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Introduction: People who experience human trafficking (HT) visit emergency departments (ED). The International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) introduced codes to document HT in June 2018. The aim of this study is to identify characteristics of ED patients who experienced forced labor or sexual exploitation as a documented external cause of morbidity in US visits.Methods: Nationally representative surveillance based on patient visits to 989 hospital-owned EDs in the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample in 2019 became available in 2021. Eight ICD-10-CM codes to classify HT as an external cause of morbidity were combined into one HT variable for analysis in 2021-2022.Results: A weighted count of 517 of 33.1 million ED visits (0.0016%) documented HT as an external cause of morbidity. Of them, sexual exploitation (71.6%) was documented more frequently than labor exploitation (28.4%). Most HT-related codes were visits by females (87.3%) from large metropolitan areas, and identified as white. Approximately 40% of visits were from ZIP codes with a median household income less than $48,000 annually. Relative to all other ED visits, patients with HT as an external cause of morbidity had higher odds of being female (OR = 6.54, 95% CI:3.59, 11.92) and being a minor (OR = 1.76, 95% CI:1.02, 3.04).Conclusion: HT was rarely documented as an external cause of morbidity in 989 hospitals' ED visits from a nationally representative sample in 2019. Documentation of recently added HT ICD-10-CM codes does not appear to have been implemented sufficiently to yield an unbiased representation of those who experienced HT and presented in the ED. Efforts to enhance the utility of ICD-10-CM HT codes for surveillance and documentation must first address ED personnel training on identification and response to HT. In doing so, ED personnel also need to address ethical concerns (e.g. stigma, confidentiality, risk of patient harm) and allow for informed consent among trafficked patients in order to be scaled up responsibly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increased applications of rare earth elements (REEs) across various industries, evaluating the relationship between REEs exposure and potential health effects has become a public concern. In vivo experiments have established that REEs impact renal function. However, relevant epidemiological evidence on this relationship remains scarce. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of exposure to REEs on renal function. In this cross-sectional study, 1052 participants were recruited from Guangxi, China. We measured urinary concentrations of 12 REEs using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Multiple linear regression models were developed to explore the relationship between a single REEs exposure and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a marker of renal function. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to examine the combined effects of REE co-exposure on eGFR. In the multiple linear regression analysis, increasing the concentrations of lanthanum (La, β: 8.22, 95% CI: 5.67–10.77), cerium (Ce, β:6.61, 95% CI: 3.80–9.43), praseodymium (Pr, β: 8.46, 95% CI: 5.85–11.07), neodymium (Nd, β:8.75, 95% CI: 6.10–11.41), and dysprosium (Dy, β:7.38, 95% CI: 4.85–9.91) significantly increased the eGFR. In the WQS regression model, the WQS index was significantly associated with eGFR (β: 4.03, 95% CI: 2.46–5.60), with Pr having the strongest correlation with eGFR. Similar results were obtained in the BKMR model. Additionally, interactions between Pr and La, and Pr and Nd were observed. Co-exposure to REEs is positively associated with elevated eGFR. Pr is likely to have the most significant influence on increased eGFRs and this might be exacerbated when interacting with La and Nd. Mixed exposure to low doses of REEs had a protective effect on renal function, which can provide some evidence for the exposure threshold of REEs in the environment. The study has been approved by the Guangxi Medical University Medical Ethics Committee (#20170206–1), and all participants provided written informed consent. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.05.002 Byline: David R. Hodge (a), Kelly F. Jackson (a), Michael G. Vaughn (b) Keywords: Latino; Hispanic; Youth; Cultural competency; Culturally sensitive interventions Abstract: Latino youth represent a growing and culturally distinct population. Obtaining positive outcomes with this cultural group is widely thought to be contingent upon the use of Culturally Sensitive Interventions (CSIs). Yet, despite the prevalence of health disparities among Latino youth, little research has attempted to determine the effectiveness of currently operationalized CSIs. Employing meta-analytic techniques to address this knowledge gap, the results of the present study suggest that CSIs may achieve small beneficial effects, at least in the areas of externalizing behaviors (Hedges' g =0.179, 95% C.I.=0.019 to 0.338, p =0.028) and physical health outcomes (Hedges' g =0.200, 95% C.I.=0.038 to 0.361, p =0.016). Tentative practice and research implications conclude the paper. Author Affiliation: (a) Arizona State University, United States (b) Saint Louis University, United States Article History: Received 26 August 2009; Revised 9 March 2010; Accepted 7 May 2010

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.07.024 Byline: Jeffrey J. Shook (a), Michael G. Vaughn (b), Christy Litschge (c), Karen Kolivoski (c), Lisa Schelbe (c) Keywords: Foster care; Aging out; Peer affiliations Abstract: The importance of friends during the developmental periods of childhood and adolescence is widely accepted and there is reason to believe that deviant peers play an important role in influencing the experiences and outcomes of young people aging out of foster care. This article uses Latent Class Analysis to explore the role that deviant peers play in the lives of these young people by empirically examining the heterogeneity of deviant peer affiliations in a sample of youth aging out of care. A three class solution exhibited the best fit and the classes consisted of youth with low, medium, and high levels of deviant peer affiliations. Using a range of covariates to validate the classes, we found that youth exhibiting high levels of deviant peer affiliations were more likely to be fired from a job, to possess a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, to report higher levels of substance use, and to report being arrested than youth in the other two classes. Youth in the low deviant peer affiliation class exhibited higher levels of family support and lower levels of neighborhood disorder than youth in the other two classes. The research, policy, and practice implications of these findings are discussed. Author Affiliation: (a) Social Work and Law, University of Pittsburgh, United States (b) Social Work and Departments of Public Policy and Community Health, Saint Louis University, United States (c) University of Pittsburgh, United States Article History: Received 25 June 2008; Accepted 23 July 2008 Article Note: (footnote) [star] This work was supported by National Institute on Mental Health grant, R01MH 61404, United States

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.10.014 Byline: Michael G. Vaughn (a), Matt DeLisi (b), Kevin M. Beaver (c), Matthew O. Howard (d) Keywords: Murder; Homicide offender; Criminal career; Latent class; Career criminal Abstract: To construct an empirically rigorous typology of multiple homicide offenders (MHOs). Author Affiliation: (a) Saint Louis University, United States (b) Iowa State University, 203A East Hall, Ames, IA 50011-1070, United States (c) Florida State University, United States (d) University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States Article History: Received 28 August 2007; Revised 14 August 2008; Accepted 22 October 2008

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.08.011 Byline: Michael G. Vaughn (a), Kevin M. Beaver (b), Matt DeLisi (c), Brian E. Perron (d), Lisa Schelbe (e) Keywords: Etiology; Genes and environment; Biosocial; Adolescent drug use; Drug-related problems Abstract: Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), the current study applies a general biosocial theoretical model to polydrug use and associated substance-related problems. Along with measures of molecular genetic polymorphisms, neurocognitive skills, self-control, and environmental pathogens a recursive path modeling strategy was used to empirically examine the relations between these biosocial measures and polydrug use, alcohol, and drug-related problems in a subsample of 1136 adolescent males (Mean age=21.96, SD=1.73). Results supported the main predictions of the biosocial model finding significant path coefficients across key constructs. In particular, the role of poor self-regulation was found to be sturdy across path models. Author Affiliation: (a) Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States (b) Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States (c) Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States (d) University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States (e) University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States Article Note: (footnote) [star] This research uses data from Add Health, a program project designed by J. Richard Udry, Peter S. Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris, and funded by a grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 17 other agencies. Special acknowledgment is due to Ronald R. Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Persons interested in obtaining data files from Add Health should contact Add Health, Carolina Population Center, 123 W. Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-2524 (addhealth@unc.edu). No direct support was received from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis.

Although several recent studies have examined psychosocial and demographic correlates of cannabis use disorder (CUD) in adults, few, if any, recent studies have evaluated the performance of machine learning methods relative to standard logistic regression for identifying correlates of CUD. The present study used pooled data from the 2015–2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to evaluate psychosocial and demographic correlates of CUD in adults. In addition, we compared the performance of logistic regression, classification trees, and random forest methods in classifying CUD. When comparing the performance of each method on the test data set, classification trees (AUC = 0.84, 95%CI: 0.82, 0.85) and random forest (AUC = 0.83, 95%CI: 0.82, 8.05) performed similarly and superior to logistic regression (AUC = 0.77, 95%CI: 0.74, 0.79). Results of the random forests reveal that marital status, risk propensity, age, and cocaine dependence variables contributed most to node purity, whereas model accuracy would decrease significantly if county type, income, race, and education variables were excluded from the model. One possible approach to improving the efficiency, interpretability, and clinical insights of CUD correlates is the employment of machine learning techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.02.001 Byline: Michael G. Vaughn (a), Christine Litschge (a), Matt DeLisi (b), Kevin M. Beaver (c), Curtis J. McMillen (d) Keywords: Psychopathy; Child welfare; Psychopathic traits; Antisocial behavior; Foster care Abstract: Although there has been a surge of interest in the study of psychopathy among juveniles, few investigations have been initiated on non-correctional samples thus reducing the potential generalizability of findings. The current objective was to examine the construct of psychopathy in a community sample of 404 foster care youths transitioning out of care. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore psychopathic personality traits among a foster care sample. In total, the models indicated that psychopathic personality traits measured by the PPI-SF Narcissism, PPI-SF Extraversion, PPI-SF Unemotionality, and PPI-SF Fearless-Nonconformity were significant yet inconsistent risk factors for diverse forms of criminal behavior and subsequent involvement with the criminal justice system. Author Affiliation: (a) Saint Louis University, United States (b) Iowa State University, United States (c) Florida State University, United States (d) Washington University, St. Louis, United States Article History: Received 11 November 2007; Revised 25 January 2008; Accepted 1 February 2008 Article Note: (footnote) [star] This work was supported by National Institute on Mental Health grant, R01MH 61404.

• A large population-based study was conducted on Chinese children to assess these associations. • High levels of anthropogenic heat exposure increased the risk of asthma and related symptoms. • Younger children and boys appeared to be more sensitive to anthropogenic heat. Anthropogenic heat (AH) is defined as the significant release of waste heat into the environment due to human activities, serving as a controllable heat source contributing to global climate change. However, epidemiological evidence establishing a clear association between AH and childhood asthma is currently lacking. To explore the relationship between children's exposure to AH and asthma, as well as its related symptoms. This population-based cross-sectional study, part of the National Chinese Children Health Study from 2012 to 2018, involved 188,145 children aged 6 to 18 years. We used multisource remote sensing images and ancillary data to estimate AH exposure. Data on asthma symptoms were collected through validated self-reported questionnaires. A generalized linear mixed model was applied to determine the associations. Our findings indicate a positive correlation between AH exposure and asthma risk in children. An interquartile range (IQR) increase in total AH was linked to higher odds of current asthma (OR: 1.15, 95 % CI: 1.10, 1.20) after adjusting for covariates. Categorizing AH by source, industrial AH exhibited the strongest effect, with an increased risk of current asthma (OR: 1.16, 95 % CI: 1.11, 1.22). Notably, younger children exhibited stronger associations between AH exposure and asthma-related symptoms, with boys showing heightened susceptibility, particularly for persistent cough. This study suggests that exposure to AH may elevate the risk of asthma and related symptoms, particularly in boys and younger children. Providing a foundation for developing practical strategies to mitigate the adverse impacts of global warming on respiratory health, while also guiding the formulation and evaluation of climate action and public health policies, and supporting sustainable urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.12.012 Byline: Michael G. Vaughn (a), Marcia T. Ollie (b), J. Curtis McMillen (b), Lionel Scott (b)(c), Michelle Munson (d) Keywords: Foster care; Substance abuse; Conduct disorder; Adolescents Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore prevalence and predictors of current and lifetime substance use, substance abuse disorder, and polysubstance use among older youth in foster care. Interviews were conducted with 406 17-year old youth (90% of those eligible) in one state's foster care system between December 2001 and June 2003. Forty-five percent of foster care youth reported using alcohol or illicit drugs within the last six months; 49% had tried drugs sometime during their lifetime and 35% met criteria for a substance use disorder. Having a diagnosis of Conduct Disorder and/or living in an independent living situation significantly increased the likelihood of current and lifetime substance use and disorder. A diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder also predicted increased likelihood of polysubstance use and substance abuse disorder. In conclusion, older youth in the foster care system report similar levels of lifetime alcohol and illicit substance use when compared to the general adolescent population. However, rates of substance use disorder are high. Particularly at risk for both high rates of use and disorder are youth in independent living situations and youth with a diagnosis of Conduct Disorder or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Author Affiliation: (a) University of Pittsburgh, 2117 Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 United States (b) George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130 United States (c) School of Social Work, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3995, Atlanta GA 30302-3995 United States (d) Case Western Reserve University, 11235 Bellflower Road, Cleveland OH 44106 United States

This study aimed to investigate racial/ethnic disparities in emotional distress during witnessed police stops among a national sample of urban-born youth. A national sample of urban-born youth in the U.S. from the most recent wave (2014–2017) of the Fragile Families & Child Wellbeing Study was used in the present study, with a particular focus on youth who report having witnessed police stops, despite not being directly stopped by the police (N = 1,488). Significant racial/ethnic disparities in feeling angry and unsafe during witnessed police stops emerged, with multiracial, black, and Hispanic youth exhibiting the highest rates of these forms of emotional distress. In the case of Black and multiracial youth, officer intrusiveness and perceptions of procedural injustice collectively explain a large portion of disparities in emotional distress during witnessed stops. Youth of color are more likely to report emotional distress during witnessed police stops, largely due to the officer intrusiveness and perceived injustices that characterize these stops. Moving forward, scholars should consider whether racial/ethnic disparities in witnessing police violence and injustice may be a significant driver of mental health inequities among urban-born youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) decreases with age. As such, research regarding ASPD typically focuses on children and younger adults. The apparent age-specific prevalence of ASPD may be due, in part, to diagnostic criteria informed by research excluding older adults. The present study sought to better understand the manifestation of ASPD in older adults and investigate potential age bias in the diagnostic criteria. Item response theory methods were used to the diagnostic criteria for ASPD with data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave III. The measurement of three ASPD criteria showed uniform differential item functioning (DIF), suggesting that older adults were less likely to endorse the item than younger adults despite having the same level of underlying personality disorder. The items with DIF are related to the following criteria for ASPD: Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest (3 items with DIF); irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults (1 item with DIF); and consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations (1 item with DIF). Results of the present study can be used to inform the development of criteria that better capture the age-specific experience of this disorder. Improved criteria will result in increased diagnostic accuracy, systematic estimation of the prevalence, improved assessments, and more effective treatment options for this complex population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the prevalence and behavioral, sociodemographic, and psychiatric/psychological correlates of homicidal ideation among a sample of children and adolescents.Study Design: We employed descriptive and multivariate logit models of homicidal ideation using data from the 2012-2016 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. This study was conducted with data from emergency departments in the US, and we used a sample of (N = 17 041 346) children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 17 years.Results: Pediatric homicidal ideation is rare with a prevalence estimate of 0.09%; however, its prevalence increases substantially from age 5 years to age 15 years when it peaks, and then declines through the end of adolescence. Conduct disorders conferred 1483% increased odds, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder conferred 616% increased odds, and other behavioral and emotional disorders increased a 2-fold to nearly 4-fold increased liability for homicidal ideation net the effects of sex, age, urban residence, insurance status, and zip code median household income.Conclusion: In the wake of homicide tragedies, it is often the case that numerous behavioral and clinical red flags were present in the developmental history of the perpetrator, but these were overlooked. Identifying children and adolescents who present with homicidal ideation is a crucial pediatric and public health matter that can inform prevention and behavioral interventions that forestall lethal violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) with incident lung cancer is uncertain, and the incident risk across the glycemic spectrum is unclear. We aimed to explore the associations of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), pre-diabetes, and T2D with incident lung cancer in a large prospective cohort. Leveraging a total of 210,779 cancer-free adults recruited in the UK Biobank between 2006 and 2010. We performed multivariable Cox proportional hazards models and restricted cubic spline methods to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the associations of HbA1c, pre-diabetes, and T2D with incident lung cancer. During a median follow-up of 11.06 years, 1738 incident lung cancer cases were ascertained. The incidence of lung cancer was 20% higher among people with diabetes (HR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.42) and 38% higher among people with pre-diabetes (HR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.65). After dividing people with diabetes by whether taking antidiabetic medications, the incidence was 28% higher among people with diabetes without medications (HR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.61) and 15% higher among people with diabetes with medications (HR: 1.15, 95% CI: 0.93 to 1.41). The increased risk of incident lung cancer for each standard deviation (6.45 mmol/mol) increase in HbA1c was more pronounced across HbA1c values of 32–42 mmol/mol (HR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.59). The risk was more pronounced among participants <60 years. Pre-diabetes and T2D are associated with an increased incidence of lung cancer. The increased risk of incident lung cancer is more pronounced across HbA1c values of 32–42 mmol/mol, which are currently considered normal values. • Glycosylated hemoglobin, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes are associated with increased risk of incident lung cancer. • The incidence risk was 28% higher among people with diabetes without medications and 15% higher among those with medications. • The increased risk of incident lung cancer is more pronounced across HbA1c values of 32–42 mmol/mol. • The risk was also more pronounced among participants <60 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to examine the proximate mental health consequences of stressful and emotionally charged interactions with police officers among a national sample of at-risk youth who have been stopped by the police. A sample of 918 youth (average age 15 years) in the U.S. who reported being stopped by police in the most recent wave (2014–2017) of the Fragile Families & Child Wellbeing Study was used in the present study. Although age at first stop was not associated with mental health outcomes, youth stopped by police more frequently were more likely to report heightened emotional distress and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Findings also indicate that being stopped at school and officer intrusiveness were potent predictors of these adverse emotional and mental health responses to the stop. Under certain circumstances, the police stop can result in feelings of stigma and trauma among at-risk youth. Youth may benefit when school counselors or social workers provide mental health screenings and offer counseling care after police encounters, particularly when such encounters are intrusive and/or occur at school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Research has linked educational risk to various risky health behaviors (e.g., drug use, violence, risky sexual behaviors). This study builds upon this research by examining the link between additional health lifestyle indicators-nutritional risk factors, low sleep quantity, and low exercise frequency-and academic risk factors among a recent, nationally representative sample of adolescents.Methods: Data from the 7 most recent cohorts (2010-2016) of the Monitoring the Future survey were analyzed in 2018 (n=45,757-46,206). A multistage random sampling technique was used to acquire the sample.Results: All examined risky health lifestyle indicators were associated with significantly greater odds of school disengagement and lower academic expectations. Youth were especially likely to exhibit educational risks when they engaged in multiple risky health behaviors. Each additional risky health lifestyle indicator conferred significant increases in the odds of every examined educational risk factor, with the odds of school disengagement increasing by a factor of 7.48 when youth engaged in 4 or more risky health behaviors (relative to none).Conclusions: Findings suggest that activities that promote adolescent health across multiple dimensions (i.e., nutrition, physical exercise, and sleep) may also promote academic engagement and expectations for future academic achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article was to examine national trends in adolescent participation in substance use prevention programs (SUPP). We examine 15 years of cross-sectional data (2002–2016) from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Main outcomes were participation in past-year school and community-based SUPP (no/yes). Logistic regression was used to examine trends in the prevalence of participation. Participation in school-based SUPP decreased significantly from 48% among adolescents in 2002–2003 to 40% in 2015–2016, a 16.5% proportional decline. Significant declines for school-based participation were observed in all demographic and drug involvement subgroups examined. Youth participation in community-based SUPP also decreased significantly. However, this downward trend was significant only among younger teens, females, youth in very low (<$20,000) and moderate ($40,000–$74,999) income households and in rural areas. Participation in SUPP has decreased since the early 2000s, with noteworthy declines among Latino youth and youth from rural areas and socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and fastest-growing adverse health conditions in the United States and disproportionately affects those demographic and socioeconomic groups that are also more likely to be involved with the criminal justice (CJ) system. This study examines the prevalence and correlates of diabetes among CJ-involved individuals in the United States.Methods: Using traditional statistical modeling and modern machine learning methods, data from the National Study on Drug Use and Health were analyzed to compare the correlates and predictive interactions of diabetes diagnosis among those respondents on probation and parole to a sample, matched by age and gender, who were not.Results: Subjects involved in the CJ system were 15% more likely (1.66% vs. 1.44%, P = .015) to report a past-year diagnosis of diabetes than a sample of noninvolved individuals matched by age and sex, although this association was not statistically significant after adjusting for demographic and behavioral confounders. Similar trends in diabetes prevalence emerged for the non-CJ and CJ groups with regard to income, depression (OR of 2.38 and 1.65 for the CJ and non-CJ groups, respectively) and attainment of college education (OR of 0.64 and 0.30 for the CJ and non-CJ groups, respectively, compared with those with less than a high school education). Results also suggested that a generally high propensity toward risk taking had a negative effect on diabetes for the non-CJ group (OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.69-0.87), yet increased the odds of diabetes (OR 1.38; 95% CI 1.02-1.85) for the CJ group.Conclusions: Involvement in the U.S. CJ system is correlated with a higher prevalence of diabetes and differing risk factors for diabetes diagnosis. Further research is necessary, however, to unpack the precise causal pathways that underlie the associational trends in the current analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine the trends associated with child and adolescent suicidal ideation and suicide attempts and to compare these trends to those among the adult population.Study Design: A nationally representative sample of administrative billing data was used for the analysis, which included descriptive statistics, trend data, and logistic regression.Results: There were 874 872 (95% CI, 810 574-939 169) children and adolescents and 5 561 197 (95% CI, 5 271 426-5 850 968) adults admitted to an emergency department who experienced suicidal ideation or suicide attempts between 2010 and 2014, representing 1.20% of admissions for children (95% CI, 1.13-1.37) and adolescents and 1.09% of admissions for adults (95% CI, 1.05-1.13). Children and adolescents were more likely to be female (aOR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.71-1.78) and to have private insurance (aOR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.68-1.83) as compared with adults. Although the percentage of admissions increased for adults 25 and older (18.95%) the greatest increases were found among children and adolescents (5-11 years of age, 37.87%; 12-14 years of age, 82.03%; 15-17 years of age, 51.59%; and 18-24 years of age, 26.77%). There is a seasonal trend for children and adolescents such that higher rates are associated with the school year, which is not present for adults.Conclusion: Practitioners should be cognizant of the fact that suicidal ideation and suicide attempts for youth present differently than they do for the greater population and they should be vigilant in identifying risk factors, especially during seasons where risk of self-harm increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore whether children with diagnosable health conditions are at greater risk of bully victimization and whether, among these children, bully victimization further elevates the risk of an array of health difficulties.Methods: We examined a recent, nationally representative sample of children and adolescents aged 6-17 years who participated in the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health. Survey data pertaining to the children and adolescents covering bully victimization, health difficulties, and diagnosable health conditions were obtained from primary caregivers.Results: The results suggest that children with diagnosable conditions are at significantly higher risk of being bullied, particularly among children with birth defects and developmental disorders (e.g., 50% or more are victims of bullying). Furthermore, the findings reveal that, among children with diagnosable conditions, those who are victims of bullying are significantly more likely to experience various health challenges, relative to nonvictims. While these findings are significant across age groups, 12- to 17-year-old youth are more likely to experience bullying in the presence of multiple developmental disorders, and when this occurs, these youth are more likely to manifest health difficulties than younger children.Conclusions: The findings suggest that children with disabilities and chronic health conditions, who are at a significantly greater risk of being bullied, also suffer from further health difficulties when they are victimized by their peers. In conjunction with school-based interventions, primary care physicians may be ideally positioned to assess youth for victimization risk, provide counseling to youth victims, and reduce future victimization through office-based youth violence interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prior research indicates that Latino immigrants are less likely than US-born individuals to use alcohol and meet criteria for an alcohol use disorder. However, our understanding of alcohol-related problem behaviors among Latino immigrants remains limited. We report the prevalence of alcohol-related problem behaviors among Latino immigrants vis-à-vis the US-born and examine the relationship between alcohol-related problem behavior and key migration-related factors and injury/receipt of emergency medical care.Methods: The data source used for the present study is the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III, 2012-2013), a nationally representative survey of 36,309 civilian, non-institutionalized adults ages 18 and older in the US. Logistic regression was employed to examine the relationship between immigrant status and key outcomes.Results: Foreign-born Latinos were less likely to report one or more alcohol-related problems compared to US-born Latinos (AOR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.33-0.50) and the US-born general population (AOR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.32-0.46). Latino immigrants arriving as children were, compared to those arriving later in life, significantly more likely to report alcohol-related problem behaviors, and experiences of discrimination were linked with greater risk of alcohol-related problem behavior as well. Latino immigrants reporting recurrent injury/emergency medical care utilization were more likely to report alcohol-related problem behavior.Conclusions: Latino immigrants are significantly less likely than US-born Latinos and the US-born general population to operate a vehicle under the influence of alcohol, take part in risky behaviors or fight while drinking, or to be arrested due to alcohol consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The linkage between ambient air pollution exposure and occurrence of diabetes mellitus is not well defined. This study examined the association between exposure to fine particles (PM 2.5) and the prevalence of diabetes among Chinese elderly people. We surveyed 11,504 adults aged ≥50 years in China, estimated the annual concentrations of ambient PM 2.5 using a satellite-based model of aerosol optical depth information. We employed a generalized mixed effects model to examine the association between PM 2.5 and the prevalence of diabetes and explored potential effect modifiers. We estimated diabetes burden attributable to ambient PM 2.5 if the observed association is indeed causal. The diabetes prevalence among the participants was 6.5% (n = 745). Our analysis found a statistically significant association between PM 2.5 and diabetes. The adjusted odds ratio was 1.27 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.12, 1.43) for each 10 μg/m3 increment in ambient PM 2.5. Stratified analyses found a lower association among the participants with higher consumption of fruit. We estimated that 22.02% (95% CI: 8.59%, 43.29%) of the diabetes cases could be ascribable to ambient PM 2.5. Our finding suggests that PM 2.5 exposures could increase the risk of diabetes, and if causal, could be responsible for substantial burden of diabetes among the Chinese elderly; and higher intakes of fruit might reduce the harmful effects of PM 2.5 , however, due to the limitation of the cross-sectional study design, more studies are warranted to confirm this observation. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • We examined the association between PM 2.5 and diabetes in Chinese adults. • Annual PM 2.5 was estimated using satellite data at a 1*1 km resolution. • Each 10 μg/m3 increment in PM 2.5 was associated with 27% increase in diabetes. • 22% of diabetes cases could be attributable to ambient PM 2.5 Ambient fine particulate pollution is associated with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The present study explores whether college-going norms of parents and peers are intertwined or distinct in their contributions to college-going attitudes. Latent class analysis identified latent groups based on youth's social norms from parents and friends. Data was used from the High School Longitudinal Study (HSLS:09), a nationally representative and longitudinal study of ninth grade American students (N = 10,663). Four classes were identified: universal college norms (53.57%, N = 5712), which included youth with high support from both parents and friends; parent college norms (12.71%, N = 1355), wherein youth's parents demonstrated high support while friends displayed low school engagement; friend college norms (27.53%, N = 2935), in which youth had highly engaged peers but limited parental support; and limited college norms (6.20%, N = 661), comprised of youth whose parents and friends displayed limited academic engagement. Findings indicate that parents and friends play separate roles in the development of college-going attitudes. Highlights • Most youth have both parents and friends with strong college-going norms. • Roughly 40% of youth have parents and friends with discordant college-going norms. • Parents and peers play separate roles in developing college-going attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The link between drug selling and other delinquent behaviors in adolescence is well established. Less is known regarding the trends in drug selling among youth in the US and whether they are consistent with the recently observed decline in problem behaviors among this population.Methods: Data were collected between 2002 and 2015 as part of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Participants included 233,435 US youth aged 12-17. The primary variable of interest was self-reported past year drug-selling. Logistic regression assessed trends in drug-selling among male and female subgroups.Results: Between 2002 and 2015, the prevalence of drug-selling decreased significantly across all youth (AOR = 0.970, p < .001). Analysis of gender differences revealed that the rate of drug-selling decreased significantly among boys (AOR = 0.962, p < .001), however, the trend remained stable for girls (AOR = 0.987, p > .05). The decrease in drug-selling was observed for nearly all male subgroups, African-American girls (0.946, p < .01) and girls reporting no illegal substance use in the past year (0.960, p < .05).Conclusions: The prevalence of past year drug-selling among youth in the US is declining significantly, especially for boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bullying behavior and its consequences is a public health issue of significant concern, due to the wide range of deleterious health, mental health, behavioral, and psychosocial problems identified among adolescent bully victims. Even so, the role of dietary behaviors in bullying and bully victimization remains unclear. Our objective was to examine the associations between dietary patterns among youth, bully perpetration, and bully victimization. We employed a cross-national study of approximately 150,000 youths, aged 10–16, from 40 different countries with complete information about bully victimization, perpetration, and a number of dietary items reflecting three different nutritional dimensions – health food consumption, junk food consumption, and meal deprivation. The findings indicate that health food consumption, junk food consumption, and meal deprivation were significantly associated with bully perpetration , regardless of whether bullying co-occurred with victimization ( low health food consumption : OR = 1.24, CI = 1.19–1.30; high junk food consumption : OR = 1.66, CI = 1.60–1.73; frequent meal deprivation : OR = 1.48, CI = 1.42–1.54). Even so, none of the three dietary dimensions were associated with significant changes in the odds of bully victimization in the absence of perpetration. Ultimately, the predicted probability of being a bully more than doubles among youths reporting all three dimensions of nutritional risk, relative to youths reporting none. We propose that early dietary interventions among youth that diminish hunger and improve eating behaviors among at-risk populations may help to reduce the prevalence of bullying and its negative sequelae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale Research has indicated that maternal health during the prenatal period and at delivery carries far reaching significance for the development of offspring. Even so, the role of the accumulation of maternal medical risks during pregnancy in the development of externalizing behavior during childhood has generally been overlooked. Objective The present study investigates whether the accumulation of maternal medical risks during the prenatal period is positively associated with childhood externalizing behavior, and whether this association is stronger among male offspring. Method We examined a large, nationally representative sample of children who participated in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B). Information concerning maternal medical history, including the presence of a number of medical risks during pregnancy, was obtained through hospital records. A subsample of children with both parent and teacher reports of externalizing behavior during kindergarten was employed in the present study. Results A greater number of maternal medical risks during pregnancy increased the odds of childhood externalizing behavior across settings, but only among male offspring. The predicted probability of persistent externalizing behavior among males increased from .084 in the absence of maternal medical risks during pregnancy to .241 in the presence of three or more maternal medical risks during pregnancy. Conclusions Our findings suggest that maternal medical risks during the prenatal period can have far-reaching consequences for the behavioral development of male offspring. Treatment of medical risks among expectant mothers may have the added benefit of reducing the likelihood of childhood externalizing behavior among male progeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]