Search

This study aimed to verify the role and feasibility of co-fired fly ash (CFA) as an alternative construction material. It also demonstrated the engineering properties of CFA mortar and compared them with those of pulverized coal fly ash (PCFA) mortar. Further, CFA-PCFA-cement mortar specimens were mixed to produce ternary eco-binder mortars and find the optimal application proportion. The results pointed out that the pozzolanic strength activity index of CFA was 76 %, with only a slight pozzolanic reaction. The sum of the chemical composition (SiO 2 +Al 2 O 3 +Fe 2 O 3) of CFA was insufficient to meet ASTM C618 requirements, and it was deduced that a small amount of CFA should be used as the substitute for cement or fine aggregates. Specimens with CFA replacing fine aggregates contributed to lower water absorption, improved sulfate resistance, and increased compressive strength; Specimens with CFA replacing cement reduced shrinkage and improved sulfate resistance but decreased compressive strength and increased absorption. Blended CFA-cement mortars consisting of 5 % CFA as a replacement material for cement and fine aggregates had excellent engineering properties. Ternary blended CFA-PCFA-cement mortar exhibits superior engineering properties. The optimum proportion is an economy-friendly binder composed of 10 % CFA (5 % as cement and 5 % as fine aggregates) and 10% PCFA (as a replacement for cement). • Development and application of ternary economic binders in this study. • Ternary eco-binder consists of co-fired fly ash (CFA), pulverized coal fly ash (PCFA) and cement. • CFA is classified as a low pozzolanic reactive material. • Eco-binder consists of 5 % CFA as cement, 5 % CFA as fine aggregates and 10 % PCFA as cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the history and current situation of implementation of Eurocodes in Latvia. The specific challenges of using Eurocodes in the structural design industry and academic education are highlighted in the work. Based on examples of application of Eurocodes, some essential differences are analysed that have to be considered by the National Technical Committee during the National Annexes development process. The procedures established to support further maintenance of the Eurocodes are explained and the plans for future Eurocode development are described. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]