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Background: Postural control is often impaired in hemiparetic patients. During upright stance, hemiparetic subjects sway more than subjects with an unaffected hemibody, and they assume asymmetrical postures to place less weight on the affected side. Objective: To analyze functional reach and dependence on support devices among people with chronic hemiparesis and to investigate the relationships between displacements of functional reach and weight-bearing symmetry during upright stance. Methods: Fourteen participants with hemiparesis, classified as dependent on support devices or independent from them, were included in experimental procedures to record functional reach displacements and symmetry values. Results: No significant differences were found between the dependent and independent participants for any variable. However, when weight-bearing occurred on the unaffected side, the greatest displacements were significantly correlated with the most asymmetrical hemiparetic participants. Conclusion: Symmetry did not contribute to functional reach or independence from support devices among participants with hemiparesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study sought to compare the estimated resultant muscle force required throughout the range of motion in two variations of elbow flexion exercise: the Scott exercise, performed with the aid of a Scott bench, and the unsupported exercise, performed with the upper arm simply resting on the leg. Method: Eight healthy individuals performed each exercise eight times, with the same 4kg load. The biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles were monitored using surface electromyography and the elbow joint movement was measured using an electrogoniometer. A mechanical model of the situation was proposed to evaluate the resultant muscle force acting throughout the range of motion of the exercise. Results: Comparisons between the two exercise variations presented significant differences (p<0.01) in practically all of the angles. Conclusion: Analysis of the model suggests that greater muscle demand is not necessarily associated with higher resistance torque values in the exercise as it is fundamental to take into consideration the moment arm of the muscles involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the changes in loads carried, in the model of backpack used and in the way of carrying school backpacks after the implementation of an educational program. Methods: This study was performed on 99 children aged seven to 11 years at elementary school level in a private school in São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. The subjects' body mass (kg) and height (cm) and the loads carried in their backpacks (kg) were evaluated. The backpack models and the ways of carrying them were evaluated by filming before and after the intervention. The intervention program consisted of educational sessions offered to the children, parents and teachers. The sessions involved lectures about the spine and about the principles of load carrying. The children also received practical guidance relating to correct postures for load carrying. The children received monthly practical reinforcement for three months. The parents and teachers received reinforcement by means of information flyers and guidance on the school's home page. The data were analyzed by means of two-proportion equality and Wilcoxon statistical tests. The significance level was considered as a=0.05. Results: The use of a two-strap backpack model increased from 46.5% to 60.6% (p=0.046) and carrying it on two shoulders increased from 41.4% to 55.6% (p=0.047). The load carried in the backpacks decreased by 2.66kg (p<0.001) and the ratio between the subject's body mass and the load carried in the backpacks decreased by 7%. With regard to change per category, the number of subjects in the inappropriate group (load carried>15% of the subject's body mass) decreased (p<0.001). Conclusions: The educational sessions promoted changes in backpack use and it was observed a satisfactory adherence to the intervention program proposed. These results demonstrate the importance of Physical Therapy educational programs in schoolchildren's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]