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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Periorbital infections after strabismus surgery are rare. We describe the first reported case of necrotizing group A streptococcal infection of the conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule complicating uneventful strabismus surgery in a 23-month-old boy, successfully managed with conservative intraoperative debridement and with targeted local and systemic antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 is minimally present in the aqueous humour of patients with cataract only disease. • Patients with various retinal diseases contain quantifiable 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 in the aqueous and vitreous humour. • The highest concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 is found in patients with active neovascularization. • 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 -generating (CYP27B1) hydroxylases are present in the ciliary body and retina and correlate with VEGF-A expression. Vitamin D has emerged as a potentially important molecule in ophthalmology. To date, all ophthalmic data pertaining to vitamin D has been restricted primarily to tear and serum analysis in human patients. Considering the isolated nature of the eye, we sought to determine the presence of intraocular vitamin D in ocular disease. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 (25(OH)D 3) concentrations were measured in the eye and blood of 120 participants undergoing ophthalmic procedures. Ocular localization of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 -generating (CYP27B1) and deactivating (CYP24A1) hydroxylases was performed by immunohistochemistry. Gene expression of CYP27B1 , CYP24A1 and VEGF-A was measured in eyes from patients with and without disease. 25(OH)D 3 was quantified in 112 ocular samples. In 40 cataract patient samples, the average 25(OH)D 3 concentration was 0.057 ng/mL, compared to 72 retinal disease patient samples, average of 0.502 ng/mL (p < 0.001). Intraocular 25(OH)D 3 did not correlate with serum levels of 25(OH)D 3. There was no difference between the level of 25(OH)D 3 measured in the aqueous and vitreous humour. The vitamin D-specific CYPs 27B1 and 24A1, strongly localized to complementary regions of the ciliary body, retinal pigment epithelium and neural retina. Gene expression analysis confirmed retinal CYP27B1 correlated strongly with VEGF-A in eyes from diabetic patients (r = 0.92, p < 0.001). Our data confirms that vitamin D is present in the humours of the human eye and that local synthesis/degradation is possible via the ocular CYP27B1 and CYP24A1. This argues for a functional role for local vitamin D production and signaling in the eye and suggests that vitamin D may be an important intraocular mediator in disease pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]