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Lunasin, a bioactive peptide with a variety of physiological functions, was overexpressed in soybean to generate a transgenic soybean. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis suggested that lunasin was successfully inserted into the soybean genome, and three transgenic lines, L12, L43, and L45, were selected for further study. Lunasin expression was characterized in the lines by Western blot and ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that lunasin content in L12, L43, and L45 lines was 1.47 mg g−1, 1.32 mg g−1 and 1.98 mg g−1, respectively; these values were significantly higher than that in wild-type soybean (0.94 mg g−1). Lunasin enrichments from transgenic soybean (LET) exhibited stronger DPPH, ABTS+, and oxygen radical scavenging activity than lunasin enrichments from wild-type soybean (LEW). Further, LET presented superior anti-inflammatory activity on lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage cells compared to LEW, and it significantly suppressed the release of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1 and -6. Moreover, LET showed higher anti-proliferation activity on MDA-MB-231 cells than LEW. Immunofluorescence staining showed that LET could internalize into NIH-3T3 cells, and localize in the nucleus. In conclusion, it is feasible and efficient to produce lunasin through a transgenic soybean expression system. Lunasin overexpressing soybean could be consumed as a functional food in the diets of patients with cancer and obesity in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract To evaluate the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) exposition, transgenic (through gene cp4 EPSPS) and non-isogenic non-transgenic soybeans were cultivated in the presence or absence of AgNP or silver nitrate (AgNO 3) at 50 mg/kg of silver. Physiological aspects of the plants including mass production and development of roots, proteomics such as protein amount and differential proteins, enzymes and lipid peroxidation were determined after exposition. The mass production of non-transgenic plants treated with AgNP or AgNO 3 was decreased by 25 and 19%, respectively, on their mass based, while for transgenic soybean this effect was observed for AgNP cultivation only. Fifty-nine proteins were identified from the differentially abundant spots by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and nano-electrospray ionization liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry. Identified species as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), ATP synthase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), related to plant metabolism were less abundant for the cultivation with either AgNP and AgNO 3 than the control. Finally, this work demonstrated significant correlation as evidenced by changes in lipid peroxidation content and catalase activity, which were a result of exposure to either AgNP or AgNO 3 cultivations. Further, necrotic areas in the basal part of the stems and damage or chlorotic areas were found in the leaves. Significance Once nanoparticles have been employed for several applications in recent years and they can be released in the environmental matrices, this study highlights proteomic and enzymatic alterations in transgenic and non-transgenic soybeans, an important crop, after cultivation with silver nanoparticles. Such strategy employing proteomic and enzymatic approaches to evaluate soybeans exposed to silver nanoparticles has not yet been reported. Therefore, the results obtained in this study can expand the information concerning the effects of silver nanoparticles in soybean plants. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Interactions between nanoparticles and plants were evaluated. • Evaluation of mass production, differential proteins and enzymes • Six groups of plants were comparatively evaluated. • 59 proteins differentially found as well as catalase and malondialdehyde. • Study enlarges the knowledge about nanoparticles effects in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Panax ginseng PgTIP1 gene has been demonstrated to have high water channel activity by its heterologous expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and in yeast, and it also plays significant roles in enhancing the salt/drought tolerance of PgTIP1- transgenic Arabidopsis plants and salt adaptation of PgTIP1- transformed Glycine max. In this work, PgTIP1 gene was transformed into the hybrid soybean strain 4076 (F 5 ), which was selected for salt tolerance generation by generation from the cross assembly of G. max N23674 cultivar × G. soja BB52 accession. The PgTIP1- transgenic soybean plants mediated by the pollen tube pathway, represented by lines L19 and L29, were simultaneously analyzed at physiological and molecular levels for enhanced salt and drought tolerance. The results showed that the salt-stressed PgTIP1 -transgenic lines L19 and L29 acquired better leaf stomatal movement and water-gas exchange capacity; less absorption, transport and accumulation of Na+, Cl−; a lower Na+/K+ ratio; and enhanced antioxidase activities of SOD, POD, CAT, and APX than WT in the roots and leaves. Under PEG-induced drought stress, the PgTIP1 -transgenic plants showed greater leaf water-retention capacity and reduced cell membrane damage in roots and leaves. Therefore, the PgTIP1 -transgenic soybean lines showed both salt and drought tolerance, which are related not only to the primary functions of the PgTIP1 gene in terms of water status regulation but also to its secondary roles in up-regulating the expression of stress-related genes ( GmNHX1, GmSOS1, GmCLC1, GmCAT1, GmAPX1 , GmNCED1 and GmP5CS1 ), which are involved in homeostasis of Na+, K+, and Cl−; ROS scavenging; and synthesis of ABA, proline, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ionomic approach is conducted for evaluating the silver distribution, in different soybean plant compartments, as well as its influence on the homeostasis of some macro (P and S) and micro (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) nutrients. Silver is added to transgenic and non-transgenic soybean plants as nanoparticles or silver nitrate for comparative purposes. The transgenic plants translocate a higher amount of silver (100 and 65% for silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate expositions, respectively) than non-transgenic, and considering the treatments, the cultivation with silver nanoparticles results in a higher translocation rate (100 and 21% for transgenic and non-transgenic plants, respectively). In addition, significant differences are found ( p  < 0.05) considering those macro and micronutrients in all plant compartments, mainly in the roots of those treated plants, indicating not only that both silver forms evaluated interfere in the plant metabolism, but also their toxicities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 90-day sub chronic toxicity study was conducted in rats to evaluate the safety of genetically modified DAS-444Ø6-6 soybeans expressing herbicide tolerant proteins when compared with its conventional comparators (non-transgenic near isoline control soybean and three commercially available non-transgenic line control soybeans). Rats were given diets formulated with either 10% or 20% w/w of soybean meal and 1% or 2% hulls of DAS-444Ø6-6 soybean with an equivalent amount of hulls from an isoline non-transgenic control soybean for at least 90 days. In addition, three separate 20% w/w non-transgenic commercially available soybean varieties were also given to groups of rats to serve as reference controls. Animals were evaluated by cage-side and hand-held detailed clinical observations, ophthalmic examinations, body weights/body weight gains, feed consumption, hematology, prothrombin time, urinalysis, clinical chemistry, selected organ weights, and gross and histopathologic examinations. Under the conditions of this study, the genetically modified DAS-444Ø6-6 diets did not cause any treatment-related effects in rats following 90 days of dietary administration as compared with rats fed diets with soybean of isoline control or commercial reference controls and are considered equivalent to the diets prepared from conventional comparators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing concern of potential health and environmental risk, it is essential to develop reliable methods for transgenic soybean detection. Herein, a simple, sensitive and selective assay was constructed based on homogeneous fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between CdTe quantum dots (QDs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes@graphene oxide nanoribbons (MWCNTs@GONRs) to form the fluorescent “on-off-on” switching for simultaneous monitoring dual target DNAs of promoter cauliflower mosaic virus 35 s (P35s) and terminator nopaline synthase (TNOS) from transgenic soybean. The capture DNAs were immobilized with corresponding QDs to obtain strong fluorescent signals (turning on). The strong π–π stacking interaction between single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) probes and MWCNTs@GONRs led to minimal background fluorescence due to the FRET process (turning off). The targets of P35s and TNOS were recognized by dual fluorescent probes to form double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) through the specific hybridization between target DNAs and ssDNA probes. And the dsDNA were released from the surface of MWCNTs@GONRs, which leaded the dual fluorescent probes to generate the strong fluorescent emissions (turning on). Therefore, this proposed homogeneous assay can be achieved to detect P35s and TNOS simultaneously by monitoring the relevant fluorescent emissions. Moreover, this assay can distinguish complementary and mismatched nucleic acid sequences with high sensitivity. The constructed approach has the potential to be a tool for daily detection of genetically modified organism with the merits of feasibility and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean C 3 photosynthesis can suffer a severe loss in efficiency due to photorespiration and the lack of a carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) such as those present in other plant species or cyanobacteria. Transgenic soybean ( Glycine max cv. Thorne) plants constitutively expressing cyanobacterial ictB (inorganic carbon transporter B) gene were generated using Agrobacterium -mediated transformation. Although more recent data suggest that ictB does not actively transport HCO3-/CO 2 , there is nevertheless mounting evidence that transformation with this gene can increase higher plant photosynthesis. The hypothesis that expression of the ictB gene would improve photosynthesis, biomass production and seed yield in soybean was tested, in two independent replicated greenhouse and field trials. Results showed significant increases in photosynthetic CO 2 uptake ( A net ) and dry mass in transgenic relative to wild type (WT) control plants in both the greenhouse and field trials. Transgenic plants also showed increased photosynthetic rates and biomass production during a drought mimic study. The findings presented herein demonstrate that ictB , as a single-gene, contributes to enhancement in various yield parameters in a major commodity crop and point to the significant role that biotechnological approaches to increasing photosynthetic efficiency can play in helping to meet increased global demands for food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant resistance genes could affect rhizosphere microbiota, which in turn enhanced plant resistance to stresses. Our previous study found that overexpression of the GsMYB10 gene led to enhanced tolerance of soybean plants to aluminum (Al) toxicity. However, whether GsMYB10 gene could regulate rhizosphere microbiota to mitigate Al toxicity remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the rhizosphere microbiomes of HC6 soybean (WT) and transgenic soybean (trans -GsMYB10) at three Al concentrations, and constructed three different synthetic microbial communities (SynComs), including bacterial, fungal and cross-kingdom (bacteria and fungi) SynComs to verify their role in improving Al tolerance of soybean. Trans- GsMYB10 shaped the rhizosphere microbial communities and harbored some beneficial microbes, such as Bacillus, Aspergillus and Talaromyces under Al toxicity. Fungal and cross-kingdom SynComs showed a more effective role than the bacterial one in resistance to Al stress, and these SynComs helped soybean resist Al toxicity via affecting some functional genes that involved cell wall biosynthesis and organic acid transport etc. Overall, this study reveals the mechanism of soybean functional genes regulating the synergistic resistance of rhizosphere microbiota and plants to Al toxicity, and also highlights the possibility of focusing on the rhizobial microbial community as a potential molecular breeding target to produce crops. [Display omitted] • Trans- GsMYB10 soybeans shape the rhizosphere microbial community. • Trans- GsMYB10 soybeans harbored some potential beneficial microbes. • Fungal and cross-kingdom synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) could help soybean resist Al stress. • SynComs-mediated mitigation of Al toxicity is generally individualized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel homogeneous assay for DNA quantitative analysis based on förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) was developed for cauliflwer mosaic virus 35s (CaMV35S) promoter of transgenic soybean detection. The homogenous FRET of fluorescence signal was fabricated by DNA hybridization with probe modified nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which acted the donor-acceptor pairs for the first time. The highly efficient FRET and unique properties of the NGQDs made the proposed FRET system as a functionalized detection platform for labelling of DNA. Upon the recognition of specific target DNA (tDNA), the FRET between NGQDs and AgNPs was triggered to produce fluorescence quenching, which could be used for tDNA detection. The fabricated homogeneous FRET assay displayed a wide linear range of 0.1–500.0 nM and a low limit of detection 0.03 nM for the detection of CaMV35S (S/N = 3). This proposed biosensor revealed high specificity to detect tDNA, with acceptable intra-assay precision and excellent stability. This method was successfully applied to identify the real sample of 0.5% containing transgenic soybean, which achieved the most of national law regulations. This assay was further validated by polymerase chain reaction as the genetically modified organisms, suggesting that the proposed FRET system is a feasible tool for the further daily genetically modified organism detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A methodology for detection of the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S(CaMV35S) promoter was developed to distinguish transgenic from non-transgenic soybean samples by using photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor. In this PEC biosensing system, the as-prepared gold nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide acted as a nanocarrier to immobilize the thiol-functional probe (probe1), and the SiO 2 @CdTe quantum dots (QDs) core-shell nanoparticles tagged with the amino-functional probe (probe2) acted as signal indicators, respectively. In the presence of target DNA (tDNA) of CaMV35S, the binding of tDNA with probe1 and probe2 through the high specific DNA hybridization led to the fabrication of sandwich structure, and thus the high loading of the signal indicators SiO 2 @CdTe QDs at the electrode surface, which increased the PEC signal. The increased PEC signal depended on the concentration of tDNA, and a wide linear range from 0.1 pM to 0.5 nM with low detection limit of 0.05 pM was obtained. In addition, the PEC biosensor has been successfully used for discriminating transgenic soybean from non-transgenic samples, which was consistent with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results, suggesting the proposed PEC biosensor is a feasible tool for the further daily genetically modified organism detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass or heat transfer may cause an increase or a decrease in the size of the analyzed system. Moving boundaries are present in phase exchange processes (heat) and in moisture diffusion in polymers and grains (mass), for example. In the case of grain hydration, the increase in grain size can reach 30–40% of the initial grain size. Fick’s Second Law of Diffusion was used for modeling conventional and transgenic soybean grain cultivars. The model was modified to consider the increase in the spatial grid caused by the increase in grain size during hydration. The moisture profiles were obtained for both cultivars and then validated using experimental data on moisture as a function of time for five different temperatures, fitting very well to said experimental data. Grain radius as a function of time, as calculated by the model, was also compared with experimental data. There was a slight difference between the values for the radius calculated by the model and those from experimental data due to the disproportionate growth of the soybean seedcoat in a preferred direction. The proposed model has been satisfactory for the mathematical description of grain hydration with increase in grain size. Its applicability may be extended to spherical systems undergoing changes in radial direction during mass diffusion processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction of glyphosate-resistant soybean plants into agricultural systems has greatly increased the application frequency of glyphosate. Because glyphosate is able to inhibit 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) not only in plants but also in different microorganisms, its application could lead to shifts in rhizosphere microbial communities in farming soils. In this study, greenhouse experiments were conducted with the objective to evaluate the effects of glyphosate on the composition and diversity of rhizosphere bacterial communities of transgenic soybean. This was especially relevant, because foliar applied glyphosate is transported down to the roots and exuded into the rhizosphere. After two foliar herbicide applications, root samples of treated and untreated plants were analysed by 16S rRNA gene T-RFLP analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis of the data and diversity indices were used to assess changes in the microbial populations in response to glyphosate applications. A comparison of rhizosphere communities revealed that the abundance of a T-RF representing microbes related to Burkholderia sp. significantly decreased under glyphosate application, while the abundance of a T-RF representing uncultured Gemmatimonadetes significantly increased. Interestingly, the bacterial community associated with soybean roots after glyphosate application not only demonstrated effective resilience after the disturbance but in addition, T-RF diversity also increased in comparison to the untreated control samples. The results suggest that bacterial diversity was even stimulated in the rhizosphere after glyphosate application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker), Spodoptera eridania (Stoll) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) have caused significant damage on soybean Glycine max (L.) Merrill in Brazil. Genetically-modified MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean that expresses the Cry1Ac protein is potentially an alternative tool for the management of these species. Purified protein bioassays were done to evaluate the susceptibility of S. cosmioides, S. eridania and S. frugiperda to Cry1Ac protein. The level of efficacy of the Bt soybean plants in controlling these species was measured through laboratory and greenhouse trials under high artificial insect infestations. The biology of these insects was evaluated over their development cycles to understand their life history when fed on Bt soybean. Purified Cry1Ac protein at the maximum concentration tested (100 μg Cry1Ac mL−1 diet) resulted in low mortality of S. cosmioides and S. eridania (<13%) and intermediate mortality of S. frugiperda (50%). No significant effects of the Bt soybean plants were observed in the life table parameters of S. cosmioides and S. eridania. However, S. frugiperda fed on Bt soybean plants had a prolonged larval stage (by 5 days), reduced larvae viability, increased mean generation time (by 8 days) and reduced intrinsic rate of increase. In general, the Bt soybean plants showed poor control of Spodoptera species when evaluated by leaf-disc bioassay and greenhouse trials. Consequently, other control tactics must be used in combination with MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean in the field for the efficient management of S. cosmioides, S. eridania and S. frugiperda. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Effects of the RR transgene, herbicide application and weed management on BNF with soybean were evaluated. [•] In general, the transgene negatively affected BNF parameters, but not grain yield. [•] No differences were observed between the effects of glyphosate and conventional herbicides. [•] No differences were observed between RR soybean+glyphosate, and conventional soybean+conventional herbicides. [•] Differences were attributed mostly to geographic location, cropping season and cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) as food products becomes more and more widespread. The European Union has implemented a set of very strict procedures for the approval to grow, import and/or utilize GMOs as food or food ingredients. Thus, analytical methods for detection of the GMOs are necessary in order to verify compliance with labeling requirements. There are few effective screening methods for highly processed GM (genetically modified) products. Four genes (CP4-EPSPS, Cry1A(b), BAR, and, PAT) are common exogenous genes used in commercialized transgenic soybean, maize, and rice. In the present study, a multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed to simultaneously detect the four exogenous genes and one endogenous gene in two runs. We tested eleven representative highly processed products samples (soya lecithin, soya protein powder, chocolate beverage, infant rice cereal, soybean refine oil, soybean salad oil, maize oil, maize protein powder, maize starch, maize jam) using the developed method, and amplicons of endogenous gene and transgenic fragments were obtained from all the processed products except for soybean refined oil, soybean salad oil and maize oil, and the sensitivity was 0.005%. These results indicate that multiplex nested PCR is appropriate for qualitative detection of transgenic soybean, maize and rice in highly processed products except for refined oil. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In glyphosate-susceptible soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill), the herbicide glyphosate [(N-phosphonomethyl)glycine] inhibits the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, causing a massive accumulation of the metabolite shikimate. This phenomenon does not occur in glyphosate-resistant soybean due the presence of a gene encoding glyphosate-insensitive EPSP synthase. This study proposes a simple and reliable assay as an alternative tool for differentiating glyphosate-resistant from susceptible soybean cultivars. The assay is based on a single extraction of leaf or root tissue. Shikimate is quantified by reversed-phase high–performance liquid chromatography at 220nm and isocratic elution with phosphoric acid. After glyphosate treatment, tissues of glyphosate-susceptible plants were found to massively accumulate shikimate, whereas the tissues of glyphosate-resistant plants did not accumulate the metabolite. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Novokinin (Arg-Pro-Leu-Lys-Pro-Trp), which has been designed based on the structure of ovokinin (2–7), significantly reduces the systolic blood pressure at a dose of 100μg/kg after oral administration in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). In this study, we generated a transgenic soybean which accumulates novokinin. A vector encoding a modified β-conglycinin α′ subunit (4novokinin-α′) in which four novokinin sequences have been incorporated by site-directed mutagenesis was introduced into somatic embryos by whisker-mediated gene transformation to produce a transgenic soybean. The 4novokinin-α′ occupied 0.5% of total soluble protein and 5% of the β-conglycinin α′ subunit in the transgenic soybean seeds. Protein extracted from the transgenic soybean reduced systolic blood pressure after single oral administration in SHRs at a dose of 0.15g/kg. Defatted flour from the transgenic soybean also reduced the systolic blood pressure at a dose of 0.25g/kg. Thus, the 4novokinin-α′ produced in soybean exhibited an anti-hypertensive activity in SHRs after oral administration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Transgenic glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] expressing a glyphosate-insensitive 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) enzyme has provided new opportunities for weed control in soybean production. However, glyphosate is toxic to the soybean nitrogen-fixing symbiont, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, as its EPSPS enzyme is sensitive to glyphosate. The effects of glyphosate on symbiotic parameters, nitrogen accumulation, and yield in GR soybean under weed-free conditions were determined in a 3-yr field study during 2002–2004. Four glyphosate (0.84, 1.68, 2.52+2.52, and 0.84+0.84kgae/ha) treatments applied at 4 and 6 weeks after planting (WAP) soybean were compared to a no glyphosate, hand weeded (weed-free) control. In 2002 and 2003, soybean plants were harvested at 5, 6, 7, and 8WAP, and roots assessed for nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction assay, ARA), root respiration, nodulation, and root biomass. Soybean seed yield, leaf and seed nitrogen content were determined in all three years. No consistent effect of glyphosate was observed on either ARA or root respiration. In 2002, both ARA and respiration were about a third of that in 2003, attributed to early-season drought in 2002. All glyphosate treatments reduced foliar nitrogen content (26–42%) in 2002. In 2003 and 2004, three and two glyphosate treatments, respectively, reduced foliar nitrogen content (8–13%), with the greatest reduction when glyphosate was applied at the highest rate. Soybean yield was reduced by 11% with two applications of 2.52kgae/ha glyphosate compared to hand weeded control in 2002, but seed yield was not affected in 2003 and 2004. Total seed nitrogen harvested in 2002 and 2003 was reduced by 32% and 17%, respectively, when two applications of 2.52kgae/ha glyphosate were applied compared to hand weeded soybean. These studies indicate that nitrogen fixation and/or assimilation in GR soybean was only slightly affected at label use rate, but was consistently reduced at above label use rates of glyphosate and the greatest reductions occurred with soil moisture stress following glyphosate application. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Soybean is the most produced crop in Argentina, and 99 % corresponds to genetically modified soybean. One of the main produced varieties is Roundup Ready® soybean (RR), which was modified to express the enzyme CP4 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase (CP4 EPSPS), which confers resistance to glyphosate, the main herbicide worldwide used. The possible impact of genetically modified organisms (GMO) has generated public concerns, thus increasing interest in the development of GMOs detection devices. In this work, an electrochemical immunosensor for CP4 EPSPS detection in soybean seeds was obtained, by using a gold electrode modified with an anti-CP4 EPSPS polyclonal antibody produced in our laboratory. The presented immunosensor resulted in a simple, low-cost, fast, and reproducible device. Also, labeling and/or signal amplification system was not necessary, since the sensor showed high sensibility with a low detection limit (lower at 0,038 % RR soybean, 38 ng mL−1 CP4 EPSPS). [Display omitted] • An immunosensor to detect for CP4 EPSPS detection in soybean seeds was developed. • The immunosensor requires neither the antigen nor the antibody labeling. • The platform is based on a gold electrode modified with gold nanoparticles and anti-CP4 EPSPS polyclonal antibody. • The sensor is fast, sensitive, low cost and simple detection, without cross-reaction with non-GM soybean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, soybean has become the most widely grown genetically modified (GM) crop worldwide, and the most extensive manner of transgenic soybean processing is oil production. Determining the distribution and degradation of DNA during oil processing can facilitate the detection, monitoring, and traceability of GM soybean. In this study, we systematically sampled industrial soybean oil extraction and refining processes and performed ultraviolet spectrophotometry, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), atomic force microscopy, and qualitative PCR to evaluate the DNA status. The results indicated that the DNA concentrations in soybean seeds, kernels, conditioned soybean, laminated soybean, extracted soybean, and meal (2.035 × 106–2.682 × 106 ng/g) were significantly higher than those in crude oil (194.800 ng/g) and in subsequently refined oils (0.026–0.664 ng/g) (P < 0.05). Organic solvent extraction and degumming were the two main steps in removing DNA from refined soybean oil. Combined treatment with organic solvent and heating (110 °C) and heating at 240–250 °C were key steps in degrading lectin and cp4epsps during industrial soybean oil processing. Our analyses of the DNA status during soybean oil processing will contribute to the detection, traceability, and labelling of GM soybean. • Genetically modified (GM) soybean is commonly cultivated worldwide. • DNA removal largely occurred during organic solvent extraction and degumming. • Combined treatment with hexane and heating (100–110 °C) caused DNA degradation. • Heating at 240–250 °C, the temperature used in deodorising, degraded DNA. • Determining DNA status can facilitate soybean traceability and labelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A Peptide from transgenic soybean CP4-EPSPS protein was synthetized. • The Peptide was used as antigen for a new Polyclonal Antibody production. • New Antibody specifically recognizes to synthetized Peptide and CP4-EPSPS protein. • The Antibody can be used in sensor development for transgenic soybean detection. A new polyclonal antibody that recognizes the CP4 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (CP4-EPSPS), which provides resistance to glyphosate in soybean (Roundup Ready®, RR soybean), was produced. New Zealand rabbits were injected with a synthetic peptide (Pc_312-324, (PEP)) present in the soybean CP4-EPSPS protein. The anti-PEP antibodies production was evaluated by electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed in order to study their specificity. The ELISA showed that the polyclonal antibody was specific to PEP. In addition, the anti- PEP was immobilized onto a gold disk electrode and the antigen-antibody interaction was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Moreover, the EIS showed that the electron transfer resistance of the modified electrode increased after incubation with solutions containing CP4-EPSPS protein from RR transgenic soybean, while no changes were detected after incubation with no-RR soybean proteins. These results suggest that the CP4-EPSPS was immobilized onto the electrode, due to the specific interaction with the anti-PEP. These results show that this antigen-antibody interaction can be detected by electrochemical techniques, suggesting that the anti-PEP produced can be used in electrochemical immunosensors development to quantify transgenic soybean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]