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• In this study, eight consent-related themes were identified that influence healthcare professionals when including patients in studies using deferred consent. • Insufficient knowledge about consent procedures among healthcare professionals leads to significant negative attitudes towards deferred consent. Healthcare professionals involved in emergency care should receive more information on the deferred consent procedure - through trade magazines, for example. • We recommend involving emergency healthcare professionals early in the design of a study using deferred consent. Severely injured patients are often incapacitated to provide informed consent for clinical studies. Deferred consent could facilitate unbiased enrollment in studies involving these patients. Little is known about how healthcare professionals (HCPs) perceive deferred consent and how this impacts patient enrollment. The aim of this study was to identify factors that could influence HCPs decision-making during recruitment of patients for interventional studies in (pre)hospital emergency trauma research. This was a qualitative study in which physicians and nurses working in prehospital or in-hospital care were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed according to thematic analysis as described by Braun and Clarke. Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted with six physicians and four nurses. Eight themes were identified as being relevant consent related factors influencing HCPs' decision-making during patient recruitment in studies using deferred consent: (1) HCPs' lack of knowledge; (2) Patients' and proxies' inability to be informed; (3) Practical (im)possibilities for informed consent; (4) Nature of intervention; (5) HCPs' personal beliefs; (6) Importance of emergency care research; (7) HCPs' trust in legal base; and (8) Communication and collaboration. Eight consent-related factors influencing HCPs' decision making were identified. Insufficient knowledge about consent procedures among HCPs leads to significant negative attitudes towards deferred consent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergency Reflex Action Drills (ERADs) are meant to decrease stress-associated cognitive demand in high urgency situations. The aim of this study was to develop and test an ERAD for witnessed traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA), an event in which potentially reversible causes need to be systematically addressed and treated in a short period of time. We hypothesize that this ERAD (the TCA-Drill) helps ground Emergency Medical Services (EMS) nurses in overcoming performance decline during this specific high-pressure situation. This was a prospective, experimental one-group pre-post intervention study. Ground EMS nurses participated in a session of four simulated scenarios, with an in-between educational session to teach the TCA-Drill. Scenarios were video recorded, after which adherence and time differences were analyzed. Self-confidence on clinical practice was measured before and after the scenarios. Twelve ground EMS nurses participated in this study. Overall median time to address reversible causes of TCA decreased significantly using the TCA-Drill (132 vs. 110 s; p = 0.030) compared with the conventional ALS strategy. More specifically, participants adhering to the TCA-Drill showed a significantly lower time needed for hemorrhage control (58 vs. 37 s; p = 0.012). Eight of 12 (67 %) ground EMS nurses performed the ERAD without protocol deviations. Reported self-confidence significantly increased on 11 of the 13 surveyed items. The use of an ERAD for TCA (the TCA-Drill) significantly reduces the time to address reversible causes for TCA without delaying chest compressions in a simulated environment and can be easily taught to ground EMS nurses and increases self-confidence. The use of an ERAD for TCA (the TCA-Drill can significantly reduce the time to address reversible causes for TCA without delaying chest compression. This drill can be easily taught to ground EMS nurses and increases their self-confidence in addressing TCA-patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future time perspective (FTP) - individuals' orientation towards future goals and consideration of future consequences - is a successful motivator in education and work. This study is the first that integrates Regulatory focus (RF) theory with FTP theory to explore relationships between adolescents' RF, their perceptions of parents' RF, and their FTP on school and professional career. A total of N = 347 adolescents participated in the study. Structural equation analyses showed that adolescents' promotion RF was positively related to FTP on school and professional career, whereas adolescents' prevention RF was negatively related to their FTP. Adolescents' perceptions of parent regulatory foci were related to their own regulatory foci. Specifically, when adolescents perceived that their parents stimulate them to take on challenges, they were more promotion focused and contemplated more strongly on their future school and career. Implications for FTP and RF theory, and child development and education are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landscape approaches to integrated land management have recently gained considerable attention in the scientific literature and international fora. The approach is gaining increasing support at governmental and intergovernmental levels, as well as being embraced by a host of international research and development agencies. In an attempt to determine whether, and how, these approaches compare with previous conservation and development paradigms, we reviewed the implementation of integrated landscape approaches across the tropics. Within the scientific literature we fail to find a single applied example of the landscape approach in the tropics that adequately—that is with reliable, in depth collection and reporting of data—demonstrated the effective balancing of social and environmental trade-offs through multi-scale processes of negotiation for enhanced outcomes. However, we provide an assessment of 150 case studies from unpublished grey literature and 24 peer-reviewed studies that exhibit basic characteristics of landscape approaches. Our findings indicate that landscape approaches show potential as a framework to reconcile conservation and development and improve social capital, enhance community income and employment opportunities as well as reduce land degradation and conserve natural resources. However, comprehensive data on the social and environmental effects of these benefits remain elusive. We identify key contributing factors towards implementation, and progress, of landscape approaches and our findings suggest that multi-level, or polycentric, governance structures relate well with intervention success. We conclude that landscape approaches are a welcome departure from previous unsuccessful attempts at reconciling conservation and development in the tropics but, despite claims to the contrary, remain nascent in both their conceptualization and implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: The most used model for joint instability is the canine anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)-model. The ACLT-model can be extended with a medial meniscectomy (MX) (i.e., ACLT–MX-model) to avoid unintentional, and with that variable, meniscal damage. The present study compares the ACLT–MX-model with the more recently introduced Groove-model on longitudinal measurements of osteophyte formation and gait as a surrogate marker of pain and disability, in addition to structural endpoint parameters. Methods: Degenerative joint damage was induced Labrador dogs according to the ACLT–MX-model (n =7) or Groove-model (n =7). Every 4 weeks radiographs were taken to analyze osteophyte formation. Every 2 weeks gait was recorded using force-plate analysis. Joints were analyzed for features of degeneration 12 weeks after surgery. Results: Both models showed similar osteophyte formation and gait changes for both experimental and contra-lateral control joints, although more pronounced for the ACLT–MX-model. This was supported by the structural endpoint measurements. Cartilage integrity, chondrocyte activity and synovial inflammation revealed similar characteristics of degenerative joint disease in both groups, again more pronounced in the ACLT–MX-model. Conclusions: The ACLT–MX-model demonstrates characteristics of joint degeneration that are related to moderate to severe osteoarthritis with clear synovial inflammatory activity. The Groove-model is a less painful and a significantly milder model of joint degeneration. The latter model might be more suitable to study subtle changes as a result of intervention than the more robust ACLT–MX-model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Objective: Until now there have been no appropriate models for metacarpophalangeal osteoarthritis (OA), even though OA in this joint is a significant medical and economic problem in horses. A good model would be useful to evaluate progression and treatment of OA, particularly in this joint. Therefore, we translated the canine Groove model to the ovine metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) joint. Method: Cartilage surfaces of the metacarpal side of one fetlock joint were surgically damaged (grooved), followed by intermittent forced loading of the experimental joint. After 15 and 37 weeks, cartilage, synovial tissue and subchondral bone were analyzed by the use of macroscopy, histology, biochemistry and micro-CT. Results: Technically, the model was difficult to use because cartilage surfaces were very thin. Nonetheless, all macroscopic, histologic, and biochemical cartilage parameters demonstrated adverse changes in chondrocyte activity and matrix integrity. Decreased proteoglycan content suggested slow progression of cartilage degeneration over time, while synovial inflammation diminished. Impaired subchondral bone quality and osteophyte formation were found. Although osteophyte formation was progressive, subchondral bone changes diminished over time. Conclusion: The canine Groove model appears to a limited extent transferable to the ovine fetlock joint. However, despite development of adverse changes consistent with early changes of OA, use of the Groove model in the ovine fetlock joint has technical limitations. Using larger animals, such as horses, may significantly improve the technical procedures and with that may provide a more reliable model of metacarpophalangeal OA that is based primarily on intrinsic cartilage damage, appropriate to evaluate the progression and treatment of OA in this particular joint. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: IQ scores provide the best general predictor of success in education, job training, and work. However, there are many ways in which IQ scores can be increased, for instance by means of retesting or participation in learning potential training programs. What is the nature of these score gains? Jensen [Jensen, A.R. (1998a). The g factor: The science of mental ability. London: Praeger] argued that the effects of cognitive interventions on abilities can be explained in terms of Carroll''s three-stratum hierarchical factor model. We tested his hypothesis using test–retest data from various Dutch, British, and American IQ test batteries combined into a meta-analysis and learning potential data from South Africa using Raven''s Progressive Matrices. The meta-analysis of 64 test–retest studies using IQ batteries (total N =26,990) yielded a correlation between g loadings and score gains of −1.00, meaning there is no g saturation in score gains. The learning potential study showed that: (1) the correlation between score gains and the g loadedness of item scores is −.39, (2) the g loadedness of item scores decreases after a mediated intervention training, and (3) low-g participants increased their scores more than high-g participants. So, our results support Jensen''s hypothesis. The generalizability of test scores resides predominantly in the g component, while the test-specific ability component and the narrow ability component are virtually non-generalizable. As the score gains are not related to g, the generalizable g component decreases and, as it is not unlikely that the training itself is not g-loaded, it is easy to understand why the score gains did not generalize to scores on other cognitive tests and to g-loaded external criteria. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: Recently a new canine model of osteoarthritis (OA; the 'groove' model) has been described. This model is based on surgically applied mechanical damage of the articular cartilage followed by transient forced loading of the affected joint. Ten weeks after surgery this model shows characteristics of OA, mimicking human OA. To establish whether the observed characteristics of degeneration in this model represent the surgically applied damage, or are the results of progressive features of OA, we evaluated this 'groove' model shortly after surgery.Methods: In 20 female Beagle dogs, articular cartilage of the weight-bearing areas of the femoral condyles in the right knee was damaged without affecting the underlying bone. After surgery dogs were let out on a patio 5 days/week for 4 h/day. The dogs were forced to load the experimental joint by fixing the contralateral control limb to the trunk 3 days/week. The severity of OA was evaluated at 3 (n = 10) or 10 weeks (n = 10) after surgery. Synovial inflammation, cartilage damage and cartilage matrix turnover were determined.Results: Ten weeks after surgery osteoarthritic features were found, as described previously. Proteoglycan (PG) synthesis, percentage release of newly formed PG, and that of total amount of PG were enhanced, whereas PG content was significantly diminished (all P < 0.05). Importantly, 3 weeks after surgery these characteristics of OA were not yet evident.Conclusions: The present results clearly show that the characteristics observed 10 weeks after induction of joint degeneration in the groove model are not just the expression of the surgically applied damage but are the result of progressive features of (experimental) OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world's population continues to grow, agricultural expansion is expected to increase to meet future food demand often at the expense of other land uses. However, there are limited studies examining the degree to which forest cover will change and the underlying assumptions driving these projections. Focusing on food and forest scenarios for the middle to the end of the current century, we review 63 main scenarios and 28 global modelling studies to address variations in land use projections and evaluate the potential outcomes on forest cover. Further, their potential impacts on greenhouse gases (GHG) emission/sequestration and global temperature are explored. A majority (59%) of scenarios expected a reduction in both forests and pasturelands to make way for agricultural expansion (particularly reference and no mitigation scenarios). In most scenarios, the extent of forest loss is proportional to that of crop gain, which is associated with higher GHG emission and global temperature, loss of carbon sequestration potential and increase in soil erosion. However, 32% of scenarios predicted that meeting food security objectives is possible without leading to further deforestation if there is a global reduction in the demand for energy intensive foods, and improvements in crop yields. Forest gain and lower rates of deforestation are needed to achieve ambitious climate targets over the next decade. Our analysis also highlights carbon taxes (prices), reforestation/afforestation and bioenergy as important variables that can contribute to maintaining or increasing global forest area in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Majority forecasts for feeding the future global population predict an increase in a croplands at the expense of forests and pastures. • A third of the forecasts shows that it is feasible to halt further agricultural expansion and mitigate climate change. • Policy that provides economic incentives for carbon stock conservation and enhancement is the only effective option to reverse the trend of forest loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the role of parents in adolescent athletes' achievement goals. Our first aim was to examine if parental behaviors (autonomy support, responsiveness, behavioral control, and psychological control) are related to adolescents' achievement goals in sport. Our second aim was to find out if these relations are mediated by parent-initiated motivational climate. Design Cross-sectional correlational design. Method Soccer and field-hockey players (N = 140; 49% girls; M age = 15.50; SD = 2.05) completed questionnaires assessing parental behavior, parent-initiated motivational climate, coach-initiated motivational climate, implicit theories of ability, and achievement goals. Results Whereas parent-initiated motivational climate was a predictor of achievement goals, coach-initiated motivational climate was not. Mediation analyses showed that autonomy support and responsiveness were positively related to mastery-approach and mastery-avoidance goals through parent-initiated mastery climate. Behavioral control was not related to achievement goals through parent-initiated performance climate, but it was related to mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance and performance-avoidance goals through parent-initiated mastery climate. Psychological control was related to performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals through parent-initiated performance climate, but also to mastery-approach and mastery-avoidance goals. Conclusions Parental behavior is related to achievement goals through parent-initiated motivational climate. Thus, parents (rather than coaches) seem to have an important role in shaping adolescents' achievement goals. Highlights • Autonomy support and responsiveness relate to mastery goals via parent climate. • Psychological control relates to performance goals via parent climate. • Behavioral control relates to mastery goals instead of performance goals. • Parents seem to be more important than coaches for adolescents' achievement goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Organizational justice refers to perceived fairness at the workplace. Individual perceptions of injustice have been linked to reduced mental and physical health. However, perceptions of injustice also exist at the aggregate level of departments, reflecting a shared perception, denoted as justice climate. There is evidence that this shared perception independently predicts individual distress levels (e.g., anxiety, depression), which might negatively affect somatic symptom perception and reporting. Hence, the objective of this study was to examine whether individual perceptions of poor justice as well as a poor justice climate are related to elevated somatic complaints. In addition, this study examined if justice climate moderates the relationship between individual-level justice perceptions and somatic symptom reporting.Methods: Cross-sectional data from a large industrial manufacturing company was used, involving 1,102 employees in 31 departments. A validated scale covering interactional and procedural justice assessed individual-level organizational justice. A 19-item symptom checklist measured somatic complaints. Multilevel analyses estimated individual-level associations (within-department effects) with somatic complaints, department-level associations (between-department effects), and the cross-level interaction of both.Results: Individual-level justice perceptions were negatively associated with somatic complaints. Collective justice climate was likewise significantly associated with somatic complaints. There was no indication for a moderation effect of justice climate.Conclusion: A poor justice climate correlated positively with individual somatic complaints while controlling for individual perceptions, i.e., above and beyond individual justice perceptions. These findings may imply that interventions targeting department-level perceptions of justice may have the potential to reduce individual somatic complaints beyond the effects of individual-level interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Musculoskeletal pain has been found to co-occur with psychosocial job stress. However, different conceptualizations of job stress exist, each emphasizing different aspects of the work environment, and it is unknown which of these aspects show the strongest associations with musculoskeletal pain. Further, these associations may differ for white-collar vs. blue-collar job types, but this has not been tested. The present study examined the independent and combined contributions of Effort-RewardImbalance (ERI), Job-Demand-Control (JDC) and Organizational Justice (OJ) to musculoskeletal pain symptoms among white- and blue-collar workers.Methods: Participants of a cross-sectional study (n=1634) completed validated questionnaires measuring ERI, JDC, and OJ, and reported the frequency of pain during the previous year at four anatomical locations (lower back, neck or shoulder, arms and hands, and knees/feet). Pain reports were summarized into a single musculoskeletal symptom score (MSS). Analyses were stratified for white- and blue-collar workers.Results: Among white-collar workers, ERI and OJ were independently associated with MSS. In addition to these additive effects, significant 2-way and 3-way interactions indicated a synergistic effect of job stressors in relation to reported pain. In blue-collar workers, ERI and JDC independently associated with MSS, and a significant 3-way interaction was observed showing that the combination of job stressors exceeded an additive effect.Conclusion: ERI influences pain symptoms in both occupational groups. OJ was independent significant predictor only among white-collar workers, whereas JDC had additive predictive utility exclusively among blue-collar workers. Simultaneous exposure to multiple job stress factors appeared to synergize pain symptom reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives Job stress is a predictor of cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents one of the key pathways potentially underlying those associations. Effort-reward imbalance (ERI) represents one of the most influential theoretical work stress models, but evidence on its relationship with MetS remains sparse and with only limited generalizability. We therefore aimed to determine this association in a large occupational sample with different occupational groups. Methods The present study used cross-sectional data from an industrial sample in Germany (n = 4141). ERI was assessed by a validated 10-item questionnaire. MetS was defined according to a joined interim statement of six expert associations involved with MetS, stating that three out of five risk factors (raised blood pressure, elevated triglycerides, low high density lipoprotein, raised fasting glucose and central obesity) qualify a patient for MetS. Multivariable associations of ERI, and its subcomponents "effort" and "reward", with MetS were estimated by logistic regression-based multivariate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results ERI (continuous z-score) was positively associated with MetS (zERI: OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.03-1.26). The association was more prominent in males (zERI: OR 1.20, 95% CI = 1.07-1.33) and in younger employees (age 18-49 zERI: OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.09-1.40). Analysis of the ERI subcomponents yielded weak associations of both effort (zEffort: OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.00-1.25) and reward (zReward: OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.84-1.00) with MetS. Conclusions ERI is associated with increased occurrence of MetS, in particular among younger men. Further longitudinal studies are needed to determine the temporal relation of these associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study investigates the comparability of IQ scores. Three cohorts (1933/36, 1997/98, 2006) of Estonian students (N =2173) are compared using the Estonian National Intelligence Test. After 72 years the secular rise of the IQ test scores is.79 SD. The mean .16 SD increase in the last 8 years suggests a rapid increase of the Flynn Effect (FE) in Estonia. The measurement is not strictly invariant, which means that the IQ scores of different cohorts are not directly comparable. Less than perfect comparability of test scores is caused by at least two factors: time between measurements and societal/educational changes between cohorts. As was to be expected, the meaning of subtests and the meaning of the g score have changed over time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Achieving equitable and sustainable development that supports climate change mitigation targets and avoids biodiversity loss remains a leading, and intractable challenge in many tropical countries. Sectorial thinking – focusing on just one aspect of the problem or system – is increasingly understood to be inadequate to address linked social-ecological challenges. Holistic approaches that incorporate diverse stakeholders across scales, sectors, and knowledge systems are gaining prominence for addressing complex problems. Such 'integrated landscape approaches' have received renewed momentum and interest from the research, donor and practitioner communities, and have been subsumed in international conventions related to climate, biodiversity, and sustainable development. However, implementation efforts and tangible evaluation of progress continues to lag behind conceptual development. Failure of landscape approaches to adequately engage diverse stakeholders—in design, implementation and evaluation—is a contributing factor to their poor performance. Here we draw on consultation workshops, advances in the literature, and our collective experience to identify key constraints and opportunities to better engage stakeholders in tropical landscape decision-making processes. Specifically, we ask: (1) what are the key challenges related to effectively engaging multiple stakeholders in integrated landscape approaches and (2) what lessons can be learned from practitioners, and how can these lessons serve as opportunities to avoid duplicating future research efforts or repeating past perceptions of underperformance. We present our findings within three broad categories: (i) navigating complexity, (ii) overcoming siloed thinking, and (iii) incentivizing behavioral change; thus providing a useful starting point for overcoming inherent challenges associated with engaging stakeholders in landscape approaches. • Engagement benefits from boundary support and independent facilitation to integrate expert and community experiences. • Co-produced theories of change enhance shared understanding of desired outcomes and measurable process indicators. • Incentive structures generate variable responses and therefore must be carefully contextualized. • Participatory modeling makes assumptions explicit, enabling transparent decision-making. • Forecasting exercises enhance knowledge, capacity and empathy by exposing actors to diverse perspectives. • Locally relevant people-based strategies are crucial to secure meaningful and long-term engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]