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The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Dominance hierarchies are known for mitigating conflicts and guiding priority of access to limited resources in gregarious animals. The dominance hierarchy of dairy cows is typically investigated using agonistic interactions, often monitored at the feed bunk right after fresh feed delivery when competition is high, resulting in frequent interactions. Yet, the outcome of agonistic interactions during times of high competition may be more influenced by cows' high valuation of fresh feed than their intrinsic attributes, such that the dominance hierarchy constructed using agonistic interactions under high versus low competition times might differ. We tested how the structure of the dominance hierarchy changes in relation to different levels of competition in a dynamic group of 48 lactating dairy cows over 10 mo, with 6 cows exchanged every 16 d, for a total of 159 cows. Using a validated algorithm, we continuously detected the actor and reactor of replacement behaviors in 30 feed bins as cows competed for feed. We also calculated the percentage of occupied feed bins to characterize competition at the moment of each replacement. These data were combined to create hierarchies using Elo ratings, separately for 25 occupancy levels ranging from 13% to 100%. For each 1% rise in feeder occupancy, hierarchy steepness fell by 2.41 × 10−3 ± 9.71 × 10−5 (SE), and the percentage of dyads where both cows replaced each other rose by 0.13% ± 0.01%. At the highest feeder occupancy level in comparison to the lowest one, we observed 7.57% more dyads in which the dominant individual (those that won more interactions at the lowest feeder occupancy) started to lose proportionally more. The magnitude of decrease in the winning rate of the dominant individual in those dyads also got amplified by 1.06 × 10−3% ± 1.37 × 10−4% (SE) for each 1% increase in feeder occupancy. These findings illustrate how inferred hierarchies vary with competition, with high competition flattening the hierarchy due to increased success of subordinate animals. We suggest that during heightened competition, increased valuation of resources can affect competitive success more than the individual's intrinsic dominance attributes. We recommend against calculating dominance hierarchies based on agonistic interactions during periods of high competition alone, and more generally urge researchers to differentiate agonistic interactions based on context when constructing dominance hierarchies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is well known as the executive center of the brain, combining internal states and goals to execute purposeful behavior, including social actions. With the advancement of tools for monitoring and manipulating neural activity in rodents, substantial progress has been made in understanding the specific cell types and neural circuits within the PFC that are essential for processing social cues and influencing social behaviors. Furthermore, combining these tools with translationally relevant behavioral paradigms has also provided novel insights into the PFC neural mechanisms that may contribute to social deficits in various psychiatric disorders. This review highlights findings from the past decade that have shed light on the PFC cell types and neural circuits that support social information processing and distinct aspects of social behavior, including social interactions, social memory, and social dominance. We also explore how the PFC contributes to social deficits in rodents induced by social isolation, social fear conditioning, and social status loss. These studies provide evidence that the PFC uses both overlapping and unique neural mechanisms to support distinct components of social cognition. Furthermore, specific PFC neural mechanisms drive social deficits induced by different contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a school choice matching model where priorities for schools are represented by binary relations that may not be linear orders. Even in that case, it is necessary to construct linear orders from the original priority relations to execute several mechanisms. We focus on the (linear order) extensions of the priority relations, because a matching that is stable for an extension profile is also stable for the profile of priority relations. We show that if the priority relations are partial orders, then for each stable matching for the original profile of priority relations, an extension profile for which it is also stable exists. Furthermore, if there are multiple stable matchings that are ranked by Pareto dominance, then there is an extension for which all these matchings are stable. We apply the result to a version of efficiency adjusted deferred acceptance mechanisms. • We focus on the school choice model where the original priority relations are partial orders. • We consider the extensions of the original priority relations and the stable matchings for the original profile. • For each stable matching for the original profile, an extension profile for which it is also stable exists. • If multiple stable matchings that are ranked by Pareto dominance exist, then an extension for which all these matchings are stable exists. • The result is applied to the efficiency adjusted deferred acceptance mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The century-old debate about the origin and evolution of non-additive effects (dominance and epistasis) and their roles in adaptation and speciation is far from settled. Dominance describes the observed relative difference in fitness or phenotype between heterozygotes and the average of homozygotes at a given polymorphic locus. Emerging empirical evidence supports and illustrates how the observed dominance at a locus can vary as a result of multi-locus interactions. Wade proposed a model that explains variable dominance at a focal locus through the change in the frequency of dominance-modifying alleles at other loci. Fitness landscape models that integrate epistasis and dominance may serve to quantify the consequences of variable dominance for adaptation and speciation. Dominance is usually considered a constant value that describes the relative difference in fitness or phenotype between heterozygotes and the average of homozygotes at a focal polymorphic locus. However, the observed dominance can vary with the genetic background of the focal locus. Here, alleles at other loci modify the observed phenotype through position effects or dominance modifiers that are sometimes associated with pathogen resistance, lineage, sex, or mating type. Theoretical models have illustrated how variable dominance appears in the context of multi-locus interaction (epistasis). Here, we review empirical evidence for variable dominance and how the observed patterns may be captured by proposed epistatic models. We highlight how integrating epistasis and dominance is crucial for comprehensively understanding adaptation and speciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we show that the village social structure shapes the learning outcome of marginalised children in rural India. Exploiting the variation in the dominant social group in the village, we find a significant impact of village dominance. The reading and arithmetic skills of Scheduled Castes are better in their own castes-dominated villages compared to higher castes-dominated villages. Our findings show that village dominance affects learning outcomes primarily through differential teachers' behaviour. Children from marginalised castes are more likely to be scolded, beaten up, and treated unfairly by teachers in villages dominated by higher castes compared to their own castes. We do not find evidence of other mechanisms like the difference in parent and children's aspirations, caste diversity, discrimination in the village, or positive group externalities, which could explain why children from Scheduled Castes fare better in their own castes-dominated villages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prolonged follicular dominance is one of the conditions associated with disconcerted follicular dynamics that result in substantial economic losses to the farmers through low reproductive efficiency in cattle. Hormonal aberrations associated with prolonged follicular dominance may affect the follicular microenvironment and composition of follicular fluid. The current study focused on proteome changes of follicular fluid in prolonged follicular dominance compared to physiological follicular dominance. Prolonged dominance was induced in Deoni cows (n = 6) by using CIDR (previously used for 7 days) from day 4–8 of estrus, with PGF2 injection on day 6 and day 7 at 12 h intervals. Follicular fluid was collected by ultrasound guided transvaginal follicular aspiration method. Global proteomic analysis of follicular fluid revealed 217 proteins in the Deoni cow, with the majority of proteins involved in 21 pathways, 42 molecular functions, and 106 biological processes. Complement and coagulation cascades (22.8%) and cholesterol metabolism (4.68%) were the major pathways in which identified proteins were involved. Comparison of physiological and prolonged dominant follicular fluid revealed differential expression of 26 proteins, of which 15 were upregulated and 11 were downregulated. Proteins involved in complement and coagulation cascades, and vitamin digestion and absorption were found to be dysregulated in PFD. The present study suggests that the expression of proteins involved in inflammation, oocyte metabolism, and ovulation cascade were found to be dysregulated in the follicular fluid of prolonged follicular dominance consequently resulting in delayed ovulation or anovulation. • Prolonged follicular dominance is one of the conditions associated with disconcerted follicular dynamics. • The preovulatory follicle diameter and its growth rate were comparable between normal and prolonged follicular dominance. • Global proteomic profiling revealed 217 proteins in the follicular fluid of zebu cows. • A differential abundance of 26 proteins were found in prolonged dominant follicular fluid. • Proteins involved in inflammation, oocyte metabolism, and ovulation of follicles were found dysregulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a network-based investigation of the gendered nature of work in the screen sector. Using nine years of Australian film and television production data, we explore how the networks of project-based collaboration might explain the disparities in the career trajectories of men and women. Our analysis finds that projects with men as directors tend to reproduce familiar teams to the exclusion of women, while projects led by women in key creative roles tend to make more space for women. Moreover, we find that there is a significant number of men who only work with men (regardless of whether they have worked with them before), but no corresponding group of women who only work with women. Our findings bear on proposed equity interventions, especially government policies designed to encourage women to enter the industry. Ultimately, even accounting for the statistical domination of men in the network, we argue that inequities in the organisation of the screen sector appear to be driven much more by the closed network behaviours of men than they are by the positioning or behaviour of women. • Men's clear dominance in camera departments is most pronounced in higher-level roles. • We analyse gender inequities in the sector's networks of project-based collaboration. • Projects led by women in key creative roles tend to make more space for women. • Homophilous collaboration tendencies are displayed by many more men than women. • Gender equity policy ought to target the closed, exclusive collaboration behaviours of men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SARS-CoV-2 epitope dominance patterns are either NTD- or RBD-dominant. • NTD-dominant sera neutralise the B.1.617.2 variant less than RBD-dominant sera. • Infectivity-enhancing antibodies are unlikely to impair cross-variant neutralisation. SARS-CoV-2 serological studies suggest that individual serum antibody repertoires can affect neutralisation breadth. Herein, we asked whether a BNT162b2 vaccine-induced epitope dominance pattern (i.e., predominant viral structural domain targeted by serum antibodies for virus neutralisation) affects cross-variant neutralisation. When a neutralisation assay against the ancestral strain was carried out using 16 vaccine sera preabsorbed with a recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) or an N-terminal domain (NTD) protein, three and 13 sera, respectively, showed lower neutralisation under NTD and RBD protein-preabsorbed conditions than under the other protein-preabsorbed conditions. This suggests that the NTD was responsible for virus neutralisation in three sera, whereas the other 13 sera elicited RBD-dominant neutralisation. The results also suggest the presence of infectivity-enhancing antibodies in four out of the 13 RBD-dominant sera. A neutralisation assay using SARS-CoV-2 variants revealed that NTD-dominant sera showed significantly reduced neutralising activity against the B.1.617.2 variant, whereas RBD-dominant sera retained neutralising activity even in the presence of infectivity-enhancing antibodies. Taken together, these results suggest the followings: (i) epitope dominance patterns are divided into at least two types: NTD-dominant and RBD-dominant; (ii) NTD-dominant sera have less potential to neutralise the B.1.617.2 variant than RBD-dominant sera; and (iii) infectivity-enhancing antibodies play a limited role in cross-variant neutralisation against the five variants tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many species-rich subtropical and tropical forests, the canopy is dominated by trees that form symbioses with ectomycorrhizal fungi, while understorey trees typically form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We propose a virtuous phosphorus acquisition hypothesis to explain this structure. This hypothesis is based on evidence that ectomycorrhizal fungi are better equipped than arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to acquire growth-limiting phosphorus from organic forms in soil through the production of enzymes and exudates. Ectomycorrhizal saplings also gain more benefit from the formation of fungal networks with neighbouring adult plants, which also suppress infection by pathogens. Canopy dominance provides plants with the opportunity to capture more carbon from the atmosphere and fuel these below-ground nutrient-foraging activities. Subtropical and tropical forests in Asia often comprise canopy dominant trees that form symbioses with ectomycorrhizal fungi, and species-rich understorey trees that form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We propose a virtuous phosphorus acquisition hypothesis to explain this distinct structure. The hypothesis is based on (i) seedlings being rapidly colonised by ectomycorrhizal fungi from established mycelial networks that generates positive feedback and resistance to pathogens, (ii) ectomycorrhizal fungi having evolved a suite of morphological, physiological, and molecular traits to enable them to capture phosphorus from a diversity of chemical forms, including organic forms, and (iii) allocation of photosynthate carbon from adult host plants to provide the energy needed to undertake these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of speech-based depression detectors is limited by the scarcity and imbalance in depression data. We found that depression detectors could be strongly biased toward speaker features when the number of training speakers is insufficient. To address this issue, we propose a speaker-invariant depression detector (SIDD) that minimizes speaker information in the latent space. The SIDD consists of an autoencoder, a depression classifier, and a speaker-embedding projector. By incorporating speaker-embedding vectors into the autoencoder's latent vectors, speaker information is effectively eliminated for the depression classifier. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements achieved by minimizing speaker information, and our proposed method generally outperforms previous approaches for depression detection on the DAIC-WOZ dataset. • Depression models trained on small datasets will bias toward speaker features. • Use an autoencoder to minimize speaker information in a latent space. • Minimizing speaker information can improve depression detection performance. • A balanced number of training vectors from different speakers is critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study ancestral structures for the two-type Moran model with mutation and frequency-dependent selection under the nonlinear dominance or fittest-type-wins scheme. Under appropriate conditions, both lead, in distribution, to the same type-frequency process. Reasoning through the mutations on the ancestral selection graph (ASG), we develop the corresponding killed and pruned lookdown ASGs and use them to determine the present and ancestral type distributions. To this end, we establish factorial moment dualities to the Moran model and a relative. We extend the results to the diffusion limit and present applications for finite populations, as well as for moderate and weak selection limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the generalization of (Nash) equilibrium and dominance solvability to interval fuzzy games in strategic form. We show that the more straightforward generalizations of these concepts do not inherit their most relevant results, either in terms of existence or refinement. To efficiently handle the fuzziness of the payoffs, we use the Hurwicz criterion and introduce new equilibrium concepts and dominance solutions which greatly overcome these drawbacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cattle are gregarious animals able to form social relationships. Dominance is one of the most widely studied social behaviors of dairy cattle, especially cows confined indoors. However, much of the past dairy cattle research has used an unstandardized approach, differing in definitions and conceptual understanding of dominance, as well as their methods of data collection and dominance calculation. The first of the 3 aims of this review is to evaluate how dominance relates to the social behavior of housed dairy cows. Cows engage in agonistic interactions to establish and reinforce dominance relationships. An individual's dominance is influenced by intrinsic characteristics, such as personality, and extrinsic factors, including group composition. When competing for resources, agonistic interactions can also be influenced by individual motivational differences, such as hunger, which may diminish the role of dominance in regulating competition. Our second aim is to critically review methods used to assess dominance in cows. This includes discussions on the effect of time and location of data collection on measured values as well as the viability and limitations of some dominance calculation methods. We propose that different methodologies lend themselves to different types of research questions. For example, the use of data stream-based methods that consider the sequence of interactions are useful for estimating how dominance fluctuates with changing conditions and can be used in a dynamically changing group. In contrast, matrix-based methods that aggregate social interactions may be best for identifying the social position of individuals and understanding how social characteristics influence the attributes of a stable hierarchy. Our third aim is to discuss the future of dominance research. We use a flowchart to illustrate guidelines for a more standardized approach to measuring dominance in cattle. We also identify areas in need of further conceptual clarification, suggest practical applications of dominance when managing dairy cattle, and discuss some limitations of dominance research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In real world, decision-makers' regret psychology often affects decision outcomes due to uncertain risks. Moreover, decision information may be missing in the process of data acquisitions or data storages. Three-way decision has been widely explored in the risky decision-making area by providing effective strategies to divide objects into three mutually disjoint regions. Existing three-way decision methods in fuzzy incomplete information systems rarely consider the influence of decision-makers' psychological states on decision outcomes. In the current paper, we primarily study a new decision-making method that combines regret theory with three-way decision in fuzzy incomplete information systems. First, a prior probability tolerance dominance relation in a fuzzy incomplete information system is defined to handle a binary relation among evaluation values, and a method to calculate objective weights is designed as well. When an incomplete information system does not contain a fuzzy decision attribute value, we put forward a new method to calculate the decision attribute value of each object in the incomplete information system. Then, integrated utility perception values are obtained by combining with regret theory. Further, a regret theory-based three-way decision method with a priori probability tolerance dominance relation is proposed for fuzzy incomplete information systems. At last, the stability and validity of the presented method are verified via corresponding experimental and comparative analysis of realistic cases. • A new algorithm in a fusion decision system is designed. • A prior probability tolerance dominance relation in an FIIS is defined. • A RT-3WD-PPTDR method is established. • RT in behavior psychology is considered. • The feasibility, stability, and superiority of the constructed method are verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider the problem of aggregating a collection of transitive fuzzy binary relations in such a way that the aggregation process preserves transitivity. Specifically, we focus our efforts on the characterization of those functions that aggregate a collection of fuzzy binary relations which are transitive with respect to a collection of t-norms preserving the transitivity. We characterize them in terms of triangular triplets. Further, the relationship between triangular triplets, the monotonicity of the aggregation function and an appropriate dominance notion is explicitly stated. Special attention is paid to a few classes of transitive fuzzy binary relations that are relevant in the literature. Concretely, we describe, in terms of triangular triplets, those functions that aggregate a collection of fuzzy pre-orders, fuzzy partial orders, relaxed indistinguishability relations, indistinguishability relations and equalities. A surprising relationship between functions that aggregate transitive fuzzy relations into a T M -transitive fuzzy relation and those that aggregate relaxed indistinguishability relations is shown. A few consequences of the new results are also provided for those cases in which all the t-norms of the given collection are the same. Some celebrated results are retrieved as a particular case from the exposed theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The study aimed to quantify the cyclic dominance resembling rock-paper-scissors observed in the optional prisoner's dilemma, considering cooperators, defectors, and loners as the three competing strategies. • The research utilized theoretical and numerical analyses to explore the impact of environmental feedback on the replicator dynamics. • The rate of environmental replenishment and the payoff from draw games were identified as crucial factors influencing gameplay dynamics. • The study revealed that the loner's payoff and the strength of the dilemma played pivotal roles in determining the dominant strategies. This research investigation delves into the concept of cyclic dominance and its interplay with environmental feedback within the framework of the Optional Prisoner's Dilemma (OPD) game. A quantitative model has been meticulously constructed to encompass both the OPD and Rock-Paper-Scissors (RPS) games, wherein the outcomes are contingent upon environmental feedback. The intricate relationship between player populations and their surrounding environment is elucidated through the utilization of replicator dynamics. The empirical findings of this study shed light on the existence of distinct equilibria contingent upon the prevailing environmental circumstances. Under scenarios characterized by resource depletion, an equilibrium state emerges wherein only solitary individuals (referred to as "loners") persist. Conversely, under conditions of resource replenishment, an equilibrium is established where various strategic approaches coexist in equal proportions, akin to the dynamics of the Rock-Paper-Scissors game. Notably, cyclic dominance manifests itself during periods characterized by intermediate environmental conditions. Several pivotal factors have been identified as determinants of these dynamic phenomena, including the rate of environmental replenishment, the strength of the dilemma presented, the payoff for loners, and the reward for a draw. It has been empirically demonstrated that the presence of extreme values in the replenishment rate, irrespective of whether exceptionally high or exceptionally low, serves as an impediment to the emergence of cyclic dominance. This model underscores the substantial influence of environmental feedback on social dilemmas, particularly in the context of the OPD game, ultimately leading to the emergence of competitive cyclic dominance games reminiscent of the Rock-Paper-Scissors game. In doing so, it elucidates the intricate interplay between evolutionary game incentives and the dynamics of the surrounding environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postweaning is a pivotal period for brain development and individual growth. As an important chemical used in medicines, foods and beverages, sodium citrate (SC) is commonly available. Although some effects of SC exposure on individual physiology have been demonstrated, the potential long-lasting effects of postweaning dietary SC exposure on social behaviours are still elusive. Both postweaning male and female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to SC through drinking water for a total of 3 weeks. A series of behavioural tests, including social dominance test (SDT), social interaction test (SIT), bedding preference test (BPT) and sexual preference test (SPT), were performed in adolescence and adulthood. After these tests, serum oxytocin (OT) levels and gut microbiota were detected. The behavioural results revealed that postweaning SC exposure decreased the social dominance of male mice in adulthood and female mice in both adolescence and adulthood. SC exposure also reduced the sexual preference rates of both males and females, while it had no effect on social interaction behaviour. ELISA results indicated that SC exposure decreased the serum OT levels of females but not males. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed a significant difference in β-diversity after SC exposure in both males and females. The correlation coefficient indicated the correlation between social behaviours, OT levels and dominant genera of gut microbiota. Our findings suggest that postweaning SC exposure may have enduring and sex-dependent effects on social behaviours, which may be correlated with altered serum OT levels and gut microbiota composition. • Long-lasting effects of postweaning citrate exposure on mice were observed. • Citrate supplementation affects social behaviours in male and female mice. • Citrate decreased social dominance and reversed the sexual preference ratio of mice. • Citrate exposure alters oxytocin levels in a sex-dependent manner. • Citrate exposure alters dominant genera of gut microbiota in a sex-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Study shows higher muscle activation in non-dominant limbs during movement phases. • Isokinetic and isotonic modes differ significantly in muscle engagement. • Lower force and power in standing up than sitting down in isokinetic mode. • Significant statistical differences highlight variability in muscle performance. to explore lower limb muscle activity concerning limb dominance, as well as variations in force and power during the standing up and sitting down phases of the instrumented sit-to-stand-to-sit test in sedentary individuals, across isokinetic and isotonic modalities. 33 sedentary individuals underwent testing using a functional electromechanical dynamometer in both isokinetic and isotonic modes, accompanied by surface electromyography. In the isokinetic mode, the non-dominant gastrocnemius medialis and vastus medialis exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher muscle activity values during the standing up and sitting down phase compared to dominant counterparts. In the isotonic mode standing up phase, significant differences in muscle activity were noted for non-dominant gastrocnemius medialis, vastus medialis, and biceps femoris compared to their dominant counterparts. The sitting down phase in isotonic mode showed higher muscle activity for non-dominant vastus medialis compared to dominant vastus medialis. Regard to performance outcomes, significantly lower (p < 0.0001) values were observed for standing up (12.7 ± 5.1 N/kg) compared to sitting down (15.9 ± 6.1 N/kg) peak force, as well as for standing up (18.7 ± 7.8 W/kg) compared to sitting down (25.9 ± 9.7 W/kg) peak power in isokinetic mode. In isotonic mode, lower values were found for sitting down (6.5 (6.3–7.1) N/kg) compared to standing up (7.8 (7.3–8.9) N/kg) peak force and for sitting down (18.5 (13.2–21.7) W/kg) compared to standing up (33.7 (22.8–41.6) W/kg) peak power. Limb dominance influences lower-limb muscle activity during the instrumented sit-to-stand-to-sit test, and the choice of testing mode (isokinetic or isotonic) affects muscle engagement and performance outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-path code is a code generation technique for real-time systems that reduces execution time variability. However, doing so can incur significant execution-time overhead and does not guarantee constant execution times. In this paper, we address the performance challenges of single-path code and solve the variability issue. We present the repetition dominance relation to identify and optimize code blocks that are always executed a fixed number of times. We show that single-path code's instructions are uniquely easy to schedule, and we explore an extension to the Patmos architecture that allows additional instruction types in the second issue slot. Lastly, we present two techniques for ensuring that functions always perform the same number of accesses to memory, resulting in programs with constant execution time. We compare the performance of single-path code to that of statically analyzed traditional code. Our results show that single-path code's performance is mostly competitive while outright superior in several cases. However, pathological cases of poor performance are still observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing multimodal sentiment analysis models can effectively capture sentimental commonalities between different modalities and possess high sentimental acquisition capability. However, there are still shortcomings in the model's analysis and recognition abilities when dealing with samples that exhibit sentimental polarity disagreement between different modalities. Additionally, the dominance of the text modality in multimodal models, particularly those pre-trained with BERT, can hinder the learning of other modalities due to its richer semantic information. This issue becomes particularly pronounced in cases where there is a conflict between multimodal and textual sentimental polarities, often leading to suboptimal analytical results. Besides, the classification ability of each modality is also suppressed by single-task learning. In this paper, We propose a Multi-Task disagreement-Reducing Multimodal Sentiment Fusion Network (MtDr-MSF), designed to enhance the semantic information of non-text modalities and reduce the dominant impact of the textual modality on the model, and to improve the learning capabilities of unimodal networks. We conducted experiments on multimodal sentiment analysis datasets, CMU-MOSI, CMU-MOSEI, and CH-SIMS. The results show that our method outperforms the current SOTA method. • We can summarize the main contributions of our paper as follow: • Revealing the presence of special samples with contradictory sentiment polarities • Considering the potential issue that may arise due to the dominance of the textual modality. • Proposing a network to reduce the dominance of text and enhance the expression ability of unimodalities. • Testing our model on three datasets, CMU-MOSI, CMU-MOSEI, and CH-SIMS, and it achieves SOTA results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Meatless ham alternatives were associated with a "artificial" and "unappealing" appearance. • Dominance of sweetness in meatless ham comparable to "saltiness" in conventional counterparts. • Nitrite-free cooked ham had a similar sensory profile to its conventional counterparts. • TDS, PN and UFP proved as useful tools for innovative meat products characterisation. • Differences between whole muscle and formed samples were prominent. The cooked ham market is expanding with nitrite-free and meatless alternatives gaining traction as leading trends. An understanding of the attributes that influence the sensory quality of cooked ham is crucial for developing healthier and environmentally sustainable products. The primary aim of this study was to investigate how the removal of nitrites and the use of meatless ingredients affect the sensory characteristics of cooked ham currently available in the Irish market. Sensory evaluation of selected cooked hams (n = 8), including alternatives without nitrites or based on mycoprotein (meatless), was conducted using Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS) for in mouth processing and Partial Napping (PN) with Ultra-Flash Profiling (UFP) for the appearance, by a trained sensory panel (n = 9). The nitrite-free cooked ham displayed a similar temporal sensory profile and appearance to the products of the same category, highlighting the opportunity for more nitrite-free products to enter the market. The meatless product was dominated by a "smoky" flavour, which was perceived as "artificial". Meatless ham had a more distinct appearance than the meat-based products and was associated with attributes such as "fake", "artificial colour" and "unappealing". In general, results revealed distinct differences between whole-muscle and sectioned and formed cooked ham products in terms of texture, flavour, and appearance. PN and UFP grouped whole-muscle cooked hams together, which were associated with terms "natural-looking", "better quality" and "healthier", while sectioned and formed cooked hams were perceived as "cheap" and "artificial". The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the sensory attributes of cooked ham products emphasising the challenges related to novel formulations, and offers valuable insights for the development of healthier and more sustainable meat products within the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of environmental enrichment (EE) on natural rewards, including social and appetitive rewards, was investigated in male Swiss mice. EE, known for providing animals with various stimuli, was assessed for its effects on conditioned place preference (CPP) associated with ethanol and social stimuli. We previously demonstrated that EE increased the levels of the prosocial neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) in the hypothalamus and enhanced ethanol rewarding effects via an oxytocinergic mechanism. This study also investigated the impact of EE on social dominance and motivation for rewards, measured OT-mediated phospholipase C (PLC) activity in striatal membranes, and assessed OT expression in the hypothalamus. The role of dopamine in motivating rewards was considered, along with the interaction between OT and D 1 receptors (DR) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Results showed that EE mice exhibited a preference for ethanol reward over social reward, a pattern replicated by the OT analogue Carbetocin. EE mice demonstrated increased social dominance and reduced motivation for appetitive taste stimuli. Higher OT mRNA levels in the hypothalamus were followed by diminished OT receptor (OTR) signaling activity in the striatum of EE mice. Additionally, EE mice displayed elevated D 1 R expression, which was attenuated by the OTR antagonist (L-368-889). The findings underscore the reinforcing effect of EE on ethanol and social rewards through an oxytocinergic mechanism. Nonetheless, they suggest that mechanisms other than the prosocial effect of EE may contribute to the ethanol pro-rewarding effect of EE and Carbetocin. They also point towards an OT-dopamine interaction potentially underlying some of these effects. • Environmental Enrichment (EE) and Carbetocin increase the preference for ethanol reward over social reward. • EE increases oxytocin (OT) mRNA levels in the hypothalamus. • EE diminishes PLC activity in the striatum. • EE promotes social dominance and reduces reward motivation. • EE mechanisms involve OT-D 1 R interactions in NAc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies suggest that individuals may display their food preferences as vehicles for seeking status: a universal motive across cultures. According to the dual model of status-seeking, individuals attain higher status either through dominance, which involves evoking fear and intimidation, or through prestige, which is achieved by offering valued skills, knowledge, and other behaviors that are seen as benefitting a group. We conducted two studies to test the prediction that choosing pro-environmental foods over environmentally harmful options is associated with prestige rather than dominance, because these choices are perceived to benefit society more than the individual. In Study 1, we found that prestige orientation was positively associated with a preference for foods that were considered sustainable (e.g., apples). There was no such association for dominance orientation. In Study 2, participants considered a manager using prestige tactics to prefer sustainable foods (e.g., a salad) over non-sustainable alternatives (e.g., a burger). In contrast, a manager using dominance was assumed to prefer non-sustainable foods over sustainable alternatives. These results shed light on how various approaches to seeking status influence preferences for sustainable foods. The present findings hold relevance for both theoretical and practical considerations within the broader domain of personality predictors of food preferences. • Personality traits intertwine with food preferences. • Prestige orientation is linked to sustainable food preference. • Dominance orientation shows no link to sustainable food preferences. • Prestigious leaders are perceived as preferring sustainable to non-sustainable foods. • Dominant leaders are perceived as favoring non-sustainable over sustainable foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The weak dominance relation between two binary operations was introduced as an extension of the dominance relation and the modularity equation. This paper continues the study of the weak dominance between t-norms and t-conorms. First, we present the characterization of the weak dominance of a nilpotent t-norm over a continuous Archimedean t-norm. Second, we establish the generalized sufficient and necessary conditions for the weak dominance of continuous t-norms over continuous t-norms. Finally, we obtain a generalized characterization of a continuous t-conorm weakly dominating a continuous t-norm by showing that S M weakly dominates any t-norm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Wine appraisal is significantly impacted by demographics and dominance orientation (SDO). • Higher education correlates with lesser emphasis on accessible rosé wine characteristics. • Education level's effect on wine appraisal is mediated by social dominance orientation. • Income level positively correlates with valuation of expert wine characteristics. • Expertise and Accessibility are key factors in appraisal of rosé wine. This study investigates the intricate relationship between sociodemographic factors, social dominance orientation (SDO), and perceptions of wine in France. Emphasizing the symbolic role of wine in French culture, and employing a survey-based approach, the research explores how societal hierarchies and individual positioning within these structures influence the appraisal of rosé wine. The findings revealed that sociodemographic factors, particularly education level, significantly influence wine appraisal, while social dominance orientation serves as a mediating factor. This research contributes to the understanding of the cultural and social dynamics shaping wine consumption in France, highlighting the fact that wine appraisal is deeply embedded in societal structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Net primary productivity (NPP) stands as a crucial indicator of ecosystem health and carbon cycling, shaped by a complex interplay of climate change and anthropogenic disturbances. Understanding the relative contributions of these factors is essential for informing strategies aimed at achieving carbon neutrality and peaking emissions. In this study, we used the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford-Approach (CASA) model to assess NPP dynamics in the ecologically fragile area of the middle Hengduan Mountains on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TPHM). Dominance Analysis (DA) was employed to quantify and visualize the relative importance of climate change and anthropogenic disturbances on NPP. Our findings revealed significant annual fluctuations in NPP, with 61.8% of the area experiencing improvement in NPP, although the overall trend was not statistically significant. Needleleaf forests and mixed forests below medium elevation (< 4000 m) suffered negative impacts from human activity intensity, while vegetation at medium-high elevation (4000–5000 m) showed positive effects. The area dominated by anthropogenic disturbances influencing NPP accounted for 49.16% of the study area, followed by combined effects (36.86%) and climatic factors (13.98%). Human activity intensity, particularly in nature reserves, emerged as the predominant driver of NPP in plateau regions, while climatic factors primarily drove NPP decline in river valleys and a few alpine mountains. Moreover, combined effects contributed to NPP enhancement in most regions. This study underscores the critical role of human activity intensity in shaping NPP dynamics in high-elevation regions of the Tibetan Plateau, providing valuable insights for ecological conservation and carbon stock enhancement efforts in ecologically fragile areas. [Display omitted] • Relative importance of anthropogenic disturbances on NPP was considered. • Dominance Analysis, a novel approach, was used to study the influencing factors on NPP. • Human activity intensity displayed a decisive role in promoting NPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined how children reason about dominance and prestige in Colombia, Finland, and the USA, contexts that vary in terms of societal inequality and hierarchical organization. We tested 496 children aged 4–11 years old to determine whether they: i) recognized and discriminated between dominance and prestige, ii) preferred to learn from a dominant or prestigious character, iii) assigned leadership to a dominant or prestigious character, and iv) self-identified more with a dominant or subordinate character. Older children were more likely to recognize, prefer, learn from, and assign leadership to the prestigious character, and to identify with the subordinate. There were no cross-cultural differences in learning preferences, supporting evolutionary theories that posit a universal bias towards social learning from prestigious individuals. There was variation in leadership preferences; children were the most likely to assign leadership to a prestigious character in more egalitarian Finland, and least likely in more unequal Colombia. We argue that societal factors including levels of inequality and hierarchical social organization shape an underlying propensity for children to learn to reason about rank and to broadly favor prestige in leaders and models for learning from. • Four-year-olds identify dominance and prestige as signals of high status. • Five-year-olds successfully differentiate dominance from prestige. • Older children prefer to learn from and assign leadership to a prestigious character. • Children in Finland connect leadership to prestige more than those in Colombia do. • Children in Finland self-identify with a subordinate more than those in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semantic Inpainting on Segmentation Map (SISM) aims to manipulate segmentation maps by semantics. Recent works show SISM provides semantic-aware auxiliary information for better style or structure manipulations. Providing structural assistance, segmentation maps have been broadly used as an intermediate interface to achieve better image manipulation. Mainstream solutions of image manipulation use Generative Adversarial Net (GAN) globally, locally or jointly. It is also applicable to SISM. However, the discriminator of global GAN is easier fooled, because the majority of its input is the same as the ground-truth, which is hard to fully mitigate the inconsistency between inpainted areas and the context. The inconsistency is more difficult for local GAN to address, due to the lack of context in its input. To mitigate the inconsistency, we propose a novel Multi-Expansion (MEx) loss. It is implemented by the adversarial loss on MEx areas. Each MEx area has the inpainted area as dominance and keeps knowledge of the scene context, so the consistency of the SISM results can be boosted. We propose an approximation of MEx loss, i.e., A-MEx loss, to further enhance the stability and usability. Besides performing well on SISM tasks, MEx loss also performs impressively on natural image inpainting. Extensive experiments on the two tasks demonstrate the advantages of our model over existing methods on four challenging datasets, such as a 2.59% increase in Hamm on SISM in Cityscape and a decrease of 5.00% FID on natural image inpainting in CMP Facade. The code of our work is available at: https://github.com/he159ok/AMEx-MEx-Loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Postweaning swimming exercise improved social dominance in mice. • Postweaning swimming exercise had long-lasting and sex-dependent effects on enhancing social dominance in mice. • Metabolomics analysis was conducted to explore the underlying mechanism. Increasing evidence has shown that early life events exert long-lasting effects on brain function and mental diseases. Exercise has been proven to have many positive effects on behaviors, such as reducing anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and alleviating cognitive impairment. However, the long-lasting and even short-term effects of regular swimming exercise on social dominance remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effects of postweaning swimming exercise on social dominance and metabolic adaptation in adult mice. Three-week-old mice performed 1 h of swimming exercise in warm water for 4 weeks. A series of behavioral tests, such as the social dominance test (SDT), open field test (OFT), and forced swim test (FST), were conducted. Behavioral test results showed that both male and female mice in the swimming group had a higher rank than those in the sedentary group in the SDT of early adulthood, while only female mice in the swimming group maintained the social dominance in late adulthood. There was no difference between the swimming and sedentary groups in anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Metabolomics analysis showed that there were alterations in particular metabolites and signaling pathways after one month of swimming exercise, including sphingolipid metabolism, neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction and caffeine metabolism. In conclusion, our results provide the first evidence that postweaning swimming exercise has long-lasting and sex-dependent effects on social dominance, which may be caused by metabolic adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel approach to characterize the dynamics of the limit spectrum of large random matrices. This approach is based upon the notion we call "spectral dominance". In particular, we show that the limit spectral measure can be determined as the derivative of the unique viscosity solution of a partial integro-differential equation. This also allows to make general and "short" proofs for the convergence problem. We treat the cases of Dyson Brownian motions, Wishart processes and present a general class of models for which this characterization holds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In animal societies, control over resources and reproduction is often biased towards one sex. Yet, the ecological and evolutionary underpinnings of male–female power asymmetries remain poorly understood. We outline a comprehensive framework to quantify and predict the dynamics of male–female power relationships within and across mammalian species. We show that male–female power relationships are more nuanced and flexible than previously acknowledged. We then propose that enhanced reproductive control over when and with whom to mate predicts social empowerment across ecological and evolutionary contexts. The framework explains distinct pathways to sex-biased power: coercion and male-biased dimorphism constitute a co-evolutionary highway to male power, whereas female power emerges through multiple physiological, morphological, behavioural, and socioecological pathways. Inequality in the degree of control (or 'power') that members of one sex exert over members of the other sex is a pervasive characteristic of mammalian societies, including our own. The study of the drivers of male–female power relationships has been impeded by methodological limitations and a lack of conceptual embedding in theories of sexual conflict, sexual selection and social evolution. Recent evidence challenges long-standing views by showing that (i) power ranges along a continuum from strictly male- to strictly female-dominated animal societies and (ii) intersexual power relationships are not fixed attributes of species. Here we break with dichotomist and static approaches to adopt a dynamic, theory-driven framework that provides a better understanding of the power struggles between the sexes, and how these relate to the social and mating system of a species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of carotid stenting (CAS) has led to numerous comparative trials with carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The objective of the study was to review real-world volumes, outcomes, and complications following CEA versus CAS over an extended period to identify durable changes in practice. Data were extracted from the National Inpatient Sample. Trends were assessed by annual percent change (APC), and adjusted risk ratios were calculated across the last 5 years of the study period. During 1997–2015, 199,330 symptomatic and 1,995,637 asymptomatic patients underwent carotid revascularization. In symptomatic patients, CEA declined (1997–2004; APC = −7.68%, P < 0.001) and CAS rose (1997–2008; APC = 15.48%, P < 0.001) during the first decade, subsequently becoming more muted. In asymptomatic patients, CEA decreased, whereas CAS initially increased (1997–2006; APC = 20.27%, P < 0.001) and then decreased (2007–2015; APC = −4.52%, P < 0.001). Routine discharge after symptomatic revascularization declined in CEA after 2003 and in CAS after 2006 (APC = −1.72% and −3.11%, respectively, P < 0.001 for both), corresponding to increasing patient comorbidity; similar trends were seen in asymptomatic patients. Death decreased after CEA (symptomatic and asymptomatic; APC = −4.85% and −3.53%, respectively, P < 0.001 for both) and CAS (asymptomatic only, APC = −2.53%, P = 0.04). CAS remained associated with a higher adjusted risk ratio for death, venous thromboembolism, and seizures in all patients and stroke and nonroutine discharge in symptomatic patients, during the last 5 years of the study period. Mortality has improved, but routine discharge has decreased following both CEA and CAS, congruent with increasing patient comorbidity. Trends in volumes, outcomes, and complication rates continue to favor CEA in real-world practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Masculine facial morphology (e.g., larger jaw, prominent cheekbones) have been linked to a suite of social outcomes—including greater wealth, career progress, romantic desirability, and even greater political success. A leading explanation for these links is that dominant facial structures represent honest cues of physical dominance and fighting ability. Třebický et al. (2013) published the first study to demonstrate that masculine facial cues (e.g., large nose, deep-set eyes) similarly predict both dominance judgments and real-world fighting success, but no studies have replicated these popular findings that a large and specific assortment of masculine facial structures are implicated in both fighting ability and dominance perception. Thus, we conducted a pre-registered direct replication and extension of Třebický et al. (2013). Two separate samples of United States MTurk participants rated 516 UFC fighters' facial photographs on perceived aggressiveness (N = 500) and fighting ability (N = 500). Results showed that perceived aggressiveness was associated with masculine facial morphology (e.g., large nose, deep-set eyes) independent of bodily size. There was also some evidence that perceived fighting ability was associated with masculine facial morphology, which disappeared after controlling for bodily size. There was no support for the relation between facial structure and fighting success, and there were often negative relations between perceived aggressiveness and fighting ability on fighting success (i.e., more successful fighters were perceived as less successful and aggressive). We argue that our evolved psychology differentially processes the distinct avenues to victory that constitute overall fighting success (e.g., knockout versus submission wins). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the salience and rise of anti-immigrant sentiments in the United States, Mexican immigrants who are not integrated into the American cultural system, are undocumented, or are men may be particularly susceptible to negative treatment. Moreover, people who are high in social dominance orientation (SDO) endorse social hierarchies and are more likely to perceive groups from a lower status less positively. Using a 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects experimental design, we presented participants (N = 243) with a vignette describing a Mexican immigrant who differed on acculturation strategy (assimilated or separated), documentation status (documented or undocumented), and gender (woman or man). We then asked participants to answer questions about the Mexican immigrant and complete an SDO scale. Overall, participants had more negative perceptions of separated (vs. assimilated) and undocumented (vs. documented) Mexican immigrants, and they felt less positively about Mexican immigrant women (vs. men). Participants with high SDO felt more negatively about separated (vs. assimilated) Mexican immigrants. Additionally, participants perceived the separated (vs. assimilated) Mexican immigrant as being more representative of Mexican immigrants as a group, but they identified more with the assimilated (vs. separated) Mexican immigrant. We also assessed participants' attitudes toward Mexican immigrants in general and found that they perceived greater competitiveness toward undocumented (vs. documented) Mexican immigrants. These findings provide important insight into factors that impact U.S. perceptions of Mexican immigrants—a starting point to better understand and improve relations between the U.S. public and Mexican immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates a novel interval linear programming based on probabilistic dominance. Firstly, the definition of interval linear programming is briefly reviewed. Then a new interval linear programming model is presented based on probabilistic dominance. The probabilistic dominance index treats the intervals as uniformly distributed variables and the interval inequality relation is further defined by probability. To deal with non-linearity in probabilistic dominance index, sequential quadratic programming is used to solve the problem and the performance measure approach is proposed to overcome the convergence difficulties. The determination and sensitivity analysis of the target performance measure are discussed to assess the sequential quadratic programming algorithm. Meanwhile, the extension of the proposed method to fuzzy interval linear programming is discussed. Furthermore, the proposed method is applied to the design of the plane truss structure with interval parameters. Finally, the effectiveness and rationality of the developed method are demonstrated by two mathematical examples and one interval parametric plane truss structure optimization example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The effect of voice dominance of in-vehicle agents was studied in manual and automated driving for the driver's situation awareness, emotion regulation, and trust. • The dominant agent is suggested for improving the driver's situation awareness in manual driving. • The submissive agent increases the emotion regulation of the driver more than a dominant one in both manual and automated driving. • The driver's trust in automated driving becomes higher when the voice of the agent is submissive. As in-vehicle voice agents increase in popularity, related research is extending to how voice messages can affect the driver's cognitive and emotional states. Accordingly, we investigated how in-vehicle agent (IVA) voice dominance and driving automation can affect the driver's situation awareness (SA), emotion regulation (ER), and trust. To this end, a lab-based experiment was conducted with a medium-fidelity driving simulator using actor-recorded voice agents. Twenty-two female and nineteen male driver-licensed participants were recruited to drive simulated vehicles with voice agents and evaluated. The results demonstrated that compared with the dominant voice, the agent with a submissive voice significantly increased ER in both manual and automated driving. Furthermore, the submissive voice significantly increased trust in automated driving compared with the dominant agent. Cross and synergistic interaction effects exist between voice dominance and driving automation in SA and ER, respectively. This study revealed that both the content of the messages of the IVAs and their voice characteristics are essential for modulating the driver's SA, ER, and trust in driving. It is expected that larger-scale future studies with simulation or on a real road would increase the validity of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2016, Donald Trump won the U.S. presidential election by securing a very large share of the rural vote. In the 2020 election, his margin of victory in rural America was even greater. This time, however, voter turnout in urban areas was much higher, an even larger share of these urban voters cast their ballot for Biden, and Trump lost the election. Analysis revealed that two variables were especially important predictors of county-level voting behavior. Counties that Trump won had a large proportion of non-Hispanic white residents and a low proportion of college graduates. When controlling for other independent variables, the effects of rural/urban residence largely disappeared. Thus, Trump's dominance in rural counties is explained by the fact that rural counties have large numbers of non-Hispanic white residents and lower levels of educational attainment than urban counties. These same variables were important in explaining the vote in five key battleground states. The relevance of these findings for the future of U.S. democracy in an era of deep political division is discussed. • The rural vote was instrumental in Trump's 2016 election victory. • In 2020, Trump's margin of victory in rural areas was even greater. • Trump's 2020 election loss was a consequence higher voter turnout in urban areas. • Trump's greatest support came from white, working-class counties. • Relevance of rural/urban variable generally disappeared in multi-variate analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]