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Borophosphate-based glass materials have the potential to revolutionize optical technology because of their outstanding optical properties, long-lasting nature, and cost-effectiveness. The present research addresses the intricate functions of rare earth and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) in borophosphate glass, which have significant potential for optical photonic and medical applications by incorporating Dy3+ ions and Cu NPs. We developed novel hybrid glasses through the melt-quenching technique, which includes the creation of functional groups and the establishment of bonds between P2O5 and B2O3, as confirmed by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. UV–visible absorption spectra were used to identify the presence of Cu⁺ and Cu (Saeed et al., 2021) [2]⁺ ions and Cu nanoparticles, with the absorption peaks indicating their respective states. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of energy transfer in a glass matrix that is co-doped with dysprosium ions (Dy3+) have been studied. The experimental findings of this research not only provide valuable information about the physical properties of borophosphate glass but also emphasize the collaborative relationship between the rare-earth ion and copper nano-powders. The Tauc plot analysis demonstrated a correlation between the concentration of Cu and Dy dopants and a decrease in the energy band gap of the glass. This suggests that these dopants influence the electronic structure of the glass. This study opens up possibilities for creating innovative photonic materials with customized optical attributes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ginsenoside fraction from Panax ginseng decreased the acetylated protein levels of spliceosome in cardiomyocytes. • Ginsenoside Rb2 inhibited SF3A2 acetylation at lysine 10 to promote mitochondrial function against myocardial ischemic/reperfusion injury. • Ginsenoside Rb2 promoted Fscn1 alternative splicing to enhance mitochondrial respiration. • The decreased acetylation of SF3A2 (K 10) by ginsenoside Rb2 was mediated by p300 inhibition. Ginsenosides (GS) derived from Panax ginseng can regulate protein acetylation to promote mitochondrial function for protecting cardiomyocytes. However, the potential mechanisms of GS for regulating acetylation modification are not yet clear. This study aimed to explore the potential mechanisms of GS in regulating protein acetylation and identify ginsenoside monomer for fighting myocardial ischemia-related diseases. The 4D-lable free acetylomic analysis was employed to gain the acetylated proteins regulated by GS pretreatment. The co-immunoprecipitation assay, immunofluorescent staining, and mitochondrial respiration measurement were performed to detect the effect of GS or ginsenoside monomer on acetylated protein level and mitochondrial function. RNA sequencing, site-specific mutation, and shRNA interference were used to explore the downstream targets of acetylation modificationby GS. Cellular thermal shift assay and surface plasmon resonance were used for identifying the binding of ginsenoside with target protein. In the cardiomyocytes of normal, oxygen glucose deprivation and/or reperfusion conditions, the acetylomic analysis identified that the acetylated levels of spliceosome proteins were inhibited by GS pretreatment and SF3A2 acetylation at lysine 10 (K 10) was significantly decreased as a potential target of GS. Ginsenoside Rb2 was identified as one of the active ginsenoside monomers for reducing the acetylation of SF3A2 (K 10), which enhanced mitochondrial respiration against myocardial ischemic injury in in vivo and in vitro experiments. RNA-seq analysis showed that ginsenoside Rb2 promoted alternative splicing of mitochondrial function-related genes and the level of fascin actin-bundling protein 1 (Fscn1) was obviously upregulated, which was dependent on SF3A2 acetylation. Critically, thermodynamic, kinetic and enzymatic experiments demonstrated that ginsenoside Rb2 directly interacted with p300 for inhibiting its activity. These findings provide a novel mechanism underlying cardiomyocyte protection of ginsenoside Rb2 by inhibiting p300-mediated SF3A2 acteylation for promoting Fscn1 expression, which might be a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of myocardial ischemic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, ultra-small nickel nanoparticles on NiFe 2 O 4 (Ni@NiFe 2 O 4) and Ni@NiFe 2 O 4 /ZnO magnetic nanocomposites were synthesized and utilized for the solar light-driven photocatalytic degradation of cefadroxil. The drug cefadroxil is widely used to treat bacterial infections and cefadroxil is a non-biodegradable pharmaceutical compound detected in the groundwater sources because of its low removal efficiency. The Raman active phonon at 540 cm−1 confirms the presence of Ni nanoparticles at the surface of NiFe 2 O 4 /ZnO. DR-UV-Vis analysis exhibited surface plasmon resonance at 350 nm for ultra-small nickel nanoparticles. The observed optical bandgap values for Ni@NiFe 2 O 4 and NiFe 2 O 4 /ZnO are 1.2 eV and 2.43 eV, respectively. Which indicates that these magnetic nanocomposites can be utilized for the mineralization of cefadroxil (β-lactam antibiotic) under ambient environmental conditions. The efficiency was determined by the direct solar light driven photocatalytic oxidation of cefadroxil in the presence and absence of peroxymonosulphate (PMS). The experimental findings exhibits that ∼95 % of cefadroxil (CDL) was eliminated by the ultra-small Ni@NiFe 2 O 4 /ZnO within 60 min (k = 7.5 × 10−4 s−1) of direct solar light irradiation. Further, the addition of PMS enhanced the photodegradation to achieve 100 % cefadroxil oxidation within 40 min (k = 25 × 10−4 s−1) of direct sunlight. The efficiency of the nanocatalyst was compared with controlled experiments and was found to be Fe 2 O 3 < ZnO < TiO 2 (P25) < Ni@NiFe 2 O 4 < Ni@NiFe 2 O 4 /ZnO under absence and presence of PMS. Moreover, ultra-small Ni@NiFe 2 O 4 /ZnO nanophotocatalyst were stable up to 3 consecutive cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has garnered significant attention in cancer treatment, however, the low-yield reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation from sonosensitizers remains a major challenge. In this study, titanium boride nanosheets (TiB 2 NSs) with photo-enhanced sonodynamic efficiency was fabricated for SDT of glioblastoma (GBM). Compared with commonly-used TiO 2 nanoparticles, the obtained TiB 2 NSs exhibited much higher ROS generation efficiency under ultrasound (US) irradiation due to their narrower band gap (2.50 eV). Importantly, TiB 2 NSs displayed strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect in the second near-infrared (NIR II) window, which facilitated charge transfer rate and improved the separation efficiency of US-triggered electron–hole pairs, leading to photo-enhanced ROS generation efficiency. Furthermore, TiB 2 NSs were encapsulated with macrophage cell membranes (CM) and then modified with RGD peptide to construct biomimetic nanoagents (TiB 2 @CM-RGD) for efficient blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrating and GBM targeting. After intravenous injection into the tumor-bearing mouse, TiB 2 @CM-RGD can efficiently cross BBB and accumulate in the tumor sites. The tumor growth was significantly inhibited under simultaneous NIR II laser and US irradiation without causing appreciable long-term toxicity. Our work highlighted a new type of multifunctional titanium-based sonosensitizer with photo-enhanced sonodynamic efficiency for GBM treatment. Titanium boride nanosheets (TiB 2 NSs) with photo-enhanced sonodynamic efficiency was fabricated for SDT of glioblastoma (GBM). The obtained TiB 2 NSs displayed strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect in the second near-infrared (NIR II) window, which facilitated charge transfer rate and improved the separation efficiency of US-triggered electron-hole pairs, leading to photo-enhanced ROS generation efficiency. Furthermore, TiB 2 NSs were encapsulated with macrophage cell membranes (CM) and then modified with RGD peptide to construct biomimetic nanoagents (TiB 2 @CM-RGD) for efficient blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrating and GBM targeting. After intravenous injection into the tumor-bearing mouse, TiB 2 @CM-RGD can efficiently cross BBB and accumulate in the tumor sites. The tumor growth was significantly inhibited under simultaneous NIR II laser and US irradiation without causing appreciable long-term toxicity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of photocatalysts that maximize the utilization of the solar spectrum is crucial to achieving efficient photocatalysis. Herein, the synthesized W 18 O 49 @ZnIn 2 S 4 hollow hierarchical structure exhibits superior photothermal-assisted hydrogen (H 2) photocatalytic performance under full solar spectrum irradiation. Within this photocatalyst design framework, the use of hollow spherical W 18 O 49 exploits the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) effect, resulting in increased light absorption. This imparts additional energy to photogenerate carriers through ZnIn 2 S 4 , expediting charge migration and elevating the temperature of the reaction system, consequently facilitating the separation of carriers. Notably, the optimized WO(16h)@ZIS-10 sample shows impressive hydrogen evolution rates of 3.11 mmol g−1 under sunlight exposure and 4.98 mmol g−1 h−1 under composite illumination of AM 1.5G and near-infrared (NIR). Additionally, the study explores the impact of different heating methods on photocatalytic activity in solid-liquid reactions, providing valuable insights into effective solar energy conversion through high-activity solar-assisted photocatalysts. The W 18 O 49 @ZnIn 2 S 4 photothermal catalysts with suitable core-shell thickness was developed, which can efficiently utilize the hot electrons from LSPR effect, thus display a superior hydrogen evolution performance with photothermal synergistic effect. [Display omitted] • Successful construction of a hollow layered structure of core-shell W 18 O 49 @ZnIn 2 S 4. • High hydrogen production activity and stability. • Good practical application prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in cancer drug delivery have various drawbacks. To address these constraints, a new paradigm for the creation of AuNPs from microorganisms is being explored due to its cost-effectiveness, mass production capability, and substantial environmental impact. Herein, we described a facile method for biosynthesis of AuNPs employing the radiation-resistant extremophile bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans culture filtrate (cell free supernatant) as a reducing agent and capping agent in an aqueous solution without any external energy. The synthesis of AuNPs was inferred by the color change from pale red to purple that was supported by various characterization tools. The UV–visible spectrum has an absorption peak at 542 nm, which highlights the excitation and Surface Plasmon resonance of AuNPs. The FT-IR was used to examine the functionalization of the biosynthesized AuNPs. The FESEM image of AuNPs are spherical in shape and range in size from 30 to 50 nm and the AuNPs was functionalized with Polyvinylpyrrolidone and further conjugated with the targeting vehicle folate for the delivery of Quercetin. The drug release of Quercetin shows 90 % at 22 hours. Functionalized AuNPs demonstrated dose-dependent cytotoxicity in this investigation against the human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. Furthermore, the study of apoptotic induction using the AO/EB staining approach demonstrates the obvious morphological alterations brought on by induced apoptosis. Based on the administration of Quercetin, DNA damage has been shown by DNA fragmentation analysis. AuNPs from the culture filtrate of bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans are being actively synthesized and functionalized for a targeted anticancer drug delivery system in the current work. [Display omitted] • Microbial mediated AuNps are synthesized from the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. • The particle Size of AuNps ranging from 10 to 50 nm is used for Qur drug delivery. • The Nanocomposite [AuNPs-PVP-FA-Qur] shows an excellent anticancer potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vivo molecular imaging tools hold immense potential to drive transformative breakthroughs by enabling researchers to visualize cellular and molecular interactions in real-time and/or at high resolution. These advancements will facilitate a deeper understanding of fundamental biological processes and their dysregulation in disease states. Here, we develop and characterize a self-assembling protein nanomicelle called collagen type I binding – thermoresponsive assembled protein (Col1-TRAP) that binds tightly to type I collagen in vitro with nanomolar affinity. For ex vivo visualization, Col1-TRAP is labeled with a near-infrared fluorescent dye (NIR-Col1-TRAP). Both Col1-TRAP and NIR-Col1-TRAP display approximately a 3.8-fold greater binding to type I collagen compared to TRAP when measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). We present a proof-of-concept study using NIR-Col1-TRAP to detect fibrotic type I collagen deposition ex vivo in the livers of mice with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We show that NIR-Col1-TRAP demonstrates significantly decreased plasma recirculation time as well as increased liver accumulation in the NASH mice compared to mice without disease over 4 hours. As a result, NIR-Col1-TRAP shows potential as an imaging probe for NASH with in vivo targeting performance after injection in mice. Direct molecular imaging of fibrosis in NASH patients enables the diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression with greater specificity and resolution than do elastography-based methods or blood tests. In addition, protein-based imaging probes are more advantageous than alternatives due to their biodegradability and scalable biosynthesis. With the aid of computational modeling, we have designed a self-assembled protein micelle that binds to fibrillar and monomeric collagen in vitro. After the protein was labeled with near-infrared fluorescent dye, we injected the compound into mice fed on a NASH diet. NIR-Col1-TRAP clears from the serum faster in these mice compared to control mice, and accumulates significantly more in fibrotic livers.This work advances the development of targeted protein probes for in vivo fibrosis imaging. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic hydrogen production with simultaneous degradation of organic pollutants by using solar energy provide a promising strategy to solve the energy and environmental issue in the future. However, for onefold wide band-gap semiconductor, the poor photocatalytic efficiency limits its application on a large scale due to its easy recombination of photo-generated electron-hole pairs and low solar energy utilization. Herein, a novel Z-scheme BiVO 4 (040)-Bi-(NaYF 4 :Er,Yb,Tm@BiOBr)/Bi photocatalyst is prepared via photo-assisted isoelectric point method. In this composite photocatalyst, up-convention luminescence material, NaYF 4 :Er,Yb,Tm, can offer more ultraviolet light and visible light to intensify the activations of BiOBr and metal Bi nanoparticles, respectively. Furthermore, the formation of Z-scheme BiVO 4 (040)-BiOBr photocatalystic sytem, the spatial separation of the BiVO 4 (040) and BiVO 4 (110) facets and the presence of metal Bi surface plasmon resonance effect are contributed to the high-efficiency separation of the photo-generated electron-hole pairs. The experimental results show that as-prepared Z-scheme BiVO 4 (040)-Bi-(NaYF 4 :Er,Yb,Tm@BiOBr)/Bi photocatalyst exhibits advanced photocatalytic hydrogen production amount (192.0 μm) and excellent degradation ratio of malachite green (88.51 %) under simulated sunlight irradiation for 5.0 h. The apparent quantum yield of the Z-scheme BiVO 4 (040)-Bi-(NaYF 4 :Er,Yb,Tm@BiOBr)/Bi photocatalyst at 420 nm reaches a specific value of 5.8 %. In addition, Z-scheme BiVO 4 (040)-Bi-(NaYF 4 :Er,Yb,Tm@BiOBr)/Bi photocatalyst also remains a high stability in the photocatalytic hydrogen production with simultaneous degradation of malachite green within six reuse. At last, the possible reaction mechanism and degradation pathways of malachite green caused by Z-scheme BiVO 4 (040)-Bi-(NaYF 4 :Er,Yb,Tm@BiOBr)/Bi photocatalyst under simulated sunlight irradiation are put forward. • A high-efficiency BiVO 4 (040)-Bi-(NaYF 4 :Er,Yb,Tm@BiOBr)/Bi photocatalyst is prepared. • NaYF 4 :Er,Yb,Tm offers UV and VS lights to intensify activations of BiOBr and Bi. • The occurrence of SPR effect of Bi nanoparticles inhibits e− and h+ recombination. • BiVO 4 achieves the separation of photo-induced carrier on the (040) and (110) facet. • Malachite green is used as sacrifice agent for enhancing photocatalytic H 2 evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell wall peptidoglycan binding domains (CBDs) of cell lytic enzymes, including bacteriocins, autolysins and bacteriophage endolysins, enable highly selective bacterial binding, and thus, have potential as biorecognition molecules for nondestructive bacterial detection. Here, a novel design for a self-complementing split fluorescent protein (FP) complex is proposed, where a multimeric FP chain fused with specific CBDs ((FP-CBD) n) is assembled inside the cell, to improve sensitivity by enhancing the signal generated upon Staphylococcus aureus or Bacillus anthracis binding. Flow cytometry shows enhanced fluorescence on the cell surface with increasing FP stoichiometry and surface plasmon resonance reveals nanomolar binding affinity to isolated peptidoglycan. The breadth of function of these complexes is demonstrated through the use of CBD modularity and the ability to attach enzymatic detection modalities. Horseradish peroxidase-coupled (FP-CBD) n complexes generate a catalytic amplification, with the degree of amplification increasing as a function of FP length, reaching a limit of detection (LOD) of 103 cells/droplet (approximately 0.1 ng S. aureus or B. anthracis) within 15 min on a polystyrene surface. These fusion proteins can be multiplexed for simultaneous detection. Multimeric split FP-CBD fusions enable use as a biorecognition molecule with enhanced signal for use in bacterial biosensing platforms. [Display omitted] • Multimeric fluorescent protein (FP) chain with cell wall binding domains (CBDs). • Self-complementing split FP complexation with specific CBDs inside the cell. • Enhanced signal generation upon target bacteria binding induced by multimeric CBDs. • Amplified colorimetric signals of HRP-coupled FP-CBD fusions for bacteria sensing. • Multiple FP-CBD fusions for simultaneous detection of different bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-band electrochromic windows have emerged as a promising approach to reduce building energy consumption. However, developing facile and effective method for preparing single-component dual-band electrochromic material remains a challenge. Herein, an in situ carbothermal reduction strategy was utilized to fabricate monoclinic oxygen-deficient tungsten oxide (WO 3-x) for high-performance dual-band electrochromism. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP–K90) underwent transformation into amorphous carbon at high temperature, serving as the reducing agent embedded in the tungsten oxide film, and in situ inducing the formation of oxygen vacancies during annealing treatment. Lastly, the amorphous carbon was gasified without weakening the transmittance of WO 3-x film. The content of oxygen vacancies in WO 3-x could be modulated by controlling the added amount of PVP-K90. The intrinsic generation of oxygen vacancies not only obtained a strong local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption in near-infrared (NIR) range, but also improved lithium ion (Li+) diffusion in WO 3-x film. The WO 3-x electrochromic film exhibited excellent dual-band electrochromic performance in optical modulation, switching time, coloring efficiency, bistability, and cycle stability. Furthermore, the WO 3-x film was applied to electrochromic window to verify its available regulation in solar illumination and heat, indicating that the designed modification strategy has potential for developing a single-component dual-band electrochromic window with outstanding performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased LH levels resulting from the absence of negative feedback after castration has been linked to long-term health issues. A need exists for an alternative contraceptive agent that functions without interfering the LH pathways. This study aimed to develop antibody fragments against the follicular-stimulating hormone receptor (anti-FSHr) using phage-display technology and evaluate its effects on Sertoli cell functions. Phage clones against the extracellular domain of dog and cat FSHr selected from an antibody fragment phagemid library were analyzed for binding kinetics by surface plasmon resonance. Sertoli cells were isolated from testes of adult animals (five dogs and five cats). Efficacy test was performed by treating Sertoli cell cultures (SCCs) with anti-FSHr antibody fragments compared with untreated in triplicates. Expressions of androgen binding protein (ABP), inhibin subunit beta B (IHBB) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) mRNA in SCCs were quantified by RT-qPCR. The results demonstrated that the molecular weight of the purified dog and cat anti-FSHr antibody fragment was 25 kDa and 15 kDa, respectively. Based on protein molecular weight, the antibody fragment of dogs and cats was therefore, so-called single-chain variable fragments (scFv) and nanobody (nb), respectively. The binding affinity with dissociation constant (K D) was 2.32 × 10−7 M and 2.83 × 10−9 M for dog and cat anti-FSHr antibody fragments, respectively. The cross-binding kinetic interactions between the dog anti-FSHr scFv and the cat ECD of FSHr could not be fitted to the curves to determine the binding kinetics. However, the cross-binding affinity K D between the cat anti-FSHr nb and the dog ECD FSHr was 1.75 × 10−4 M. The mRNA expression of ABP , IHBB and VEGFA in SCCs was less (P < 0.05) in both dogs (12.26, 4.07 and 5.11 folds, respectively) and cats (39.53, 14.07 and 20.29 folds, respectively) treated with anti-FSHr antibody fragments, indicating the Sertoli cell functions were suppressed. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the establishment of species-specific antibody fragments against FSHr in SCCs for dogs and cats. The fragment proteins illustrate potential to be developed as non-surgical contraceptive agent targeting FSHr in companion animals. • The anti-follicular stimulating hormone receptor (anti-FSHr) antibody fragment was developed in dogs and cats by biopanning. • The anti-FSHr antibody fragments demonstrated inhibitory function in the Sertoli cell cultures. • The anti-FSHr antibody fragments demonstrated species-spefic binding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most promising approaches to addressing the current global energy and environmental crisis is the development and utilization of hydrogen energy. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting represents a clean and sustainable method for converting solar energy into hydrogen. In this article, we employed a hydrothermal-photodeposition method to fabricate Au@Pt decorated polyaniline (PANI)/TiO 2 (TNAP), which realized the synergy of p-n heterojunction and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Experimental results revealed that p-n heterojunction can be formed between PANI and TiO 2 , whereas PANI can utilize visible light and the strong interaction between Au and PANI can realize the rapid transfer of hot electrons. Meanwhile, the outer layer Pt nanoparticles can accelerate water oxidation reaction kinetics. Therefore, the as-prepared TNAP exhibited the synergy promotion of p-n heterojunction and SPR effect, which is benefit for promoted light utilization and efficient charge transfer and separation. The optimized TNAP structure achieved hydrogen evolution rate of 19.26 μmol/cm2·h and photocurrent density of 1.20 mA/cm2 at a bias of 1.23 V vs. RHE, which is significantly higher than that of single semiconductor. This article suggests that the synergy promotion of SPR effect and p-n heterojunction is an efficient strategy to promote the efficiency of PEC water splitting. [Display omitted] • PANI/TiO 2 p-n heterojunction realizes the spatial separation of charge carriers. • Au NPs induced strong SPR effect and improve light utilization efficiency. • Strong interaction between PANI and Au promotes the transfer of hot electrons. • Surface Pt act as active sites and accelerate water oxidation reaction. • TNAP exhibited the synergy promotion of p-n heterojunction and SPR effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2), a pivotal innate immune receptor, orchestrates functions such as inflammatory responses, phagocytosis, cell survival, and neuroprotection. TREM2 variants R47H and R62H have been associated with Alzheimer’s disease, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Our previous research established that TREM2 binds to heparan sulfate (HS) and variants R47H and R62H exhibit reduced affinity for HS. Building upon this groundwork, our current study delves into the interplay between TREM2 and HS and its impact on microglial function. We confirm TREM2’s binding to cell surface HS and demonstrate that TREM2 interacts with HS, forming HS-TREM2 binary complexes on microglia cell surfaces. Employing various biochemical techniques, including surface plasmon resonance, low molecular weight HS microarray screening, and serial HS mutant cell surface binding assays, we demonstrate TREM2’s robust affinity for HS, and the effective binding requires a minimum HS size of approximately 10 saccharide units. Notably, TREM2 selectively binds specific HS structures, with 6-O-sulfation and, to a lesser extent, the iduronic acid residue playing crucial roles. N-sulfation and 2- O-sulfation are dispensable for this interaction. Furthermore, we reveal that 6-O-sulfation is essential for HS-TREM2 ternary complex formation on the microglial cell surface, and HS and its 6-O-sulfation are necessary for TREM2-mediated ApoE3 uptake in microglia. By delineating the interaction between HS and TREM2 on the microglial cell surface and demonstrating its role in facilitating TREM2-mediated ApoE uptake by microglia, our findings provide valuable insights that can inform targeted interventions for modulating microglial functions in Alzheimer’s disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver fibrosis is a key and reversible stage in the progression of many chronic liver diseases to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Forsythiaside-A (FTA), a main compound isolated from Forsythiae Fructus, has an excellent liver protective activity. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of FTA in improving cholestatic liver fibrosis. Bile-duct-ligation (BDL) was conducted to induce liver fibrosis in mice. Hepatic collagen deposition was evaluated by Masson and Sirus red staining. The bile acid spectrum in the liver and serum was analyzed by mass spectrometry. Liver oxidative stress injury and mitochondria damage were observed by using Mito-Tracker Red fluorescence staining, transmission electron microscopy, etc. The level of ferrous iron (Fe2+) and the expression of ferroptosis-associated molecules were detected. The binding between FTA and its target protein was confirmed by Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Our results demonstrated that FTA alleviated BDL-induced liver fibrosis in mice. FTA did not decrease the elevated amount of bile acids in BDL-treated mice, but reduced the bile acid-induced mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and ferroptosis in hepatocytes, and also induced nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) activation. In Nrf2 knock-out mice, the FTA-provided protection against BDL-induced liver fibrosis was disappeared, and FTA's inhibition on mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and ferroptosis were lowered. Further results displayed that FTA could directly bind to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1), thereby activating Nrf2. Moreover, the BDL-induced liver fibrosis was markedly weakened in liver-specific Keap1 knockout mice. Hence, this study suggests that FTA alleviated the BDL-induced liver fibrosis through attenuating mitochondrial damage and ferroptosis in hepatocytes by activating Nrf2 via directly binding to Keap1. [Display omitted] • FTA improved BDL-induced liver fibrosis in mice. • FTA attenuated ferroptosis induced by TCA and TCDCA in hepatocytes. • Nrf2 was critical for FTA's efficacy in reducing ferroptosis. • Nrf2 was critical for FTA's efficacy in improving liver fibrosis. • FTA induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation by directly binding to Keap1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tanshinone I (Tan I) has been proven to exert an anti-inflammatory effect, but the complete mechanism remains unclear. In this study, Tan I was described to have no effect on Syk expression in resting or LPS-stimulated macrophages ex vivo , but dramatically suppressed Syk phosphorylation and CD80, CD86, and IL-1β expression of macrophages. The inflammatory activity of macrophages in ApoC3-transgenic (ApoC3TG) mice is upregulated by Syk activation. Tan I was determined to downregulate Syk phosphorylation and inflammatory activity of macrophages in ApoC3TG mice, both ex vivo and in vivo. Intraperitoneal injection of Tan I (4 mg/kg) effectively alleviated DSS-induced colitis in mice, accompanying with suppressing the activation of intestinal macrophages. Mechanistically, Tan I-treated macrophages exhibited a decrease in cytoplasmic ROS, NLRP3, GSDMD, and IL-1β, which suggested that the alternative pathway of inflammasome activation in macrophages was suppressed. The SPR assay demonstrated that Tan I bound to Syk protein with a dissociation constant (KD) of 2.473 × 10−6 M. When Syk expression was knocked down by its shRNA, the inhibitory effects of Tan I on macrophages were blocked. Collectively, Tanshinone I effectively alleviated DSS-induced colitis in mice by inhibiting Syk-stimulated inflammasome activation, hence suppressing the inflammatory activity of macrophages. • Tanshinone I inhibited p-Syk and limited the inflammatory activity of macrophages. • Tanshinone I effectively alleviated DSS-induced colitis in mice by limiting the activation of intestinal macrophages. • Tanshinone I-treated macrophages exhibited a decrease in alternative pathway of inflammasome activation. • Direct binding of Tanshinone Ⅰ to Syk was confirmed by the surface plasmon resonance assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight novel clerodane diterpenoids (1 − 8) were isolated from the twigs of Casearia graveolens. Their structures were elucidated through comprehensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analyses. In addition to structural determination, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays were conducted to investigate molecular interactions, revealing that compound 8 exhibited high affinity for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), a key regulator of tumor angiogenesis. Subsequent in vivo experiments demonstrated that compound 8 effectively inhibited angiogenesis and displayed significant antitumor activity by suppressing tumor proliferation and metastasis in zebrafish xenograft models. These findings suggest that compound 8 holds promise as an anticancer lead compound targeting VEGFR-2 to obstruct tumor angiogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochromic (EC) mirrors fabricated using the electrodeposition of metals can dynamically transition between reflective and transparent states via the deposition and dissolution of the employed metals. In particular, the incorporation of an EC counter electrode enables the realization of an absorptive state under optimized applied voltage. Herein, we present reversible EC mirrors composed of Ag and WO 3 layers as the two electrodes, highlighting their EC properties in three optical transformation modes: transparent, reflective, and absorptive. The formation of Ag layers under optimized deposition conditions was confirmed, and the electrodeposited WO 3 layers exhibited compact or porous structures depending on the deposition conditions. The prepared Ag–WO 3 EC mirrors showed substantial transmittance modulation during the reflecting (53.7%) and coloring (63.5%) process. Interestingly, in comparison to the compact WO 3 , the EC mirrors with porous WO 3 layers exhibited dark-gray coloration in the reduced state, which was attributed to the localized surface plasmon resonance effect caused by codeposited Ag particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 (BiTO) is a typical bismuth-layered Aurivillius ferroelectric material for its potential application in photocatalysis. In this study, Au/BiTO hybrid was fabricated by precipitating Au nanoparticles onto BiTO nanoflake using a sodium citrate reduction route. This integration has led to a remarkable enhancement in the photocatalytic efficiency, which is attributed to the synergistic coupling of piezoelectric effect of BiTO with the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of Au nanoparticles. The incorporation of Au nanoparticles onto the BiTO matrix has significantly boosted the light absorption and charge carrier separation, thereby augmenting the photocatalytic activity. Notably, Au/BiTO-2 composite exhibits exceptional photocatalytic performance, demonstrating the complete degradation of RhB within 40 min under full-spectrum light irradiation. Moreover, Au/BiTO-2 displays a robust photocatalytic action against other organic pollutants, including methyl orange (MO), ofloxacin (OFLX) and tetracycline hydrochloride (TC). Further enhancement of photocatalytic process is achieved when combing light irradiation with ultrasonic excitation. The ultrasonic waves break the static spontaneous polarization through alternating piezoelectric potential, which accelerates the catalytic reaction. The photocatalytic action rate of Au/BiTO-2 toward RhB reaches a value as high as 0.0984 min−1, which is nearly 2.3 folds increasement compared to that of pristine BiTO. The possible synergistic mechanism caused by piezoelectric effect and exciton-plasmon effect is discussed in detail. The work not only enriches our understanding of the underlying principles but also supply a new strategy to design high-performance catalysts in the field of environmental remediation and energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysis is a zero-carbon route for energy generation by scavenging photon energy from sunlight to convert renewable feedstock into hydrogen gas. Photocatalytic reaction relies on semiconductor performances to absorb photons and generates photoinduced electron and hole pairs. This review analyses recent studies on synthesis methods and modification strategies of g-C 3 N 4 to improve hydrogen production, emphasizing the effect of surface area, crystallinity, band gap energy, and electron-hole pairs separation and transfer. The effect of precursor and synthesis temperature of g-C 3 N 4 synthesized using the pyrolysis method is discussed in developing polymeric g-C 3 N 4 structures, encompassing the type of solvent, temperature, and the use of catalysts. Structural modification of g-C 3 N 4 via heat treatment, exfoliation, protonation, and ionic solvent methods aim to improve the crystallinity and surface area while optimizing the structural defect is also reviewed. Modification of electronic properties is divided into metal impregnation - generated Schottky junction and surface plasmon resonance effect, metal and non-metal doping, and heterojunction formation to improve the absorption in the visible light region, separation and transfer of electron-hole pairs. The mechanism of heterojunction is also discussed to provide details on the transfer and separation process of photogenerated charge carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study conveyed an in-situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ss-AgNPs) using Solanum sisymbriifolium aqueous leaf extract (SsLE) and their biological activities for the first time. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of SsLE imparted significant amounts of reducing entities/ secondary metabolites. A surface plasmon resonance peak at ∼430 nm of UV–visible spectrum evidenced the formation of Ss-AgNPs. The average particle size of the Ss-AgNPs was found to be 29.87 nm through particle size analyzer. Further, FE-SEM, HR-TEM and XRD analysis verified the spherical shape and high degree of crystallinity with face-centred cubic structure of Ss-AgNPs. The EDX, elemental mapping and FTIR spectral studies, confirmed that various phytochemicals/ metabolites of S. sisymbriifolium leaf extract participated in bio-reduction process and capping of Ss-AgNPs, which might be accountable for the antioxidant activities. Moreover, SsLE and Ss-AgNPs were found to be a rich source of antioxidants and exhibited effective DPPH, H 2 O 2 , ṄO scavenging activities along with Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power. The synthesized Ss-AgNPs showed significant antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In addition to this, Ss-AgNPs supported the degradation of methylene blue (a cationic dye), by performing as a strong photocatalyst under UV and solar irradiations. [Display omitted] • First time report on green-synthesis of AgNPs using S. sisymbriifolium leaf extract. • AgNPs possessed profuse antioxidant property as monitored by four antioxidant assays. • AgNPs showed enhanced antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. • AgNPs acted as a strong photocatalyst under UV and solar irradiation by degrading MB dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] β-Elemene (β-ELE), derived from Curcuma wenyujin , has anticancer effect on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the potential target and detail mechanism were still not clear. TFEB is the master regulator of lysosome biogenesis. Ferroptosis, a promising strategy for cancer therapy could be triggered via suppression on glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Weather TFEB-mediated lysosome degradation contributes to GPX4 decline and how β-ELE modulates on this process are not clear. To observe the action of β-ELE on TFEB, and the role of TFEB-mediated GPX4 degradation in β-ELE induced ferroptosis. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and molecular docking were applied to observe the binding affinity of β-ELE on TFEB. Activation of TFEB and lysosome were observed by immunofluorescence, western blot, flow cytometry and qPCR. Ferroptosis induced by β-ELE was observed via lipid ROS, a labile iron pool (LIP) assay and western blot. A549TFEB KO cells were established via CRISPR/Cas9. The regulation of TFEB on GPX4 and ferroptosis was observed in β-ELE treated A549WT and A549TFEB KO cells, which was further studied in orthotopic NOD/SCID mouse model. β-ELE can bind to TFEB, notably activate TFEB, lysosome and transcriptional increase on downstream gene GLA, MCOLN1, SLC26A11 involved in lysosome activity in EGFR wild-type NSCLC cells. β-ELE increased GPX4 ubiquitination and lysosomal localization, with the increase on lysosome degradation of GPX4. Furthermore, β-ELE induced ferroptosis, which could be promoted by TFEB overexpression or compromised by TFEB knockout. Genetic knockout or inactivation of TFEB compromised β-ELE induced lysosome degradation of GPX4, which was further demonstrated in orthotopic NSCLC NOD/SCID mice model. This study firstly demonstrated that TFEB promoted GPX4 lysosome degradation contributes to β-ELE induced ferroptosis in EGFR wild-type NSCLC, which gives a clue that TFEB mediated GPX4 degradation would be a novel strategy for ferroptosis induction and NSCLC therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In photocatalysis, maximizing light absorption and utilizing light-stimulated electrons is of paramount importance. In this study, Ni-decorated Cd x Zn 1−x S twinned crystals were synthesized via solvothermal method with Ni loadings ranging from 0.5 to 5 wt%. The Ni nanoparticles introduced the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) effect, broadening photon absorption and extending the photo-response into the visible light range. Notably, 1 wt % Ni-decorated Cd 0.5 Zn 0.5 S exhibited remarkable H 2 evolution rate of 1497 μmol(h.g cat)−1. This enhancement is attributed to the SPR effect, which enhances light absorption and photogenerated electron generation, as well as efficient electron transfer facilitated by Ni's lower Fermi level. These findings emphasize the crucial role of optimal Ni loading and the SPR effect in enhancing photocatalytic efficiency. [Display omitted] • The Ni–Cd 0.5 Zn 0.5 S absorbs visible light more efficiently due to the SPR effect. • Amplified electric field in Ni-decorated Cd x Zn 1−x S broadens the photoresponse. • Optimal Ni loading is key to enhancing photocatalytic efficiency. • Optimized reactivity achieved via surface and defect engineering synergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving precise spatiotemporal control over the release of proangiogenic factors is crucial for vasculogenesis, the process of de novo blood vessel formation. Although various strategies have been explored, there is still a need to develop cell-laden biomaterials with finely controlled release of proangiogenic factors at specific locations and time points. We report on the developed of a near-infrared (NIR) light-responsive collagen hydrogel comprised of gold nanorods (GNRs)-conjugated liposomes containing proangiogenic growth factors (GFs). We demonstrated that this system enables on-demand dual delivery of GFs at specific sites and over selected time intervals. Liposomes were strategically formulated to encapsulate either platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), each conjugated to gold nanorods (GNRs) with distinct geometries and surface plasmon resonances at 710 nm (GNR710) and 1064 nm (GNR1064), respectively. Using near infrared (NIR) irradiation and two-photon (2P) luminescence imaging, we successfully demonstrated the independent release of PDGF from GNR710 conjugated liposomes and VEGF from GNR1064-conjugated liposomes. Our imaging data revealed rapid release kinetics, with localized PDGF released in approximately 4 min and VEGF in just 1 and a half minutes following NIR laser irradiation. Importantly, we demonstrated that the release of each GF could be independently triggered using NIR irradiation with the other GF formulation remaining retained within the liposomes. This light-responsive collagen hydrogels holds promise for various applications in regenerative medicine where the establishment of a guided vascular network is essential for the survival and integration of engineered tissues. In this study, we have developed a light-responsive system with gold nanorods (GNRs)-conjugated liposomes in a collagen hydrogel, enabling precise dual delivery of proangiogenic growth factors (GFs) at specific locations and timepoints. Liposomes, containing platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), release independently under near- infrared irradiation. This approach allows external activation of desired GF release, ensuring high cell viability. Each GF can be triggered independently, retaining the other within the liposomes. Beyond its application in establishing functional vascular networks, this dual delivery system holds promise as a universal platform for delivering various combinations of two or more GFs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal oxides are recognized as exemplary materials for photocatalytic dye degradation attributed to their unique characteristics such as tunable electronic structure, prolonged stability, and cost-effectiveness. However, the wide band gap inherent to most of these materials often limits their light absorption to the ultraviolet (UV) region. Consequently, the doping of noble metal nanoparticles into the metal oxide nanostructures has been proposed to significantly improve their light-harvesting ability. This enhancement is primarily ascribed to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect associated with noble metal nanoparticles, which facilitates more effective utilization of light. Thus, in this study, we synthesized silver-doped nickel oxide (Ag:NiO) with varying Ag concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4, 6 wt%) to evaluate their photocatalytic performance. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra revealed that NiO possesses a cubic crystalline structure, and a peak shift to a higher angle was noted for Ag doping, indicative of compressive strain. Further analyses of morphological, vibrational, and absorption properties were conducted through the acquisition of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, Raman spectra and UV–Vis absorption spectra, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) dyes was assessed, revealing that NiO with 4.wt.% Ag doping exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity, achieving 99% degradation of MB and 90% degradation of RhB. Notably, Ag doping significantly enhances the light absorption capabilities and modifies the electronic structure of the NiO, thereby improving its performance in photocatalytic dye degradation. • A novel strategy is proposed to improve the photo-catalytic ability of wide bandgap NiO. • Different concentration of Ag was doped into the NiO lattice. • The LSPR properties of Ag dopants will significantly improve light absorption in the visible region. • Most importantly, 99 % of MB degradation and 90 % of RhB degradation were achieved by Ag dopants. • Catalyst's high degradation efficiency towards MB Dye can be highly useful in wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ag nanocubes decorated plasmonic TiO 2 were synthesized by polyol method as a potential photocatalyst for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. In this work, the Ag loading concentration on TiO 2 was optimized for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Among different Ag loading, 1 wt% showed the highest hydrogen production capacity under solar irradiation due to elevated photon absorption in the presence of plasmonic Ag. Further, the influence of surface plasmon resonance of Ag nanocubes on TiO 2 was also studied by tuning the Ag particle size and evaluating the photocatalytic hydrogen production under optimized Ag loading. The size of the Ag nanoparticles was varied using different molecular weight (Mw) PVPs as the size-directing agent. TEM analyses of the samples confirmed the formation of Ag nanocubes of various sizes in accordance with the PVPs used. Ag nanocube with a size of 15.98 nm showed the highest SPR effect, which enables higher photon absorption and could generate high photogenerated charge carriers for better photocatalytic reactions. The photocatalytic hydrogen production capacity of the above samples was evaluated under solar irradiation, and the sample with an Ag nanocube size of 15.98 nm showed a yield of 4258.40 μmol g-1 in 4 h, which is 12-fold higher than its pristine counterpart. This work illustrated the effect of Ag nanocube size for effective SPR and the transportation of this high energy towards host TiO 2 for enhanced photocatalytic performance. [Display omitted] • Ag concentration optimization of Ag loaded TiO 2 for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production. • Tuning of the Ag nanocube size for enhanced surface plasmon resonance enabled photocatalytic hydrogen production. • A 12-fold increase in the photocatalytic hydrogen production than its pristine counterpart using optimized Ag nanocube. • The optimized sample showed stable photocatlytic hydrogen production for four repeated cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is growing interest in Ag 2 O doping in oxide glasses through optimal selection of excitation wavelengths to achieve efficient luminescence via either up or down-conversion processes. In this present work, we report the influence of Ag nanoparticles/aggregates on the structural and spectroscopic characteristics of melt-quenched Ag 2 O - co-doped (19.5-x)Li 2 O+70B 2 O 3 +10CaO+0.5Nd 2 O 3 +xAg 2 O glasses. Systematic studies were conducted using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, HR-TEM, MAS-NMR, UV–Visible–NIR, Photoluminescence, and decay kinetics techniques. The XRD analysis conclusively indicates the absence of crystalline peaks. However, HR-TEM analysis showed a reduction in the size of AgNPs from 14 nm to 11 nm with an increase of Ag 2 O concentration from 0.25 mol% to 0.5 mol%, respectively. The RAMAN and MAS-NMR (11B and 7Li) revealed the modification in the local structure induced by the Ag 2 O as revealed by the predominant borate structural units, and silver (Ag) acted as a modifier in the glass matrix. The absorption spectra of all samples exhibit a characteristic peak of Nd3+ ions. Interestingly, the LCBNd0.5Ag0.5 glass sample exhibits the SPR peak at 416 nm, indicating that the lower limit of Ag 2 O in LCBNd0.5 is <0.5 mol%. Luminescence studies at different excitation wavelengths (350, 525, and 584 nm) reveal the predominant emission at 877 nm and 1058 nm, whose emission intensity increased with Ag 2 O concentration. Samples with Ag 2 O-doped LCBNd glasses exhibit identical lifetime values, indicating the absence of luminescence-quenching and the presence of Ag aggregates leading to the SPR effect. Based on our findings, the LCBNd0.5Ag0.5 sample demonstrated superior performance to other samples, with the highest emission under an excitation of 350 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as emerging material have drawn much attention to apply to the field of water splitting. In this paper, layered NiFe-MIL-53 and nanoflower-like CoFe-MOF-74 were sequentially grown on nickel foam through two-step in-situ growth to construct a MOF-74/MIL-53 heterojunction. On this basis, we used the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) to significantly improve the oxygen evolution reaction performance of MOF-74/MIL-53 heterojunction. Under illumation, the obtained Au-MOF-74/MIL-53 exhibits a lower overpotential of 218 mV, which is far superior to commercial catalyst. The reaction kinetics are significantly enhanced due to the lower charge transfer resistance and the higher electric double layer capacitance. We confirmed the existence of charge transfer between Au NPs and MOFs, and at the same time, the deposition of Au NPs significantly reduced the charge transfer resistance of MOF-74/MIL-53. On the basis of our work, we provide a novel MOF-based electrocatalytic nanocomposite structure for efficient water splitting. • MOF-74/MIL-53 heterojunction is synthesized by in-situ growth method. • Nanoflower-like MOF-74, with more active centers, contributes to mass transfer. • Au-MOF-74/MIL-53 exhibits much lower overpotential than commercial catalysts. • MOF coupled with plasmonic Au NPs can effectively promote water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypolipidemia and platelet activation play key roles in atherosclerotic diseases. Pirinixic acid (WY-14643) was originally developed as a lipid-lowering drug. Here we focused on its antiplatelet and antithrombotic abilities and the underlying mechanism. The effects of WY-14643 on platelet aggregation was measured using a lumi-aggregometer. Clot retraction and spreading on fibrinogen were also assayed. PPARα−/− platelets were used to identify the target of WY-14643. The interaction between WY-14643 and glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα) was detected using cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy and molecular docking. GPIbα downstream signaling was examined by Western blot. The antithrombotic effect was investigated using mouse mesenteric arteriole thrombosis model. Mouse tail bleeding model was used to study its effect on bleeding side effects. WY-14643 concentration-dependently inhibits human washed platelet aggregation, clot retraction, and spreading. Significantly, WY-14643 inhibits thrombin-induced activation of human washed platelets with an IC 50 of 7.026 μM. The antiplatelet effect of WY-14643 is mainly dependent of GPIbα. CESTA, SPR and molecular docking results indicate that WY-14643 directly interacts with GPIbα and acts as a GPIbα antagonist. WY-14643 also inhibits phosphorylation of PLCγ2, Akt, p38, and Erk1/2 induced by thrombin. Noteworthily, 20 mg/kg oral administration of WY-14643 inhibits FeCl 3 -induced thrombosis of mesenteric arteries in mice similarly to clopidogrel without increasing bleeding. WY-14643 is not only a PPARα agonist with lipid-lowering effect, but also an antiplatelet agent as a GPIbα antagonist. It may have more significant therapeutic advantages than current antiplatelet agents for the treatment of atherosclerotic thrombosis, which have lipid-lowering effects without bleeding side effects. • WY-14643 has excellent antiplatelet and antithrombotic properties without increasing bleeding. • In nucleated cells, PPARα functions as a transcription factor and nuclear receptor protein, but WY-14643 acts as a PPARα agonist, whereas its antiplatelet effect is mainly dependent of GPIbα. • WY-14643 impairs GPIbα-mediated signaling in platelets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) is an intracellular sorting receptor genetically implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that impacts amyloid precursor protein trafficking. The objective of these studies was to test the hypothesis that SORL1 binds tau, modulates its cellular trafficking and impacts the aggregation of cytoplasmic tau induced by pathological forms of tau. Using surface plasmon resonance measurements, we observed high-affinity binding of tau to SORL1 and the vacuolar protein sorting 10 domain of SORL1. Interestingly, unlike LDL receptor-related protein 1, SORL1 binds tau at both pH 7.4 and pH 5.5, revealing its ability to bind tau at endosomal pH. Immunofluorescence studies confirmed that exogenously added tau colocalized with SORL1 in H4 neuroglioma cells, while overexpression of SORL1 in LDL receptor-related protein 1-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells resulted in a marked increase in the internalization of tau, indicating that SORL1 can bind and mediate the internalization of monomeric forms of tau. We further demonstrated that SORL1 mediates tau seeding when tau RD P301S FRET biosensor cells expressing SORL1 were incubated with high molecular weight forms of tau isolated from the brains of patients with AD. Seeding in H4 neuroglioma cells is significantly reduced when SORL1 is knocked down with siRNA. Finally, we demonstrate that the N1358S mutant of SORL1 significantly increases tau seeding when compared to WT SORL1, identifying for the first time a potential mechanism that connects this specific SORL1 mutation to Alzheimer’s disease. Together, these studies identify SORL1 as a receptor that contributes to trafficking and seeding of pathogenic tau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) using monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is the treatment of choice for cancer immunotherapy. However, low tissue permeability, immunogenicity, immune-related adverse effects, and high cost could be possibly improved using alternative approaches. On the other hand, synthetic low-molecular-weight (LMW) PD-1/PD-L1 blockers have failed to progress beyond in vitro studies, mostly due to low binding affinity or poor pharmacological characteristics resulting from their limited solubility and/or stability. Here, we report the development of polymer-based anti-human PD-L1 antibody mimetics (α-hPD-L1 iBodies) by attaching the macrocyclic peptide WL12 to a N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer. We characterized the binding properties of iBodies using surface plasmon resonance, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and a cellular ICB model. We found that the α-hPD-L1 iBodies specifically target human PD-L1 (hPD-L1) and block the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction in vitro, comparable to the atezolizumab, durvalumab, and avelumab licensed monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-L1. Our findings suggest that iBodies can be used as experimental tools to target hPD-L1 and could serve as a platform to potentiate the therapeutic effect of hPD-L1-targeting small molecules by improving their affinity and pharmacokinetic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrin-mediated activation of the profibrotic mediator transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), plays a critical role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) pathogenesis. Galectin-3 is believed to contribute to the pathological wound healing seen in IPF, although its mechanism of action is not precisely defined. We hypothesized that galectin-3 potentiates TGF-β1 activation and/or signaling in the lung to promote fibrogenesis. We show that galectin-3 induces TGF-β1 activation in human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) and specifically that extracellular galectin-3 promotes oleoyl-L-α-lysophosphatidic acid sodium salt–induced integrin-mediated TGF-β1 activation. Surface plasmon resonance analysis confirmed that galectin-3 binds to αv integrins, αvβ1, αvβ5, and αvβ6, and to the TGFβRII subunit in a glycosylation-dependent manner. This binding is heterogeneous and not a 1:1 binding stoichiometry. Binding interactions were blocked by small molecule inhibitors of galectin-3, which target the carbohydrate recognition domain. Galectin-3 binding to β1 integrin was validated in vitro by coimmunoprecipitation in HLFs. Proximity ligation assays indicated that galectin-3 and β1 integrin colocalize closely (≤40 nm) on the cell surface and that colocalization is increased by TGF-β1 treatment and blocked by galectin-3 inhibitors. In the absence of TGF-β1 stimulation, colocalization was detectable only in HLFs from IPF patients, suggesting the proteins are inherently more closely associated in the disease state. Galectin-3 inhibitor treatment of precision cut lung slices from IPF patients’ reduced Col1a1, TIMP1, and hyaluronan secretion to a similar degree as TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor. These data suggest that galectin-3 promotes TGF-β1 signaling and may induce fibrogenesis by interacting directly with components of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overreliance on non-renewable energy sources like fossil fuels has led to severe energy crises and environmental pollution, hindering sustainable development. Harnessing solar energy for water splitting through semiconductor photocatalysts offers a promising solution. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2), a benchmark photocatalyst, is favored for its cost-effectiveness, non-toxicity, and stability under ultraviolet light. However, its weak light absorption, limited range, and high carrier recombination rates pose challenges. Herein, we designed an Au nanoparticle modified TiO 2 (Au/TiO 2) using a two-step method involving initial stirring adsorption followed by calcination. This composite material exhibits a localized surface plasmon resonance property, demonstrating powerful light absorption capacity in both the visible and near infrared regions. Moreover, following the decoration of Au nanoparticles, in situ XPS reveal Au/TiO 2 exhibits a metal-support interaction, thereby enhancing the separation and migration of photogenerated carriers and decreasing the recombination rate of photogenerated charges. Thus, Au/TiO 2 shows a photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 47.89 mmol g−1 h−1, which is 39.25 times higher than that (1.22 mmol g−1 h−1) of pristine TiO 2 and among the top rankings of TiO 2 -based photocatalysts. This study provides a novel approach to developing a photocatalyst capable of absorbing a broad spectrum of solar energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complement system serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens by promoting opsonophagocytosis and bacteriolysis. Antibody-dependent activation of complement occurs through the classical pathway and relies on the activity of initiating complement proteases of the C1 complex, C1r and C1s. The causative agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, expresses two paralogous outer surface lipoproteins of the OspEF-related protein family, ElpB and ElpQ, that act as specific inhibitors of classical pathway activation. We have previously shown that ElpB and ElpQ bind directly to C1r and C1s with high affinity and specifically inhibit C2 and C4 cleavage by C1s. To further understand how these novel protease inhibitors function, we carried out a series of hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) experiments using ElpQ and full-length activated C1s as a model of Elp–protease interaction. Comparison of HDX-MS profiles between unbound ElpQ and the ElpQ/C1s complex revealed a putative C1s-binding site on ElpQ. HDX-MS– guided, site-directed ElpQ mutants were generated and tested for direct binding to C1r and C1s using surface plasmon resonance. Several residues within the C-terminal region of ElpQ were identified as important for protease binding, including a single conserved tyrosine residue that was required for ElpQ- and ElpB-mediated complement inhibition. Collectively, our study identifies key molecular determinants for classical pathway protease recognition by Elp proteins. This investigation improves our understanding of the unique complement inhibitory mechanism employed by Elp proteins which serve as part of a sophisticated complement evasion system present in Lyme disease spirochetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide (ZnO) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) are both recognized as photocatalysts capable of breaking down numerous organic pollutants. However, the broad bandgap energy (Eg) of ZnO and the quick recombination of electrons (e) and holes (h+) in g-C 3 N 4 pose challenges for real applications. To address these limitations, Ag/ZnO/g-C 3 N 4 (AZC) nanocomposites were prepared through physical mixing-calcination processes to improve the degradation of dyes under visible light. The calcination factors, decided by TGA and DSC results, were sequentially altered to evaluate their impact on physical properties and the photocatalytic ability of the composite. When calcination parameters were varied, the morphology, crystallinity, and catalytic capability of the composite were significantly changed. The optimal conditions for synthesis of composites were the calcination temperature of 500 °C, heating rate of 30 °C/min, and calcination duration of 15 h. The optimal composite (AZC*) consisted of spherical particles with a uniform size (20–30 nm), which were arranged adjacently. The neighboring particles touched each other, forming small clusters of 3–4 particles, resembling soap bubbles. The morphology and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) could decide the photocatalysis of the composite. The AZC* sample exhibited the best degradation of MB and low electrical consumption among as-prepared composites, it could completely degrade in 60 min. The electric consumption was 3.2 kWh.L−1 within the initial 50 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of ammonia (NH 3) emitted from agricultural and industrial activities is of great significance to protect human health and ecological environment. Photocatalytic NH 3 oxidation to N 2 under mild conditions is a promising strategy. However, developing visible light photocatalysts for NH 3 oxidation is still in its infancy. Here, we fabricate N-TiO 2 and Ag/AgCl/N-TiO 2 photocatalysts by sol-gel and photodeposition methods, respectively. The introduction of N not only endows TiO 2 with visible light response (absorption edge at 460 nm) but also results in the formation of heterophase junction (anatase and rutile). Thus, N-TiO 2 shows 2.0 and 1.8 times higher than those over anatase TiO 2 and commercial TiO 2 for NH 3 oxidation under full spectrum irradiation. Meanwhile, surface modification of Ag can simultaneously enhance visible light absorption (generating localized surface plasmon resonance effect) and charge separation efficiency. Therefore, the photocatalytic activity of Ag/AgCl/N-TiO 2 is further improved. Furthermore, the presence of N and Ag also enhances the selectivity of N 2 product owing to the change of reaction pathway. This work simultaneously regulates photocatalytic conversion efficiency and product selectivity, providing some guidance for developing highly efficient photocatalysts for NH 3 elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nanoparticles hygroscopic hydrolysis was analyzed by SPRM-ARI. • The volatility effect on hygroscopicity of acetate aerosol was understood. • The growth factors of acetate aerosols were determined after cyclic humidification. • The addition of organic component can inhibit volatility of multicomponent aerosol. Under high relative humidity (RH) conditions, the release of volatile components (such as acetate) has a significant impact on the aerosol hygroscopicity. In this work, one surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM) measurement system was introduced to determine the hygroscopic growth factors (GFs) of three acetate aerosols separately or mixed with glucose at different RHs. For Ca(CH 3 COO) 2 or Mg(CH 3 COO) 2 aerosols, the hygroscopic growth trend of each time was lower than that of the previous time in three cyclic humidification from 70% RH to 90% RH, which may be due to the volatility of acetic acid leading to the formation of insoluble hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 or Mg(OH) 2) under high RH conditions. Then the third calculated GF (using the Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson method) for Ca(CH 3 COO) 2 or Mg(CH 3 COO) 2 in bicomponent aerosols with 1:1 mass ratio were 3.20% or 5.33% lower than that of the first calculated GF at 90% RH. The calculated results also showed that the hygroscopicity change of bicomponent aerosol was negatively correlated with glucose content, especially when the mass ratio of Mg(CH 3 COO) 2 to glucose was 1:2, the GF at 90% RH only decreased by 4.67% after three cyclic humidification. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrum (ICP-AES) based measurements also indicated that the changes of Mg2+concentration in bicomponent was lower than that of the single-component. The results of this study reveal thatduring the efflorescence transitions of atmospheric nanoparticles, the organic acids diffusion rate may be inhibited by the coating effect of neutral organic components, and the particles aging cycle will be prolonged. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of a therapeutic anti-C5 antibody into clinical practice in 2007 inspired a surge into the development of complement-targeted therapies. This has led to the recent approval of a C3 inhibitory peptide, an antibody directed against C1s and a full pipeline of several complement inhibitors in preclinical and clinical development. However, no inhibitor is available that efficiently inhibits all three complement initiation pathways and targets host cell surface markers as well as complement opsonins. To overcome this, we engineered a novel fusion protein combining selected domains of the three natural complement regulatory proteins decay accelerating factor, factor H and complement receptor 1. Such a triple fusion complement inhibitor (TriFu) was recombinantly expressed and purified alongside multiple variants and its building blocks. We analyzed these proteins for ligand binding affinity and decay acceleration activity by surface plasmon resonance. Additionally, we tested complement inhibition in several in vitro/ex vivo assays using standard classical and alternative pathway restricted hemolysis assays next to hemolysis assays with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria erythrocytes. A novel in vitro model of the alternative pathway disease C3 glomerulopathy was established to evaluate the potential of the inhibitors to stop C3 deposition on endothelial cells. Next to the novel engineered triple fusion variants which inactivate complement convertases in an enzyme-like fashion, stoichiometric complement inhibitors targeting C3, C5, factor B, and factor D were tested as comparators. The triple fusion approach yielded a potent complement inhibitor that effi- ciently inhibits all three complement initiation pathways while targeting to surface markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of variable domain of the heavy-chain of the heavychain- only antibodies (VHHs) as disease-modifying biomolecules in neurodegenerative disorders holds promises, including targeting of aggregation-sensitive proteins. Exploitation of their clinical values depends however on the capacity to deliver VHHs with optimal physico-chemical properties for their specific context of use. We described previously a VHH with high therapeutic potential in a family of neurodegenerative diseases called tauopathies. The activity of this promising parent VHH named Z70 relies on its binding within the central region of the tau protein. Accordingly, we carried out random mutagenesis followed by yeast two-hybrid screening to obtain optimized variants. The VHHs selected from this initial screen targeted the same epitope as VHH Z70 as shown using NMR spectroscopy and had indeed improved binding affinities according to dissociation constant values obtained by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. The improved affinities can be partially rationalized based on three-dimensional structures and NMR data of three complexes consisting of an optimized VHH and a peptide containing the tau epitope. Interestingly, the ability of the VHH variants to inhibit tau aggregation and seeding could not be predicted from their affinity alone. We indeed showed that the in vitro and in cellulo VHH stabilities are other limiting key factors to their efficacy. Our results demonstrate that only a complete pipeline of experiments, here described, permits a rational selection of optimized VHH variants, resulting in the selection of VHH variants with higher affinities and/or acting against tau seeding in cell models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current global energy crises, green H 2 -production via photocatalytic water splitting is one of the emerging and sustainable techniques. Accordingly, engineering a promising photocatalyst for photocatalytic H 2 -production is crucial considering the key factors, – (i) charge carrier generation via higher photon absorption ability and (ii) effective charge carrier separations. Titania (TiO 2) is one of the widely used semiconductors (SCs) which show great performance in photocatalysis among all other metal oxide SCs. However, due to the limitations of Titania, surface modification of Titania with noble metal (NM) nanoparticle (NP) is a promising technique which induces two significant phenomena on the modified system – (a) higher photon absorption due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of NM NP and (b) effective charge carrier separation due to formation of Schottky junction in metal-SC contact. In this review an attempt has been made to understand impact of NM loading on photon absorption, band alignment at the junction, and phase transformation of Titania. Further reviews are performed to understand the role of NM loading and modification in physicochemical features of Titania on photocatalytic H 2 -production and optimal conditions are also discussed. The route of charge carrier transportation depends on the formation of Schottky barrier and high energetic plasmon electrons of NM NP. It was also observed that additional photo-generated charge carrier in the system due to higher plasmon energy of NM suppress the barrier height at the junction which strongly supports higher photocatalytic H 2 -production. This review opens up a platform for effective photocatalytic H 2 -production through the incorporation of all the benefits of NM loading in terms of shape, size, change in Titania phases and band alignment at the junction. • A detailed review on higher photon absorption and effective charge carrier separation of noble metal loaded TiO 2. • A detailed review on strategies involved in effective photocatalysis of noble metal loaded TiO 2. • A detailed review on shape, size, noble metal loading on surface plasmon resonance and Schottky junction formation. • A detailed review on influence of surface plasmon resonance and Schottky junction on photocatalytic H 2 -production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmonic heterojunctions present excellent photocatalytic performance for water splitting. Herein, a novel S-scheme heterojunction of CdS-ZnO nanorods assisted with low-content Au (<1 wt%) plasmon was achieved successfully, which possessed the H 2 -generated efficiency of 14.36 mM h−1 g−1. Remarkable catalytic activity stems from the S-scheme mechanism, metal plasma resonance and the unique flower-shaped morphology. S-scheme endues the heterojunction with efficient carrier separation and strong redox capacity, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) generated from low-content Au broadens light absorption range and injects hot electrons into the heterojunction. In-situ XPS measurements verified an S-scheme carrier migration mechanism as well as hot electrons transfer. Other optical and photoelectric characterizations, as well as simulation calculation by finite difference time domain (FDTD) were also utilized to conjecture the probable mechanism. Low content noble metal and unique morphology accelerate the photocatalytic H 2 -production, and it likely proposes the promising strategy for practical application of photocatalysis for solar energy conversion. [Display omitted] • Three-dimensional flower-like structure is composed of nanorods. • Heterostructure presented an efficient H 2 -production rate of 14.36 mM h−1 g−1. • SPR of low-content Au accelerated photocatalytic hydrogen production. • In-situ XPS verified S-scheme carrier migration and SPR hot electrons transfer. • S-scheme endued heterojunction with an excellent redox capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analytical method development and suitability assessments with pre-defined acceptance criteria in accordance with regulatory and ICH guidelines were completed for protein concentration, size and charge variants and relative binding to support low concentration and low dose in-use studies. • The developed methods are reliable, well-documented and indicate potential platform use with a variety of mAbs and proteins for in-use studies. • Method modifications and sample matrices do not significantly affect reported results, ensuring these methods can be used across a wide range of protein concentrations. The emergence of highly potent therapeutics with low expected clinical doses creates a challenge for analytical characterization of simulated drug product in-use samples. The low expected protein concentration (often µg/mL) and highly charged and sub-optimal sample matrices like 0.9% saline or 5% dextrose make ensuring dose solution stability and characterizing product quality changes difficult. Health authority expectations require analysis of low concentration in-use samples to be completed with suitable assays to ensure little to no changes are occurring during drug product dose preparation and administration, thus ensuring patient safety. However, characterization of these samples for protein concentration, size variants, charge variants and potency often necessitates additional analytical method development to improve sensitivity and compatibility with in-use samples. Here we report the development and qualification of reliable in-use methods to characterize simulated in-use samples to assist during drug product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walnut pellicle extracts (WPE) is rich in phenolic acids. The effects of WPE and its monomeric phenolics (ellagic acid (EA), (+)-catechin (CA), chlorogenic acid (CLA), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)) on in vitro digestion of walnut protein isolate (WPI) were studied. The underlying mechanisms on WPI enzymatic digestion through WPE and pure phenolic compounds with digestive enzymes (pepsin and trypsin) therein using Michaelis-Menten kinetics, fluorescence quenching, molecules docking, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The in vitro digestibility of WPI decreased significantly by the addition of WPE. WPE had the strong inhibitory effect on WPI digestion and pepsin and trypsin activities. The effects of polyphenols on WPI digestibility were mainly manifested in the interaction between polyphenols and digestive enzymes. SPR as well as fluorescence quenching indicated that WPE bound to pepsin and trypsin was the strongest. Among the four phenolic compounds abundant in the tested WPE, EGCG inhibited pepsin and trypsin more strongly than the other three compounds. SPR showed that EGCG was bound more tightly to pepsin and trypsin than CLA, CA, and EA. In vitro WPI digestion was strongly inhibited by WPE, mainly due to its high content of EGCG, CLA, CA, and EA causing strong inhibition of pepsin and trypsin. The study investigated the influence of plant protein by phenolic acids in the human digestive system and providing a theoretical basis for the processing and manufacturing of polyphenolrich nut-based functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pursuing biodegradable nanozymes capable of equipping structure-activity relationship provides new perspectives for tumor-specific therapy. A rapidly degradable nanozymes can address biosecurity concerns. However, it may also reduce the functional stability required for sustaining therapeutic activity. Herein, the defect engineering strategy is employed to fabricate Pt-doping MoO x (PMO) redox nanozymes with rapidly degradable characteristics, and then the PLGA-assembled PMO (PLGA@PMO) by microfluidics chip can settle the conflict between sustaining therapeutic activity and rapid degradability. Density functional theory describes that Pt-doping enables PMO nanozymes to exhibit an excellent multienzyme-mimicking catalytic activity originating from synergistic catalysis center construction with the interaction of Pt substitution and oxygen vacancy defects. The peroxidase- (POD), oxidase- (OXD), glutathione peroxidase- (GSH-Px), and catalase- (CAT) mimicking activities can induce robust ROS output and endogenous glutathione depletion under tumor microenvironment (TME) response, thereby causing ferroptosis in tumor cells by the accumulation of lipid peroxide and inactivation of glutathione peroxidase 4. Due to the activated surface plasmon resonance effect, the PMO nanozymes can cause hyperthermia-induced apoptosis through 1064 nm laser irradiation, and augment multienzyme-mimicking catalytic activity. This work represents a potential biological application for the development of therapeutic strategy for dual-channel death via hyperthermia-augmented enzyme-mimicking nanocatalytic therapy. [Display omitted] • Defect engineering strategy to develop a novel PMO nanozymes with intrinsic redox characteristics. • The PMO nanozymes can induce ferroptosis by a multienzyme-mimicking catalytic activity. • The PLGA@PMO achieve a balance between sustaining therapeutic activity and rapid degradability. • The development of dual-channel death strategy by hyperthermia-augmented enzyme-mimicking nanocatalytic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key to realizing efficient hydrogen production driven by sustainable solar is to develop high performance photocatalysts. Herein, a ZnIn 2 S 4 /Cu-doped WO 3 ·0.5H 2 O (ZIS/Cu-WO) heterojunction was synthesized and the synergy between Cu doping and Z-scheme heterojunction in hydrogen production was explored. The synthesized (ZIS/Cu-WO) has a special octahedral structure. The doping of Cu ions can induce the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of WO 3 ·0.5H 2 O, which extends the spectral response range and improves charge conduction. After growing ZnIn 2 S 4 (ZIS), the optimal ZIS/Cu-WO photocatalyst shows a remarkable H 2 production rate of 3084 μmolg-1h-1, which is 7.0 times than undoped ZnIn 2 S 4 /WO 3 ·0.5H 2 O (ZIS/WO). The enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of Cu doping and Z-scheme heterojunction, which further accelerated the separation of photogenerated electron holes. Moreover, the Z-scheme photogenerated charge transfer mechanism was confirmed, and the ZIS/Cu-WO heterojunction exhibits superior stability in 16 h cycle test. This study provides a valuable reference in designing metal ion-doped heterojunction photocatalysts. [Display omitted] • Cu doping can accelerate the charge generation and transfer in ZnIn 2 S 4 /Cu-WO 3. • Cu doping induces the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect in WO 3. • Synergy between Cu doping and heterojunction improves photocatalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]