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Individual differences in one's capacity to co-experience positive affect with other people –a construct recently coined as positivity resonance (Fredrickson, 2013, 2016)– has been associated with optimal psychological functioning among undergraduate students, adults, and couples in the United States. However, its psychological benefits remain unknown in non-Western cultural contexts. This brief report examined the associations of positivity resonance with relatedness needs satisfaction and psychological flourishing among early adults (n = 218; M age = 21.0, SD age = 3.01) in the Philippines via a cross-sectional design. An online survey containing scales to assess positivity resonance, relatedness needs satisfaction, and flourishing was administered to participants. Results showed that positivity resonance was linked to greater flourishing through its positive association with relatedness needs satisfaction. This study enriches our understanding of interpersonal processes underpinning the links of positive resonance to mental health functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Several studies have reported associations between long term exposure to air pollutants and cause-specific mortality. However, since the concentrations of air pollutants in Asia are much higher compared to those reported in North American and European cohort studies, cohort studies on long term effects of air pollutants in Asia are needed for disease burden assessment and to inform policy. Objectives To assess the effects of long-term exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ), black carbon (BC) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) on cause-specific mortality in an elderly cohort in Hong Kong. Methods In a cohort of 66,820 participants who were older than or equal to 65 years old in Hong Kong from 1998 to 2011, air pollutant concentrations were estimated by land use regression and assigned to the residential addresses of all participants at baseline and for each year during a 11 year follow up period. Hazard ratios (HRs) of cause-specific mortality (including all natural cause, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality) associated with air pollutants were estimated with Cox models, including a number of personal and area-level socioeconomic, demographic, and lifestyle factors. Results The median concentration of PM 2.5 during the baseline period was 42.2 μg/m 3 with an IQR of 5.5 μg/m 3 , 12.1 (9.6) μg/m 3 for BC and 104 (25.6) μg/m 3 for NO 2 . For PM 2.5 , adjusted HR per IQR increase and per 10 μg/m 3 for natural cause mortality was 1.03 (95%CI: 1.01, 1.06) and 1.06 (95%CI: 1.02, 1.11) respectively. The corresponding HR were 1.06 (95%CI: 1.02, 1.10) and 1.01 (95%CI: 0.96, 1.06) for cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease mortality, respectively. For BC, the HR of an interquartile range increase for all natural cause mortality was 1.03 (95%CI: 1.00, 1.05). The corresponding HR was 1.07 (95%CI: 1.03, 1.11) and 0.99 (95%CI: 0.94, 1.04) for cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease mortality. For NO 2 , almost all HRs were approximately 1.0, except for IHD (ischemic heart disease) mortality. Conclusion Long-term exposure to ambient PM 2.5 and BC was associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular mortality. Despite far higher air pollution exposure concentrations, HRs per unit increase in PM 2.5 were similar to those from recent comparable studies in North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Epidemiological studies typically use subjects' residential address to estimate individuals' air pollution exposure. However, in reality this exposure is rarely static as people move from home to work/study locations and commute during the day. Integrating mobility and time-activity data may reduce errors and biases, thereby improving estimates of health risks. Objectives To incorporate land use regression with movement and building infiltration data to estimate time-weighted air pollution exposures stratified by age, sex, and employment status for population subgroups in Hong Kong. Methods A large population-representative survey (N = 89,385) was used to characterize travel behavior, and derive time-activity pattern for each subject. Infiltration factors calculated from indoor/outdoor monitoring campaigns were used to estimate micro-environmental concentrations. We evaluated dynamic and static (residential location-only) exposures in a staged modeling approach to quantify effects of each component. Results Higher levels of exposures were found for working adults and students due to increased mobility. Compared to subjects aged 65 or older, exposures to PM 2.5 , BC, and NO 2 were 13%, 39% and 14% higher, respectively for subjects aged below 18, and 3%, 18% and 11% higher, respectively for working adults. Exposures of females were approximately 4% lower than those of males. Dynamic exposures were around 20% lower than ambient exposures at residential addresses. Conclusions The incorporation of infiltration and mobility increased heterogeneity in population exposure and allowed identification of highly exposed groups. The use of ambient concentrations may lead to exposure misclassification which introduces bias, resulting in lower effect estimates than ‘true’ exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Rapid urbanization has significantly increased air pollution especially in urban regions with high traffic volumes. Existing methods for estimating traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) and TRAP-related health impacts are based on two-dimensional modelling. This paper describes a point-based methodology to monitor vertical pollutant concentrations in typical street canyons of Hong Kong. It explains the conceptual design, monitoring strategy and selection criteria for a limited number of receptor locations in street canyons to undertake field measurements for both outdoor exposure and indoor infiltration. It also expounds on the limitations and complications associated with field instrumentation and retention of participating home units. The empirical results were applied on the building infiltration efficiencies assessment. It is concluded that the cost-effective field methodology developed in this paper expects to strike a balance between exposure error and limited data locations. These findings will have important implications in future monitoring design of vertical TRAP exposure to support health studies. Graphical abstract This paper describes a conceptual framework and methodology for a large project of continuous monitoring of vertical traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) in Hong Kong using six monitoring sites (four street canyons and two open streets). It offers a set of criteria for selecting typical street canyons and documents the methodologies for vertical TRAP monitoring of outdoor exposure and indoor infiltration. Limitations and challenges for implementation in the field are also discussed. Unlabelled Image Highlights • Existing traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) monitoring is largely 2D based. • Field methodology for continuous monitoring of vertical TRAP in 3D is proposed. • Vertical behavior of pollutants important to inform health threats in urban areas • Seasonal average infiltration rates in homes were high, notably in cool season. • Method can strike a balance between measurement errors and limited data sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use regression (LUR) is a common method of predicting spatial variability of air pollution to estimate exposure. Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), nitric oxide (NO), fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), and black carbon (BC) concentrations were measured during two sampling campaigns (April–May and November–January) in Hong Kong (a prototypical high-density high-rise city). Along with 365 potential geospatial predictor variables, these concentrations were used to build two-dimensional land use regression (LUR) models for the territory. Summary statistics for combined measurements over both campaigns were: a) NO 2 ( Mean = 106 μg/m 3 , SD = 38.5, N = 95), b) NO ( M = 147 μg/m 3 , SD = 88.9, N = 40), c) PM 2.5 ( M = 35 μg/m 3 , SD = 6.3, N = 64), and BC ( M = 10.6 μg/m 3 , SD = 5.3, N = 76). Final LUR models had the following statistics: a) NO 2 (R 2 = 0.46, RMSE = 28 μg/m 3 ) b) NO (R 2 = 0.50, RMSE = 62 μg/m 3 ), c) PM 2.5 (R 2 = 0.59; RMSE = 4 μg/m 3 ), and d) BC (R 2 = 0.50, RMSE = 4 μg/m 3 ). Traditional LUR predictors such as road length, car park density, and land use types were included in most models. The NO 2 prediction surface values were highest in Kowloon and the northern region of Hong Kong Island (downtown Hong Kong). NO showed a similar pattern in the built-up region. Both PM 2.5 and BC predictions exhibited a northwest-southeast gradient, with higher concentrations in the north (close to mainland China). For BC, the port was also an area of elevated predicted concentrations. The results matched with existing literature on spatial variation in concentrations of air pollutants and in relation to important emission sources in Hong Kong. The success of these models suggests LUR is appropriate in high-density, high-rise cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]