same aggregates distribution, but using three different types of aggregates, obtained by two different shredding processes, and four different types of asphalt bitumen (two with different penetration values, one polymer modified bitumen and one with high modulus). Morphological characterization and surface texture measurement have been carried out according to methodologies proposed by Zingg method and ASTM-D3398 Standard. Additionally, stiffness and cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures have been evaluated at four different temperatures by using stiffness modulus test and Fenix Test, respectively. Main results of this study demonstrate that morphology and surface texture of aggregates, both coarse and fine size, influence on stiffness and cracking resistance of evaluated asphalt mixtures, and that this influence depends on the shredding process and the origin of aggregates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creep feed grinding is an abrasive finishing process characterized by low feed speeds (0.05-0.5 m/min) and very high depths of cut (0.1-30 mm). Thanks to the extraordinary material removal rate provided together with a high shape accuracy obtained over complex profiles, this process has become the main competitor of milling. However, creep feed grinding has also some limitations that should be overcome. The major limitation is the thermal damage on the machined part and the rapid wheel wear. Since heat distribution depends strongly on the workpiece geometry, a 3D FEM thermal model has been programmed for the generation of a square in order to study the effect of the side wall height on the heat distribution on both, the wall and the ground part. Thermal model has been validated by means of experimental tests being the heat ratio to the workpiece the adjusting parameter. General results show that the higher the side wall, the higher the temperatures. Friction between the wheel and the side wall contributes to higher power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to assess the knowledge base of primary care residents in the state of Oklahoma regarding radiation oncology. For this study, primary care resident physicians were defined as those training in Family Medicine or Internal Medicine. Primary Care residency programs within the state of Oklahoma were identified through the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) website. Residency programs were in both urban and rural communities. Program directors were contacted to set up a didactic session. A 1-hour lecture covering introductory topics in radiation oncology as well as case-based learning topics pertaining to radiation oncology in the primary care setting was delivered. Residents were given a pre- and post-lecture survey. Ten residency programs, with a total of 281 residents, extended an invitation for didactics. Given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, some programs requested that the lecture be delivered virtually. A total of 122 residents completed the pre-lecture survey; 51.6% were female, 41.7% were interns, 39.2% were second year residents, and 17.5% were third year residents. A total of 50.8% of respondents attended medical school in Oklahoma and 30.3% attended an allopathic medical school. Over half of trainees stated that they had no exposure to didactics covering radiation oncology during the pre-clinical years of medical school (66.1%). A similar number of residents (65.5%) stated that there were no structured radiation oncology rotations in medical school during clinical years. An overwhelming majority of residents felt that the pre-clinical curriculum did not adequately cover radiation oncology (95.9%). Residents reported that most training facilities had radiation oncology services at their disposal (73.3%); however, only 60.3% of residents had previously interacted with a radiation oncologist. When asked about their level of confidence in consulting a radiation oncologist, 63.6% of residents stated that they did not feel confident while 24% felt neutral, 12.4% felt somewhat confident, but none of the residents surveyed felt confident. Following the lecture, 63.3% of responding residents felt confident or somewhat confident consulting radiation oncology, while only 8.8% felt not confident. Additionally, 98.5% of respondents felt this lecture was beneficial to their resident education. The majority of respondents felt medical school curriculum does not adequately cover radiation oncology. Nobody in the pre-lecture survey felt confident consulting a radiation oncologist. Most trainees felt this lecture was beneficial to their training. This study highlights a gap in medical knowledge and identifies areas of collaboration between radiation oncologists and primary care physicians regarding patient co-management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite technological advances over the past 25 years, a complete recovery from peripheral nerve injuries remains unsatisfactory today. The autograft is still considered the “gold standard” in clinical practice; however, postoperative complications and limited availability of nerve tissue have motivated the development of alternative approaches. Among them, the development of biomimetic nerve graft substitutes is one of the most promising strategies. In this study, multichanneled silk electrospun conduits bi-functionalized with Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Ciliary Neurotropic Factor (CNTF) were fabricated to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration. These bioactive guides consisting of longitudinally oriented channels and aligned nanofibers were designed in order to mimic the fascicular architecture and fibrous extracellular matrix found in native nerve. The simple use of the electrospinning technique followed by a manual manipulation to manufacture these conduits provides tailoring of channel number and diameter size to create perineurium-like structures. Functionalization of the silk fibroin nanofiber did not affect its secondary structure and chemical property. ELISA assays showed the absence of growth factors passive release from the functionalized fibers avoiding the topical accumulation of proteins. In addition, our biomimetic multichanneled functionalized nerve guides displayed a mechanical behavior comparable to that of rat sciatic nerve with an ultimate peak stress of 4.0±0.6 MPa and a corresponding elongation at failure of 156.8±46.7%. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time our ability to design and characterize a bi-functionalized nerve conduit consisting of electrospun nanofibers with multichannel oriented and nanofibers aligned for peripheral regeneration. Our bioactive silk tubes thus represent a new and promising technique towards the creation of a biocompatible nerve guidance conduit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Highway trial sections with WMA and recycled WMA were evaluated. • Mechanical properties of WMA and recycled WMA were evaluated. • Natural zeolite reduce mixing and compaction temperature of asphalt mixture. • WMA and recycled WMA with natural zeolite show good performance properties. The present article presents the construction and evaluation of an experimental stretch of highway with environmentally sustainable mixes; warm mixes asphalt and recycled warm mixes asphalt. Six trial sections of an urban highway were constructed with different structural characteristics. Each section was 15 cm thick and 90 m long. The asphalt mixes used for construction of the experimental sections were: reference hot mix asphalt (HMA), warm mix asphalt with natural zeolite (WAMz), warm mix asphalt with Evotherm (WMAe), recycled warm mix asphalt with 20% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and natural zeolite (WMA R20z), recycled warm mix asphalt with 20% RAP and Evotherm (WMA R20e), and recycled warm mix asphalt with 30% RAP and natural zeolite (WMA R30z). All the asphalt mixes were designed to comply with the design properties required by Chilean specifications, and were fabricated in an asphalt batch plant. The following performance properties were evaluated: stiffness modulus, water susceptibility, permanent deformation, cracking resistance and fatigue behaviour. The ageing of the asphalt binder in each of these asphalt mixes fabricated in the plant was also evaluated by physical and rheological assays of the binder extracted from the mixes. One month after construction of the trial sections, the structural capacity of each section of the experimental stretch was evaluated by falling weight deflectometer (FWD), and the pavement indicators of rutting and the International Roughness Index (IRI) were determined by laser profilometer. Finally, field cores were extracted and tested for stiffness modulus and cracking resistance. The results obtained indicate that the asphalt mixes used presented no major differences in the mechanical properties evaluated, nor in their structural capacity parameters and pavement indices, compared to the control HMA. These mixes present a suitable behaviour, similar to that of a conventional mix, in both their technical and constructive properties, while offering important environmental advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Textile fibre derived from end-of-life tyres (TFELT) is an environmental problem. • The physical and rheological properties of asphalt binders can be improved by the addition of fibres. • This work evaluates the effects of the innovative addition of TFELT, in three percentages, on the mechanical and rheological properties of two asphalt binders. • The results are consistent and indicate significant improvements in high temperature performance, while maintaining performance at intermediate and low temperatures. End-of-Life Tyres (ELT) consist of rubber, steel and textile fibre (TFELT). Unlike rubber and steel, the possibilities for the re-use of TFELT are limited, and its final disposal is an environmental problem. This article explores an alternative re-use of TFELT as an additive for asphalt binder (AB). The TFELT was characterised using scanning electron microscope (SEM), polarized microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Two Asphalt Binders (AB14 and AB24) and three addition percentages (0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%) were evaluated. The effects on the physical properties at high, intermediate and low temperature were studied by determining the softening point, penetration and FRAASS breaking point. We also evaluated the effects on the rheological properties, by determining the rutting and fatigue parameters at different states of ageing (short and long term). Resistance to the accumulation of deformations was measured by applying the Multiple Stress Creep Recovery test (MSCR), and resistance to fatigue by the Linear Amplitude Sweep test (LAS). The results showed significant effects in reducing the accumulation of permanent deformation, by up to 40% for the addition of 0.5% TFELT, without any reduction in properties of resistance to thermal cracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus uptake by common and ornamental plants was studied in pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) constructed wetlands (CWs) with monocultures and polycultures. Three HSSF CWs were planted with monocultures of Phragmites australis (HSSF-Phr), Schoenoplectus californicus (HSSF-Sch) and Cyperus papyrus (HSSF-Cyp), and one polyculture was planted with C. papyrus and Zantedeschia aethiopica (HSSF-Cyp/Zant). During the experimental period, removal efficiency, growth characteristics, biomass production and phosphorus uptake were evaluated in the cold season (fall/winter) and warm season (spring/summer). In general, the cold season showed better performance with an order of HSSF-Cyp/Zant > HSSF-Cyp > HSSF-Sch > HSSF-Phr in the evaluated parameters. The removal efficiencies were 33%, 27%, 23% and 12%, respectively. The biomass production and density of the HSSF treatments ranged from 1.5 to 5.4 kg dry weight (DW)/m2, and 435 to 1298 individuals/m2 with higher values for HSSF-Sch. The tissue phosphorus content was 5 to 20% higher belowground in all plants, including ornamentals. Phosphorus uptake was higher for polyculture (HSSF-Cyp/Zant) and monoculture (HSSF-Cyp) planted with ornamentals, with a mean of 30 g P/m2. Also, the polyculture was not affected by the seasons, reaching up to 27% phosphorus uptake by the plants. According to our results, the ornamental species of the polyculture contribute to the phosphorus uptake. • Monocultures with common (HSSF-Phr, HSSF-Sch) and ornamental (HSSF-Cyp) plants and polycultures of ornamental plants (HSSF-Cyp/Zant) were established in constructed wetlands. • The best performance was HSSF-Cyp/Zant > HSSF-Cyp > HSSF-Sch > HSSF-Phr. • Phosphorus removal efficiency was better in the winter season. • Phosphorus uptake was higher for polyculture (HSSF-Cyp/Zant) and monoculture HSSF-Cyp, with a mean of 30 g P/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: The risk of thromboembolic (TE) complications in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients is not homogeneous. Risk schemes can help target anticoagulant therapy for patients at highest risk of TE complications. Objectives: To test the predictive ability of 4 risk schemes: The Framingham, the 8th ACCP, the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006, and the CHA2DS2-VASc. Methods: 186 patients with non-valvular AF and off anticoagulant therapy were included. All subjects who experienced a stroke, transient ischemic attack, or peripheral embolism were identified. Each schema was divided into low, intermediate, and high-risk categories. Discrimination was assessed via the c-statistic. Results: We identified 10 TE events that occurred during 668 person-years off anticoagulation therapy. All risk schemes had fair discriminating ability (c-statistic ranged from 0.59 [for CHA2DS2-VASc] to 0.73 [for Framingham]). The proportion of patients assigned to individual risk categories varied widely across schemes. CHA2DS2-VASc categorized the fewest patients into low and intermediate-risk categories, whereas the Framingham schema assigned the highest patients into low-risk strata. There were no TE events in the low and intermediate-risk categories using CHA2DS2-VASc, whereas the most schemes assigned patients into intermediate-risk category had a event rate ranging from 2.5 (ACC/AHA/ESC and 8th ACCP schemes) to 6% (Framingham). The negative predictive value of TE events was of 100% for the no high-risk patients using CHA2DS2-VASc. Conclusions: Compared to ACC/AHA/ESC, 8th ACCP, and Framingham, CHA2DS2-VASc risk stratification schema may be better in discriminating between patients at a low and intermediate risk of TE complications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

There is a growing concern for the healthcare sector's impact on the environment. Prior carbon impact studies in radiation oncology have been limited in scope and methodology. This study aims to fill this gap by using an internationally recognized cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to quantify all environmental impacts from raw material extraction to product disposal for external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) in treating the most commonly diagnosed cancers. This LCA was performed in accordance with ISO 14040 and 14044 at a single academic medical center. It quantified the environmental impact of EBRT across four categories: global warming potential (GWP), carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human toxicity, and respiratory effects (PM2.5), from initial consultation to the completion of the last EBRT fraction for each disease site. Data collection involved weighing all materials used, measuring/calculating building and equipment electricity usage (e.g., HVAC and Linacs), and recording patient and staff transit. The study analyzed the impact of both minimum and maximum fractionations for each disease site and simulated alternative clinical scenarios such as telemedicine, renewable energy use and hypofractionation. Regardless of disease site, there were significant differences in the environmental impacts associated with transit, electricity and supplies for EBRT treatment cycles. Staff and patient transport contributed the most, accounting for >92% of the total environmental impact including GWP (5.02x102 ± 9.38x101 kgCO2eq), carcinogenic (6.25x10-5 ± 1.23x10-5 CTUh) and non-carcinogenic human toxicity (1.16x10-4 ± 2.35x10-5 CTUh). Electricity accounted for 1-13% of the total impact, with most impact arising from respiratory effects (3.05x10-2 kg ± 2.72x10-3 PM2.5). The impact of supplies and materials was less than 3% across all categories. Alternative scenario modeling showed that telemedicine had a maximum impact reduction of 3.5% (2.54x 101kgCO2eq) for GWP, while renewable energy use had a maximum impact reduction of 8% (2.37 x 10-2 PM2.5) for respiratory effects. Reducing the number of total treatment days via hypofractionation can reduce GWP by 67-78% and carcinogenic emissions by 63-77% (3.48 x 102 - 5.53 x 102 kgCO2eq) and (3.73 x 10-5 - 6.85 x 10-5CTUh), respectively, with variation depending on the total number of fractions. This study provides a comprehensive environmental impact assessment for EBRT among the most commonly treated disease sites, establishing a baseline metric and identifying targets for impact reduction. We are currently performing a multi-center validation study to be completed by June 2023. Our findings fill an important gap in cancer care and are critical for developing sustainable practices in the face of increasing demand for radiotherapy in a changing climate. LCAs evaluating all aspects of cancer care will be essential for promoting equitable and sustainable care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was a comparison between PO 4 −3 -P removal from sewage using zeolite as support medium in subsurface flow treatment wetlands (SSF TWs) operated with different oxidation-reduction potentials (ORPs). In addition, the zeolite’s phosphate adsorption characteristics were evaluated. For this, Two mesocosm SSF TWs were installed and operated during 504 d for the PO 4 −3 -P adsorption from sewage: a) mesocosm SSF TW with natural zeolite (MTW-Z1) and b) mesocosm SSF TW with gravel (MTW-G1). Two ORPs was used in MTW-Z1 and MTW-G1: a) ORP-A, ORP >+50 mV, b) ORP-B, ORP <−50 mV. Furthermore, the adsorption characteristics were evaluated in batch assays (zeolite amount and particle size were studied) with different PO 4 −3 -P initial concentrations. Regarding the mesocosm SSF TWs evaluation, the PO 4 −3 -P removed from sewage by MTW-Z1 is between 20% and 50% significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the MTW-G1. At the same time, ORP-A, above +50 mV, significantly improves (p < 0.05), by 10% more, the PO 4 −3 -P removal capacity from sewage. Regarding adsorption characteristics, maximum adsorption capacity determined by Langmuir kinetic was 0.03 mg PO 4 −3 -P g −1 for initial concentrations of 10–15 mg PO 4 −3 -P L −1 . In the case of MTW-Z1 with ORPs A (>+50 mV) and B (<−50 mV), the zeolite maximum adsorption capacity was 0.3 mg PO 4 −3 -P g −1 . Therefore, the potential maximum adsorption capacity of natural zeolite used as a medium in SSF TWs with ORP conditions below −50 mV and above +50 mV can be increased until 10-fold regarding Langmuir adsorption kinetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to characterize the relative effectiveness of different methods of advertising virtual radiation oncology (RO) educational content to US medical students, to inform future efforts to expand access to RO education. A four-part "Oncology Virtual Series for Medical Students" was developed to emulate an oncology interest group (OIG). The topics were intended to have broad appeal, but were presented exclusively by RO faculty and residents. The selection of topics, speakers, and approach to advertising were intended to attract a geographically, racially and ethnically diverse audience. All academic RO department chairs and residency program directors at allopathic US medical schools were asked to engage their respective Dean's office or OIG to promote the event to all students, particularly emphasizing student groups with primarily female (e.g., American Medical Women's Association chapter) or under-represented in medicine (e.g., institutional Student National Medical Association (SNMA) or Latino Medical Student Association (LMSA) chapter) membership. A similar email was sent to the Dean(s) of all US allopathic medical schools' Diversity (or equivalent) Office, all SNMA and LMSA regional directors, and the SNMA newsletter. The American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) also promoted via ASTROgram, social media, and student members' ROhub. During preregistration, students' full name, email address, medical school, and how they heard about the series were requested. Attendees' name and email address was automatically recorded upon login. Descriptive statistics are reported. 660 unique students preregistered, and 140 attended at least one of the four sessions. Attendees represented 53 allopathic and 2 osteopathic US medical schools, and 5 international schools. 104 attendees (74%) were from a school with an affiliated RO department, and 66 (47%) with an affiliated RO residency. Fourteen schools had at least 3 students attend, with the highest number of attendees from the principal investigator's home institution (n=12). These 14 schools accounted for 50% of all attendees, of which 8 (57%) had an affiliated RO residency, and two were osteopathic schools. 280 students (42%) described how they heard about the series; the most common sources included 87 (31%) from medical school faculty, 75 (27%) from social media post or email (source not specified), 53 (19%) from an OIG, 16 (6%) from SNMA or LMSA, and 15 (5%) from ASTRO. Most attendees were from schools with a RO department, and disproportionately high attendance was from a small number of schools, suggesting that radiation oncologists' individual efforts and pre-existing relationships with students, Dean's offices, and student groups at their institution are the most effective ways of promoting nationwide virtual RO education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of ornamental plant species in mesocosm subsurface constructed wetlands (CWs) to treat sewage under different organic loading rates (OLRs). The effect of ornamental plant species was evaluated in four mesocosm CWs with: (a) Iris pseudacorus (MCW-Ip), (b) Eichornia crassipes (MCW-Ec), (c) Tulbaghia violacea (MCW-Tv), and (d) Cyperus papyrus (MCW-Cp). The OLRs were evaluated as follows: (a) 0.47 gCOD/(m 2 d) (Phase I), (b) 0.84 gCOD/(m 2 d) (Phase II), and (c) 1.94 gCOD/(m 2 d) (Phase III). Inside the four mesocosm CWs during the three phases showed oxidation-reduction potential and dissolved oxygen below −50 mV and 0.7 mg/L, respectively, which are characteristic values of anoxic-anaerobic environments. The 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) removal efficiencies were above 50% for the four mesocosm CWs in the three phases. In the cases of NH 4 + -N and PO 4 −3 -P, removal efficiency was above 70% only for MCW-Cp during the three phases. When the OLR increased, BOD 5 , COD, TSS, NH 4 + -N, PO 4 −3 -P and fecal coliform (FC) effluent concentrations from the four mesocosm CWs were affected in a significant way (α < 0.05) (except PO 4 −3 -P in MCW-Cp). The species of ornamental plant showed non-significant (α > 0.05) effect on COD and BOD 5 effluent concentrations for Phase I, II and III. Conversely, Tulbaghia violacea and Cyperus papyrus had a significant influence (α < 0.05) in the NH 4 + -N, PO 4 −3 -P and FC, effluent concentrations during Phase II and III. Therefore, these two species of ornamental plants have greater potential to treat sewage under different OLRs, even though Tulbaghia violacea is a plant that has not been used previously in CWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk flow during the first minute of milking was analyzed using data from 1,132 Murciano-Granadina breed goats belonging to 17 herds. During the individual lactations, 2 test days were scheduled for recording several milk flow traits, total milk, milk composition (fat and protein percentages), and somatic cell count. Average lag time from teatcup attachment to arrival of milk at the milk claw (T0) was 4.9 s and at the milk meter (T1) was 15.8 s. Average milk flow after 30 s (MF0.5) was 0.29 kg/30 s (0 to 1.1 kg/30 s) and milk flow at 60 s or milking speed (MF1) was 0.67 kg/min (0.1 to 2.1 kg/min). Repeatabilities of T0, T1, MF0.5, and MF1 were 0.45, 0.58, 0.62, and 0.68, respectively. The MF1 showed high phenotypic correlation with T1 (-0.63) and MF0.5 (0.90), medium values with T0 (-0.42) and total milk (0.22), and very low values (-0.04 to -0.12) with fat, protein, and somatic cell count. We found no differences between flows during the first 3 lactations, with a reduction as the lactation number increased. Months in milk since parturition affected MF1, being highest in the first 3 mo (0.67-0.71 kg/min) and decreasing until the end of lactation (0.58 kg/min). The effect of herd-test day was significant for all traits. Inclusion of all these effects for the analysis of milk flow traits is considered necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the organic matter removal and methane production in wetlands with a horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) treating wastewater using Phragmites australis (Phr) and Schoenoplectus californicus (Sch). Four HSSF systems with a superficial area of 4.5 m 2 a water table depth of 0.4 m that were planted with Phr and Sch were evaluated. For the evaluation, each HSSF was divided into three transversal zones (A, B, and C). The operation was controlled for the hydraulic loading (19.8–27.8 mm d −1 ), hydraulic retention time (3–7 d) and organic loading rates (3.3–4.2 g biological oxygen demand—BOD 5 m −2 d −1 ). The removal efficiencies for the organic matter (BOD 5 and chemical oxygen demand (COD)) and solids were evaluated in each HSSF during the 420 days of operation. To evaluate the methane produced in the HSSFs, maximum methanogenic activity assays from the biomass of three zones (A, B and C) along the HSSF were performed. The results show that the HSSF planted with Phr and Sch presented removal efficiencies of 70–80% BOD 5 , more than 60% for the COD and 70–95% of solids during the monitoring period. However, the methane biomass activity shows similar average methane production for HSSF-Phr and HSSF-Sch, although a mild difference was noted between Zone A (700 mL CH 4 g volatile suspended solid—VSS −1 ), Zone B (1035 mL CH 4 g VSS −1 ) and Zone C (368 mL CH 4 g VSS −1 ). Moreover, mass balance determined that HSSF-Phr and HSSF-Sch are able to degrade 13.74 g COD d −1 . Finally, the average methane production for HSSF-Phr and HSSF-Sch was 1455 ± 482 mg CH 4 m −2 d −1 and 1305 ± 27 mg CH 4 m −2 d −1 , respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two repeated experiments were carried out in 2 different years to study the effect of estrus on somatic cell count (SCC) in dairy goats. In the first year, 36 Murciano-Granadina goats were used [12 primiparous and 24 multiparous; 22 healthy and 14 with an intramammary infection (IMI)] and, after a 6-d pre-experimental period, were divided into 2 groups according to lactation number, udder health status, SCC, and milk production. One group was kept as a control, whereas the other received an estrus synchronization hormonal treatment lasting 11 d. At 24, 48, and 72 h after cessation of the hormone treatment, goats were placed in contact with a buck to confirm that they were in estrus. For 32 consecutive days (6 pre-experimental, 11 in hormone treatment, and 15 post-treatment) the SCC per gland and udder were monitored in all animals. In the second year, we repeated the same experimental design using a total of 38 Murciano-Granadina breed goats (12 primiparous and 26 multiparous; 26 healthy and 12 with IMI). Throughout this experiment, milk yield and composition were also recorded daily for each goat. Upon termination of the hormonal treatment, the SCC in udder milk increased significantly in the treatment group compared with the control group over 3 consecutive days. This increase was observed for year (1 and 2), parity (primiparous and multiparous), and udder health status (healthy and IMI). The log10 SCC (cells/mL) increased from 5.5 ± 0.09 before estrus to 6.04 ± 0.09 during treatment; therefore, the geometric mean of the SCC increased 3.5 times during treatment. The maximum values obtained in healthy glands of primiparous goats (geometric mean = 0.37 million cells/ mL) were lower than in healthy glands (1.1 million cells/mL) or infected glands (1.7 million cells/mL) of multiparous goats. The increase in SCC observed during estrus (200% increase in geometric means) could not be explained by the changes in milk production, which only fell by 13%. During estrus, the percentage of protein and dry matter in the milk also increased significantly. We concluded that it is necessary to consider the presence of estrus to correctly interpret milk SCC, as an indirect method for detecting IMI or as a commercial milk quality parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Biobío River basin is highly impacted by a variety of anthropogenic activities such as pulp mills and urban wastewaters subjected to different treatment processes. This work assesses for the first time, the contamination source and biological effects (estrogenic and dioxin-like activities) in the river basin by the determination of 45 organic microcontaminants in seven sediment samples. Pressurized solvent extraction combined with two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry was employed for this purpose. The organic microcontaminants identified comprise monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, ionones, lineal alkyl benzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, musk fragrances, sterols and phathalate esters. The presence of pine and eucalyptus pulp mill effluents increased the abundance of resin-derived neutral compounds and monoterpenes respectively. A principal component analysis showed that the Biobío River basin was impacted by domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), pine or eucalyptus Kraft pulp mills and pyrolytic and pyrogenic processes. Finally, the recombinant yeast assays showed that the presence of estrogenic and dioxin-like activity was mostly located in sediments impacted by domestic WWTP effluents. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The presence of nitrite during denitrification is generally related to N2O emissions. The aim of this work was to determine the operational conditions that have influences in the specific denitrifying activities (SDA) and N2O production. Two factorial experimental designs (23 and 22) were performed to evaluate the effects of four operational variables (pH; biomass concentration; nitrite concentration and C/N ratio) on the SDA. Batch experiments were carried out with two different carbon sources: acetate and swine wastewater. Results showed that both biomass and NO2 − concentrations had a significant effect on the SDA in the presence of acetate, in the case of swine slurry, pH also affected the SDA. N2O production was only detected when swine wastewater was used and its specific production rate increased with the increase of the SDA. This result would indicate that N2O emissions are also promoted when swine wastewater is treated in conditions that favor the SDA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In Catalonia (Spain), a variety of different systems have been built to naturally treat liquid residues from small communities. Some of these wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) include constructed wetlands with horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) as secondary treatment. The present study described and characterized the performance of 11 WWTPs with secondary HSSF constructed wetland systems after an initial operating period of 8 years. The effluent concentrations of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorous (TP) were statistically analyzed, and removal efficiencies for all WWTPs including all stages in treatment were calculated. The accumulated probability functions of those parameters were evaluated to determine the influence of two different types of polishing units on the overall performance: (a) only lagoon systems and (b) lagoon systems with HSSF. The statistical analysis indicates good performance for BOD5 and TSS. In the first case, mean concentrations below 25mg/L were found in 9 of the 11 plants analyzed and removal efficiencies between 78 and 96% were observed. In the second case, mean concentrations below 35mg/L were found in 8 of the 11 plants, and removal efficiencies were between 65 and 88%. For the nutrients, the removal efficiency for TN and TP were in the range of 48–66% and 39–58%, respectively. Additionally, the analysis of the influence of the polishing units did not show a significant improvement (α >0.05) for any parameter in the wetland systems without a subsequent polishing unit. However, in the wetland systems with a polishing unit of HSSF, a significant improvement (α <0.05) was found for the effluent''s BOD5, TN and TP concentrations but with no significant contribution in TSS management. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Increased Kraft pulp mill production generates increased solid wastes. In response, composting has emerged as an interesting alternative for disposal of these solid wastes. A central composite factor design was used to investigate the influence of incubation conditions (dregs addition and operation time) on chemical and biological parameters, determining the best in-vessel conditions in order to develop a correct composting design. Dregs helped reduce the pH drop that occurs at the beginning of the process. Biological activities presented high values during the active phase, followed by a decrease with stable final values along with N– and N– trend, which were indicative of mature compost. Dregs addition had not significant effect on the biological activities during composting of Kraft mill sludge. However, moderate amounts of dregs (between 5% and 8%) at operation time of 60–70days would be the best compromise. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The effects of fermentation and digestion characteristics of lambs fed high grain finishing diets with two ionophores (monensin and lasalocid) were compared, and the additive response of malate in rations containing ionophores were evaluated. Twenty 4-month-old Pelibuey lambs, weighing approximately 16kg, were assigned to a completely randomize designed experiment with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments (two ionophores with or without malate). The four treatment groups (diets) were: (1) diet with 30 parts per million (ppm) lasalocid, (2) diet with 30ppm lasalocid and 0.3% malate, (3) diet with 30ppm monensin, and (4) diet with 30ppm monensin and 0.3% malate. Animals were confined to individual metabolic cages. Body weight during the sampling phase averaged 20.6kg. Lambs fed diets with monensin had a 10.9% lower (P <0.05) dry matter (DM) intake (g/kg0.75) than those fed lasalocid. Malate had no effect (P >0.05) on DM intake. Lambs fed monensin had lower (P <0.01) NDF intake (37.8%) than those fed lasalocid. When malate was included in the diet, NDF intake was also reduced (P <0.05) by about 25%. However, no difference (P >0.05) in NDF or NFC digestibilities was observed between ionophores or by the addition of malate. Although time spent ruminating was 33% lower (P <0.05) for lambs fed monensin diets, time dedicated to eating was not different (P >0.05) between ionophores. Ruminal pH was similar (P >0.05) for all treatments (5.8). Type of ionophore had no effect (P >0.05) on concentration or molar percent of VFA, whereas the inclusion of malate increased (P <0.05) acetic acid concentration in rumen fluid (60.5mM vs. 48.2mM). Nitrogen balance was greater for lambs fed lasalocid diets, which had a higher crude protein intake, than lambs fed diets with monensin. Lambs fed diets with monensin or malate consumed less NDF, and dedicated less time to ruminate than those fed lasalocid. Lambs on the lasalocid diets consumed more fiber, which might be attributed to a greater selection of fibrous components of the diet. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Kraft mills are responsible for large volumes discharges of highly polluted effluents. Application of new bleaching processes (i.e. total chlorine-free (TCF) process) is already a feasible option to reduce environmental impacts. The current trend in the increase in the production of TCF pulp will proportionally increase the consumption of chelating agents. The most commonly used chelants, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DPTA) are supposed to be relatively persistent substances, poorly degradable in biological treatment facilities and are subsequently considered as environmentally critical compounds. Adsorption could be used as a treatment technique to remove recalcitrant compounds from wastewaters. However, in most cases, sorbent and regeneration costs can make the whole process not economically feasible. The goal of this study was to evaluate the use of Magallanic peat as non-conventional sorbent for EDTA removal from wastewater. Adsorption studies were carried out considering a 23 factorial design. pH, temperature and sorbent/sorbate (S/S) relationship effects were evaluated in EDTA adsorption onto Magallanic peat. In addition, adsorption isotherm constants were determined according to the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The results showed that the optimal conditions for EDTA adsorption onto Magallanic peat were 20°C, acid pH (4.0) and a low sorbent/sorbate ratio (0.1/100). At these conditions Magallanic peat showed an adsorption capacity for EDTA (Cssat) of 128.2mg/g, comparable and even better than activated carbon (Cssat 56.5mg/g). EDTA adsorption data at 60°C obtained are not shown due to Magallanic peat degradation phenomena. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This experiment was conducted to study productive performance and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs fed diets containing yeast culture (YC) and/or sodium bicarbonate (SB). Twenty male Pelibuey lambs, weighing 11.4kg, were assigned to one of four groups according to a completely randomized design, with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each group received a basal diet with one of the following four treatments: (1) no additives (NA); (2) 0.12% yeast culture (YC; Yea Sacc® 1026; All-Tech, Lexington, Kentucky) containing 2.8×104 cfu of yeast/g; (3) 0.5% sodium bicarbonate (SB); and (4) both, 0.12% YC and 0.5% SB. Lambs were individually confined to 1.5m2 metabolic cages. Dry matter (DM) intake, on a live weight basis, was not different among treatments (P >0.05) during the entire 60-day period. However, when expressed on an empty body weight basis, SB in the diet significantly increased (P <0.05) DM intake. Similarly, weight gain was not affected (P >0.05) by the inclusion of YC or SB. Although feed efficiency was not affected (P >0.05) by YC, more feed was required per unit gain when SB was added to the ration (P <0.05). Cold and hot carcass weights (kg) were not different (P >0.05) among treatments. Full gastrointestinal tract weight was not affected by YC or SB supplementation. Neither YC or SB affected marbling score, external fat, or longissimus muscle (ribeye) area. However, SB increased (P <0.05) degree of finishing of lamb carcasses. No effect of YC or SB in the diet was observed on weight of skin, liver, lungs, testicles or blood. Heart weight was greater (P <0.05) for lambs consumed diets with YC. First and second yield carcass grade were not affected (P >0.05) by YC or SB. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The effect of ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) and Fe-EDTA complex on synthetic totally chlorine-free (TCF) effluent degradability in batch and continuously operating reactors was evaluated. Under batch treatment, the addition of EDTA and Fe-EDTA complex was studied in the range of 80 to 320mgl−1. Under continuously operated reactors, the Fe-EDTA complex concentration varied from 20 to 80mgl−1, and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) varied from 48 to 24h. Sludge oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal decreased when EDTA concentration increased in the influent under batch treatment; however, this inhibitory effect was reduced by the addition of Fe-EDTA complex. Without the addition of EDTA, COD removal decreased from 71% to 8%. The most efficient EDTA removal treatment (almost 10%) was the treatment of 80mgl−1 Fe-EDTA. Under continuously operated reactors, COD removal was greater than 57% in the synthetic TCF effluent with a Fe-EDTA concentration that varied from 20 to 80mgl−1; however, EDTA removal was lower than 25% in all cases. Synthetic TCF effluent with a Fe -EDTA concentration higher than 80mg l−1 could not be treated by the activated sludge treatment due to EDTA''s inhibitory effect on the sludge. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study prospectively evaluated the usefulness of thoracoscopy for staging non-small cell lung cancer in 105 consecutive patients. A comparison was made of TNM stage grouping classification according to clinical disease, thoracoscopic data, and pathological findings. In 40 (38%) patients, thoracoscopy was unreliable for assessing extent of disease due to pleural symphysis. In 13 T1 clinical lesions, thoracoscopy was unreliable in 5, clinical and thoracoscopic staging concurred in 4, but 4 cases changed to T2. In 62 T2 clinical lesions, thoracoscopy was not feasible due to technical difficulties in 21 (34%); however, in the remaining 41 cases, 6 lesions changed to T3 and 1 to T4. In the group of 23 T3 or T doubtful clinical disease, thoracoscopy was conclusive, whereas in 12 T4 clinical lesions, thoracoscopy contributed for tailoring treatment strategies. With regard to N stage, 72 N0 clinical cases, thoracoscopy revealed false negatives in 25%. N1 clinical lesions were not evaluated due to the small number of patients. In 30 N2 clinical lesions, thoracoscopy was incomplete in 11. In another 11 cases, mediastinal node involvement at nodal groups not accessible by mediastinoscopy was confirmed by thoracoscopy. Clinical and thoracoscopic findings were not concurrent in eight cases, therefore in clinical N2 lesions, the diagnostic accuracy of thoracoscopy was 63%. Only one case of unsuspected pleural metastasis was detected. Thoracoscopy-related complications occurred in nine cases. In summary, video-assisted thoracoscopy was useful for staging T3, T4, and T doubtful clinical disease as well as N2 lesions especially for the surgical exploration of lymph nodes at the lower paratracheal level (region 4), aortopulmonary window (region 5), paraaortic (region 6), posterior subcarinal space (region 7), paraesophageal (region 8), and inferior pulmonary ligament (region 9). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]