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Abstract: A major problem with fermentative ethanol production is the formation of large amounts of numerous organic pollutants. In an industrial distillery, stillage, fermenter and condenser cooling water are the main sources of wastewater. However, the selection of a proper technology makes it possible to almost completely avoid emissions of such kind of wastewater to the environment. This study examines the effect of stillage recirculation on fuel ethanol production. It is based on the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a granular starch hydrolyzing enzyme in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process using a native starch obtained from corn flour. It was shown that the yield of the ethanol production was not influenced by the recycled stillage, a mean yield being 83.38% of the theoretical value. No significant trend for change in the ethanol concentration or in the residual starch was observed during any particular run, even after the 75% of fresh water was replaced with stillage. Thus, by applying this new clean technology it is possible to significantly reduce the rate of water consumption and in this way the production of by-products such as stillage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights • Trehalose ensures the highest survival of L. lactis during drying and storage at 20 °C. • Spray-drying is an attractive alternative to freeze-drying for properly protected cells. • Spray-dried cells protected with skimmed milk showed the highest resistance to simulated digestion. • Cells from spray-dried skimmed milk-protected preparation had the highest in vitro adhesion ability. Abstract In order to assess the essential probiotic properties of a strain dedicated for administration in humans and animals, characteristics of finally formulated products, rather than the cells solely, seems to be of crucial importance. In this study, composition of protective blends for manufacture of L. lactis probiotic powders was optimized using a statistical experimental design. The powders, generated by either spray- or freeze-drying techniques, were subsequently subjected to storage testing, and in vitro digestion in simulated stomach and small intestine. Finally, maintenance of adherence capability to human enterocyte-like cell lines, was evaluated. Our data demonstrated that 10% trehalose ensures the highest viability of L. lactis bacteria upon both drying techniques (viability of 60–68%). Moreover, skimmed milk-protected spray-dried cells exhibit the highest resistance to harsh environmental conditions of stomach (53.9 ± 7.6% survival rate) and higher adhesion ability to HT-29 cell line after digestion (528 ± 29 cells per 100 epithelial cells). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biapenem is parenteral carbapenem antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity. The objective of the study was to confirm that β -radiation irradiation with electron beam with a delivered dose of 25 kGy allows to obtain a sterile biapen, characterized by unchanged physicochemical and microbiological properties. Biological and chemical changes of biapenem were only observed when 400 kGy was used (the dose 16 times higher than dose needed to sterilization). The degradation product from radiolysis was identified by the LC-MS/MS method. Radiosterilization Radiation sterilization is safe and effective method of biapenem sterilization. • Radiosterilization is a safe and effective method for obtaining sterile biapenem. • The safety of radiosterilization was studied by FT-IR, Raman, XRPD techniques. • The effectiveness of biapenem radiosterilization was confirmed by microbiological tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]