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La rougeole, les oreillons et la rubéole sont des maladies virales très contagieuses, considérées comme des « maladies inévitables » avant l'ère de la vaccination et contre lesquelles il n'existe aucun traitement efficace. Si elles évoluent le plus souvent favorablement en quelques jours, des complications sévères peuvent survenir et provoquer des séquelles physiques ou neurologiques permanentes et, dans de rares cas, la mort. La vaccination ROR présente une très bonne efficacité : après deux doses elle est estimée à plus de 97 % pour la rougeole, 100 % pour la rubéole et environ 90 % pour les oreillons. La vaccination est le seul moyen efficace de prévenir ces maladies. La rougeole est la plus grave des trois de ces trois maladies et l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) a pour objectif son élimination en Europe. Measles, mumps and rubella are highly contagious viral diseases, considered "unavoidable diseases" before the vaccination era and for which there is no effective treatment. While they usually resolve spontaneously within a few days, severe complications can occur, causing permanent physical or neurological sequelae and, in rare cases, death. The MMR vaccination is very effective: after two doses it is estimated at more than 97% for measles, 100% for rubella and about 90% for mumps. Vaccination is the only effective way to prevent these diseases. Measles is the most serious of the three diseases and the World Health Organization (WHO) aims to eliminate it from Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les vaccins hexavalents (Hexyon®, Infanrix Hexa® et Vaxelis®) sont la pierre angulaire des programmes de vaccination dans la majorité des pays du monde. Ils protègent contre 6 maladies : la diphtérie, le tétanos, la coqueluche, la poliomyélite, l'hépatite B et les infections à Haemophilus influenzae de type B. Ces infections qui peuvent avoir des complications graves, voire mortelles, touchent aujourd'hui essentiellement ceux qui ne sont pas vaccinés. L'efficacité sur le terrain est estimée à environ 85 % pour la coqueluche et plus de 95 % pour les autres maladies. Cette vaccination, obligatoire chez l'enfant en France, doit être administrée dès l'âge de 2 mois et revêt à la fois un objectif de protection individuelle et collective (effet de groupe). Hexavalent vaccines (Hexyon®, Infanrix Hexa® and Vaxelis®) are the cornerstones of vaccination programs in most countries of the world. They protect against 6 diseases: diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type B infections. These infections, which can have serious or even fatal complications, now mainly affect those who are not vaccinated. Effectiveness are estimated to be about 85% for pertussis and more than 95% for other diseases. This vaccination, which is mandatory for children in France, must be administered from the age of 2 months and has both an individual and collective protection objective (Herd immunity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of 25 drug target residues (illicit drugs or pharmaceutically active compounds) was investigated during 85 consecutive days in the influents of a wastewater treatment plant in the Region Centre-Val de Loire, France. This long tracking period allowed a better understanding of the patterns affecting the occurrence of this type of contaminants. Among them, 2 were never detected (i.e. heroin and amphetamine). Concerning illicit drugs two patterns were found. Cocaine and ecstasy median loads varied considerably between weekdays and weekend days (i.e. 18.3 and 35.9% respectively) whereas cannabis and heroin (based on 6-mono-acetylmorphine loads) loads were within the same order of magnitude with a significant statistical correlation with pharmaceuticals such as acetaminophen or ketoprofen. The consumption of selected drugs was back-calculated from the loads. Among illicit drugs the highest consumption was found for cannabis with a median consumption of 51 mg·day − 1 ·inhabitant − 1 (inh) whereas the median consumption for cocaine (based on benzoylecgonine loads) and ecstasy was 32 and 6 mg·day − 1 ·10 3 ·inh − 1 respectively. The highest consumption values of pharmaceutically active compounds (PACs) were found for acetaminophen and acetylsalicylic acid with 108.8 and 34.1 mg·day − 1 ·inh − 1 respectively, in good agreement with national sales data. A statistically significant weekly pattern was found for several PACs such as metoprolol and trimethoprim, but with the opposite pattern to that of illicit drugs. The variations in daily PAC loads could provide information about the mobility of people in the catchment, especially on the basis of daily taken PACs (i.e. to treat chronicle diseases). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of 15 pharmaceutically active compounds (PACs) in an urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was assessed in both influent and effluent samples. PACs were quantified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The sampling campaign was carried out during summer (n = 13) to assess the variation in both the influent concentrations and the removal efficiencies in similar climatic conditions. Among the selected PACs, all were quantified in influent samples but two of them were not systematically detected mainly due to the high quantification limit. PACs were detected at μg L −1 levels with a maximum concentration of 96.7 μg L −1 for Acetaminophen. The mean mass balance of the whole PAC pool during tracking was 448.5 and 26.3 g day −1 in influents and effluents respectively. However, the removal efficiency varied depending on the sample (e.g. between −20 and 50% for Diclofenac). The fate of PACs during water treatment therefore depends on the removal quality in general, highlighted by the removal of nitrogen or BOD 5 . As a result, effluent concentrations were variable, unlike influent concentrations which were used to correctly assess the consumption behaviour of the population around the sampled WWTP. Although the daily mass loads were comparable with those found in other studies in Europe for the same type of WWTP, the estimated consumption sometimes exhibited significant differences with the theoretical one. These differences depend on the mode of consumption, i.e. whether the therapeutic class treats chronic or episodic diseases, and on the scale gap between estimated and theoretical concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'hyperleucocytose paranéoplasique est un syndrome hématologique rare défini par un taux de leucocyte supérieur à 50 G/L, en lien avec la sécrétion de G-CSF (Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor) par une tumeur solide. Nous rapportons l'observation d'un homme de 59 ans, sans antécédent, ni intoxication éthylo-tabagique, ayant présenté une altération de l'état général, un ictère cutanéomuqueux et un syndrome occlusif. Le scanner puis l'échoendoscopie avec biopsies montraient un adénocarcinome pancréato-biliaire peu différencié, d'emblée métastatique au niveau hépatique, rénale et ganglionnaire, nécessitant la pose de prothèses biliaire et duodénale. Au diagnostic, il existait une leucocytose modérée à 17 G/L dont 12,5 G/L de polynucléaires neutrophiles (PNN), sans argument pour une cause infectieuse retrouvée avant le début d'un traitement de première ligne par GEMCITABINE et CISPLATINE. Un mois plus tard, hospitalisation pour une hémorragie digestive basse compliquée de déglobulisation en lien avec un saignement tumoral intra prothétique. Majoration de l'hyperleucocytose à 75 G/L avec prédominance neutrophilique associée à une hyperéosinophilie à 5 G/L sans cellule blastique circulante. Le bilan infectieux avec hémocultures, ECBU, ponction d'ascite était négatif. Au myélogramme la moelle était réactionnelle sans élément blastique ni envahissement tumoral. Le dosage plasmatique de G-CSF, afin de mettre en évidence une hypersécrétion tumorale, n'a pas pu être réalisé en routine et jugé non pertinent pour le patient. Début d'un traitement par Hydroxycarbamide 3 g/jour sans efficacité, avec majoration progressive de l'hyperleucytose jusqu'à 214 G/L dont 171 G/L de PNN dans un contexte tumoral non contrôlé conduisant au décès du patient. L'hyperleucocytose paranéoplasique est un diagnostic d'élimination. Il nécessite d'exclure une origine iatrogène par la prise de G-CSF exogène ou l'administration de corticoïdes, une origine infectieuse avec prélèvements infectieux répétés et recherche de foyers infectieux profonds par une imagerie, ainsi qu'une hémopathie maligne sous-jacente, principalement une leucémie aiguë ou myéloïde chronique. Il convient de réaliser des frottis sanguins et une exploration médullaire, mettant en évidence une moelle osseuse de richesse augmentée avec hyperplasie médullaire, sans infiltration de cellules blastiques. La confirmation d'une sécrétion de G-CSF par la tumeur peut être réalisée par dosage plasmatique ou par technique d'immunohistochimie avec des anticorps anti-G-CSF en anatomopathologie. Dans une série de 758 patients avec hyperleucocytose majeure dans un contexte de tumeur maligne, Granger et al. ont montré une prévalence d'environ 10 % d'hyperleucocytose paranéoplasique, principalement en lien avec des tumeurs non ou peu différenciées, d'origine pulmonaire, digestive (pancréato-biliaire) ou cutanée. Ces tumeurs présentaient le plus souvent une masse tumorale importante et/ou un stade métastatique étendu. La mortalité à 3 mois était de 76 % s'expliquant par le stade tumorale avancé et les complications de l'hyperleucocytose comme les syndromes de leucostase pulmonaire, cérébrale ou digestif. Le traitement repose sur la chimiothérapie ou la chirurgie de la tumeur sous-jacente. Le syndrome d'hyperleucocytose paranéoplasique est rare et de mauvais pronostic. Il nécessite l'exclusion des causes iatrogènes, infectieuses et hématologiques malignes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Regioselective chlorination of fully unprotected maltotriose has given in high yield 1I,2I–III,3I–III,4III-octa-O-acetyl-6I–III-trichloro-6I–III-trideoxymaltotriose. Moreover, regioselective ditritylation of methyl β-maltotrioside has provided the two regioselectively C6-disubstituted trisaccharides. Selective deprotection of these new compounds gives the corresponding diol and halogenated analogues, respectively, in good yield. All compounds have been completely characterized and the substitution pattern in the oligosaccharidic sequence has been elucidated. A new family of amphiphilic carbohydrates, namely the 6-deoxy-6-alkylthiomaltotriose derivatives, bearing either two or three thioalkyl hydrophobic chains, respectively, has been synthesized. Critical micellar concentration (CMC) values as well as the antimicrobial properties have been evaluated for amphiphilic compounds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The lectin-like theory suggest that yeast flocculation is mediated by an aggregating lectinic factor. In this study we isolated an agglutinating factor, which corresponds to lectin, from whole cells by treating the flocculent wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 625 strain and its weakly flocculent mutant [rho°] with EDTA and two non-ionic surfactants (Hecameg and HTAC). The dialysed crude extracts obtained in this way agglutinated erythrocytes and this hemagglutination was specifically inhibited by mannose and mannose derivatives. However, SDS-PAGE profiles showed that the three reagents had different effects on the yeast cells. The non-ionic surfactants appeared to be the most efficient, as their extracts possessed the highest specific agglutinating activity. The products released by the wild-type strain presented a higher specific agglutinating activity than those released by the [rho°] mutant. Purification of the agglutinating factor from extracts of both strains by affinity chromatography revealed two active bands of relative mass of 26 and 47 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Mass spectrometry analysis by MALDI-TOF, identified a 26 kDa band as the triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) whereas a 47 kDa band was identical to enolase. Edman degradation showed that the N-terminal sequences of these proteins were similar to TPI and enolase, respectively. The difference in the flocculation behaviour of the two strains is due to changes in the protein composition of the cell wall and in the protein structure involved in cell-cell recognition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In studies of yeast flocculation it has been found that low concentrations of vanadium contained in sodium orthovanadate do not affect the growth and the cell–cell adhesion of the yeast Kluyveromyces bulgaricus, whereas high concentrations delay the growth of the yeasts and strongly inhibit flocculation. Moreover, higher sensitivity to Hygromycin B and calcofluor white was taken to imply altered cell wall integrity which is supported by compositional analysis of the extracted phosphopeptidomannans. Yeasts grown on sodium orthovanadate show a decrease in the percentage of phosphopeptidomannans and their compositions. It is proposed that the vanadium contained in sodium orthovanadate has a similar conformation to phosphorus and competes with phosphorus in phosphorylated compounds. The decrease of carbohydrate components and phosphorus linking to phosphopeptidomannans detected may alter their structure and modify ligand binding properties. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Global Trimethoprim (TMP) and Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) occurrences in raw wastewaters were systematically collected from the literature (n = 140 articles) in order to assess the relevance of using the SMX/TMP ratio as a marker of the main origin of wastewaters. These two antibiotics were selected due to their frequent use in association (i.e. co-trimoxazole) in a 5:1 ratio (SMX:TMP) for medication purposes, generating a unique opportunity to globally evaluate the validity of this ratio based on concentration values. Several parameters (e.g. sorption, biodegradation) may affect the theoretical SMX/TMP ratio. However, the collected data highlighted the good agreement between the theoretical ratio and the experimental one, especially in wastewater treatment plant influents and hospital effluents. Only livestock effluents displayed a very high SMX/TMP ratio, indicative of the very significant use of sulfonamide alone in this industry. Conversely, several countries displayed low SMX/TMP ratio values, highlighting local features in the human pharmacopoeia. This review provides new insights in order to develop an easy to handle and sound marker of wastewater origins (i.e. human/livestock), beyond atypical local customs. Unlabelled Image • SMX and TMP are distributed worldwide within raw wastewaters. • The roughness of the theoretical SMX/TMP ratio was evaluated. • Variation of ratio was highlighted as a function of prophylactic recommendation. • SMX/TMP ratio is a selective indicator of the main origin of wastewaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a better understanding of the preservation of organic matter in clay minerals, the adsorption of a model humic substance, the Gallic Acid (GA), onto a Na-montmorillonite (Na Mt) was performed in batch situation for various experimental conditions (pH = 2, 5, 7) in order to mimic the natural context. The adsorption efficiency and change in the clay mineral were characterized via a set of complementary experimental techniques (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, elemental analyses). Adsorption isotherms at the equilibrium were fitted with the models of Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevitch allowing one to precisely quantify the adsorption through the derived fitting parameters. From the adsorption data combined with complementary results of the modeled humic-clay complexes, different types of interactional mechanisms were inferred as a function of background acidity: (i) at pH = 2 while protonated GA was the preponderant form, anionic GA species can be adsorbed to the Na Mt surface through electrostatic interaction, leading to the a slight covering of the clay surface favoring in a second step the GA adsorption by π-π and Van der Waals forces; XRD patterns corroborated via TGA and FT/IR results suggested the actual intercalation of the phenolic acid within the interlayer space; (ii) At pH = 5, above the pKa of phenolic acid, only 20% of the protonated form subsisted and these species were adsorbed via coordinative bonding, without however any perceptible intercalation; (iii) and in the regime with neutral environment (pH = 7), the preponderance of GA anionic species led to a poor adsorption which appeared to be only located at the external surface of the clay mineral. • Gallic acid (GA) adsorption onto Na Mt was performed in batch conditions. • Data were fitted to Dubinin-Radushkevitch, Langmuir and Freundlich equations. • Following the acidity, both edge and interlayer interactions modes were observed. • GA intercalates under its neutral form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECAs) are those that can bind to endothelial cells (ECs) via variable region-specific interactions. The identification and quantification of AECAs varies depending on the technique used. The best approach would be to combine at least two different methods. Thus, AECA measurement cannot be considered a diagnostic tool, but the detection and titers of AECAs are associated with disease activity in various systemic vasculitis diseases. AECAs have been described in almost all primary systemic vasculitis diseases but also in many secondary vasculitis diseases, with the identification of various antigens. AECAs may play a pathogenic role in vasculitis, both in vitro and in vivo, mainly via EC activation and induction of apoptosis. We used a systematic review of the literature to better define the prevalence, clinical association, targeted antigens, possible pathophysiologic role and clinical usefulness of AECAs in various types of vasculitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectifs: La diversification alimentaire permet de répondre à l’accroissement des besoins nutritionnels du nourrissons. En 2003, le comité de Nutrition de la SFP conseille de débuter de façon progressive entre 4 et 6 mois pour les nourrissons sans antécédent atopique et d’attendre 6 mois pour ceux à risque allergique. Population et Méthodes: Enquête prospective entre novembre 2006 et janvier 2007. 315 questionnaires remises à des parturientes à la visite de sortie de suite de couches. Appel téléphonique à 6 mois concernant 301 nourrissons et leur alimentation (14 perdus de vue). Résultats: 62,1 % des femmes débutent un allaitement mais 31,6 % d’entre elles le poursuivent à 6 mois. La quasi-totalité (98,9 %) des nourrissons qui ne sont pas allaités à 6 mois reçoivent une préparation infantile adaptée. La diversification est débutée avant 6 mois pour 199 nourrissons. L’âge moyen de diversification est de 4,8 mois. 32,2 % des parents ont fait une diversification très précoce, avant 4 mois ou avant 6 mois pour les enfants à risque d’atopie. L’introduction de gluten à 6 mois ne concerne que 6 % des enfants diversifiés, celle des protéines animales 9,5 %. Les mères jeunes, multipares, vivant seules, en milieu rural, avec niveau socio-économique plus faible ont une diversification plus inadaptée (p < 0,05). Conclusion: Notre étude montre que près d’un tiers des nourrissons n’ont pas une diversification adaptée et qu’il y a une population à risque sur laquelle doivent cibler en priorité les programmes d’éducation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]