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Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by impaired motor function, is typically treated with medications and surgery. However, recent studies have validated physical exercise as an effective adjunct therapy, significantly improving both motor and non-motor symptoms in PD patients. Irisin, a myokine, has garnered increasing attention for its beneficial effects on the nervous system. Research has shown that irisin plays a crucial role in regulating metabolic balance, optimizing autophagy, maintaining mitochondrial quality, alleviating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and regulating cell death—all processes intricately linked to the pathogenesis of PD. This review examines the mechanisms through which irisin may counteract PD, provides insights into its biological effects, and considers its potential as a target for therapeutic strategies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) ranks as the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder globally, marked by a complex pathogenesis. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) emerges as a crucial factor during the progression of PD. Belonging to the lipocalin family, LCN2 is integral to several biological functions, including glial cell activation, iron homeostasis regulation, immune response, inflammatory reactions, and oxidative stress mitigation. Substantial research has highlighted marked increases in LCN2 expression within the substantia nigra (SN), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood of individuals with PD. This review focuses on the pathological roles of LCN2 in neuroinflammation, aging, neuronal damage, and iron dysregulation in PD. It aims to explore the underlying mechanisms of LCN2 in the disease and potential therapeutic targets that could inform future treatment strategies. [Display omitted] • Lipocalin-2 levels are elevated in various tissues of Parkinson's disease patients. • Lipocalin-2 promotes neuronal death through multiple pathways. • Lipocalin-2 holds promise as a sophisticated biomarker for the diagnosis and prognostication of Parkinson's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]