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Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T15:01:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-04-01 Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Micropaleontology is crucial branch of Earth Sciences, with a pivotal role in the success of the oil and gas industry over the decades. This sector of paleontology is based on the taxonomical description of microfossils, which encompass fossils with size variation from 0.001 mm to 1 m. Normally these microorganisms have a high rate on preservation, thus they are widely accepted as reliable evidence to infer about paleodepositional settings and paleoclimate change. Furthermore, microfossils are critical to understanding the evolution through time, being many of them recognized as index fossil and providing useful biozones to correlation. Since 1950, microfossils have been taxonomically described mainly by stereomicroscopes. However, as the technology progress, traditional ways to study these organisms are challenged and improved by nondestructive three-dimensional imaging techniques, as X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM), three-dimensional X-ray microscopy (3DXRM), the X-ray computed microtomography (microCT) and X-ray computed nanotomography (nanoCT). Recently, one of the most compelling research areas in micropaleontology is the desire to automatize and enhance the details of systematic classification. Thereby, an increasing number of researches have applied the high-resolution X-ray analysis aiming to improve the morphological, taxonomic and taphonomic examination. Most of them have detailed the enhancement provided by the technique when compared with the standard microscopes, and raised questions about the traditional characters used on the microfossil systematic taxonomy. Nevertheless, even with the surpassing detail on microfossil characterization, the application of microCT has been hampered by the costs and sometimes by the needs of specific computer skill. Thus, this research has evaluated the use of microCT as the technique to classify a random bulk of microfossil (comprising foraminifers, ostracods, radiolarians, gastropods and echinoderms) with no further software treatment. No standard microscope analysis was performed. Despite chemical composition of microfossils, most of the specimens morphology, especially internal structures, have been easily acquired and analyzed. 96% of the microfossils of the dataset were identified at least on genus level. Irrespective of the deepness of detail, when considering the overall taxonomic identification, the microCT seems to be effective as the standard microscope. Nonetheless, when problematic specimens are evaluated, the microCT seems to be a more reliable and practical tool than other methods as Scanning Electron Microscopy. Thus, the technique can be used solo or as a complementary method to the stereomicroscope. Additionally, the high-resolution has the potential to lead to the expected automatized & nbsp;micropaleontology, since they can provide numerous images in several planes. This may create a strong database necessary to machine learning and computer identification. Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Mech Engn, Lab Meios Porosos & Propriedades Termofis LMPT, BR-88040535 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Univ Fed Pernambuco, Dept Geol, Lab Micropaleontol Aplicada LMA, BR-50740540 Recife, PE, Brazil Univ Vale Rio dos Sinos, Inst Tecnol Micropaleontol, Itt Fossil, Sao Leopoldo, RS, Brazil Univ Vale Rio dos Sinos, Geol Grad Program, BR-93022750 Sao Leopoldo, RS, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Bauru, Dept Ciencias Biol, Ave Engenheiro Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, BR-17033360 Bauru, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Geol, Lab Geoquim LABGEOQ, Rua Engn Agron Andrei Cristian Ferreira S-N, BR-88040535 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Bauru, Dept Ciencias Biol, Ave Engenheiro Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, BR-17033360 Bauru, SP, Brazil

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T20:13:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Wellcome Trust Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research Bernard Lown Scholars in Cardiovascular Health Program at Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health Bloomberg Philanthropies FONDECYT via CIENCIACTIVA/CONCYTEC British Council British Embassy Newton-Paulet Fund DFID/MRC/Wellcome Global Health Trials Fogarty International Center Grand Challenges Canada International Development Research Center Canada Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research Medical Research Council National Cancer Institute National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Institute of Mental Health Swiss National Science Foundation Wellcome World Diabetes Foundation Academy of Medical Sciences Springboard Award Royal Society Background Describing the prevalence and trends of cardiometabolic risk factors that are associated with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is crucial for monitoring progress, planning prevention, and providing evidence to support policy efforts. We aimed to analyse the transition in body-mass index (BMI), obesity, blood pressure, raised blood pressure, and diabetes in the Americas, between 1980 and 2014. Methods We did a pooled analysis of population-based studies with data on anthropometric measurements, biomarkers for diabetes, and blood pressure from adults aged 18 years or older. A Bayesian model was used to estimate trends in BMI, raised blood pressure (systolic blood pressure >= 140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure >= 90 mm Hg), and diabetes (fasting plasma glucose >= 7.0 mmol/L, history of diabetes, or diabetes treatment) from 1980 to 2014, in 37 countries and six subregions of the Americas. Findings 389 population-based surveys from the Americas were available. Comparing prevalence estimates from 2014 with those of 1980, in the non-English speaking Caribbean subregion, the prevalence of obesity increased from 3.9% (95% CI 2.2-6.3) in 1980, to 18.6% (14.3-23.3) in 2014, in men; and from 12.2% (8.2-17.0) in 1980, to 30.5% (25.7-35.5) in 2014, in women. The English-speaking Caribbean subregion had the largest increase in the prevalence of diabetes, from 5.2% (2.1-10.4) in men and 6.4% (2.6-10.4) in women in 1980, to 11.1% (6.4-17.3) in men and 13.6% (8.2-21-0) in women in 2014). Conversely, the prevalence of raised blood pressure has decreased in all subregions; the largest decrease was found in North America from 27.6% (22.3-33.2) in men and 19.9% (15.8-24-4) in women in 1980, to 15.5% (11.1-20.9) in men and 10.7% (7.7-14.5) in women in 2014. Interpretation Despite the generally high prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors across the Americas, estimates also showed a high level of heterogeneity in the transition between countries. The increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes observed over time requires appropriate measures to deal with these public health challenges. Our results support a diversification of health interventions across subregions and countries. Copyright (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier. Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru Imperial Coll London, London, England Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Santiago, Chile Univ West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Miami Vet Affairs Healthcare Syst, Miami, FL USA Univ Kent, Canterbury, Kent, England Cleveland Clin, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA Yale Univ, New Haven, CT 06520 USA Caja Costarricense Seguro Social, San Jose, Costa Rica Inst Mexicano Seguro Social, Mexico City, DF, Mexico Inst Nacl Ciencias Med & Nutr Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, DF, Mexico Univ Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador Univ Fed Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil Pan Amer Hlth Org, Washington, DC USA Univ Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil Dalhousie Univ, Halifax, NS, Canada Univ Fed Maranhao, Sao Luis, Maranhao, Brazil CAFAM Univ Fdn, Bogota, Colombia Univ Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay Ctr Educ Med & Invest Clin, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Canadian Fitness & Lifestyle Res Inst, Ottawa, ON, Canada Univ Fed Juiz de Fora, Juiz De Fora, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Univ Montreal, Montreal, PQ, Canada Univ Vale Rio dos Sinos, Sao Leopoldo, Brazil Natl Council Sci & Tech Res, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica Minist Hlth, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Inst Nacl Salud Publ, Mexico City, DF, Mexico Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Hosp Clin Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada Andes Clin Cardiometab Studies, Timotes, Venezuela Natl Inst Hyg Epidemiol & Microbiol, Havana, Cuba Univ ICESI, Cali, Colombia Univ Estadual Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil Kings Coll London, London, England Inst Clin Effectiveness & Hlth Policy, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Mexico City, DF, Mexico Univ Autonoma Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia Kingston Gen Hosp, Kingston, ON, Canada Heart Inst, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Fdn Oftalmol Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia Simon Fraser Univ, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada Inst Trop Med, Antwerp, Belgium Minist Salud Publ, Havana, Cuba Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA West Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rene Rachou Res Inst, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil Univ Fed Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil Hosp Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA Gorgas Mem Inst Hlth Studies, Panama City, Panama STAT Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada Univ Med Sci, Havana, Cuba Gorgas Mem Inst Publ Hlth, Panama City, Panama Univ Puerto Rico, Med Sci Campus, San Juan, PR 00936 USA Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA Minas Gerais State Secretariat Hlth, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Univ Nove de Julho, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada Univ Ind Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia Natl Inst Hlth, Lima, Peru Univ Sao Paulo, Clin Hosp, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Hosp Italiano Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Ctr Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barranquilla, Colombia Epidemiol & Microbiol Inst, Havana, Cuba Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil WHO, Geneva, Switzerland Middlesex Univ, London, England Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research: HQHSR1206660 Bernard Lown Scholars in Cardiovascular Health Program at Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health: BLSCHP-1902 Newton-Paulet Fund: 223-2018 Newton-Paulet Fund: 224-2018 DFID/MRC/Wellcome Global Health Trials: MR/M007405/1 Fogarty International Center: R21TW009982 Fogarty International Center: D71TW010877 Grand Challenges Canada: 0335-04 International Development Research Center Canada: IDRC 106887 International Development Research Center Canada: 108167 Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research: IAI CRN3036 Medical Research Council: MR/P008984/1 Medical Research Council: MR/P024408/1 Medical Research Council: MR/P02386X/1 National Cancer Institute: 1P20CA217231 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: HHSN268200900033C National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: 5U01HL114180 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: 1UM1HL134590 National Institute of Mental Health: 1U19MH098780 Swiss National Science Foundation: 40P740-160366 Wellcome: 074833/Z/04/Z Wellcome: 093541/Z/10/Z Wellcome: 107435/Z/15/Z Wellcome: 103994/Z/14/Z Wellcome: 205177/Z/16/Z Wellcome: 214185/Z/18/Z World Diabetes Foundation: WDF15-1224