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Study Objective: To highlight the circumstances, presentation, and treatment of venous gas embolism (VGE) and provide guidance and propose potential changes in surgical practice and perioperative monitoring to minimize the adverse consequences and sequalae of this potentially serious complication.Design: A case series.Setting: A university-affiliated teaching hospital.Patients: Five women developed VGE during hysteroscopic endometrial ablation.Interventions: From 1990 through 2014, the principle author (G.A.V.) performed 5249 primary and 458 repeat hysteroscopic endometrial ablations under general anesthesia using a monopolar 26F (9-mm) resectoscope connected to a peristaltic pump-driven active inflow and outflow irrigation and distension system (1.5% glycine) and an 8-mm monopolar loop electrode at a 120-W continuous (cut) and/or a 3- to 5-mm rollerball interrupted (coagulation) waveform or a combination of them.Measurements and Main Results: Among 5707 procedures, we encountered 5 (0.09%, 1/1140) incidents of VGE during primary ablations. All patients exhibited the same symptoms of ventilatory and hemodynamic decompensation, beginning with a reduction in end-tidal carbon dioxide and arterial oxygen desaturation. All patients recovered after immediate cessation of the surgery and resuscitation including ventilatory support with 100% O2 and intravenous fluids.Conclusions: Although entrainment of some air/gas bubbles is common during hysteroscopy, life-threatening/fatal VGE is rare (1/1140 cases). Situational awareness and strict adherence to certain principles including understanding the conditions, prerequisites, and pathophysiology of VGE; attention to surgical principles and operative technique; close communication with the anesthesiologist; and early therapeutic intervention are of paramount importance to avoid this rare but potentially serious complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Water Chestnut ( Trapa natans ) is a starch producing annual hydrophytic plant with potential as a secure food source. Breeding programmes mostly rely on the DNA polymorphism present in the primary gene pool. Knowledge of the genetic structure for the population is limited, and there are very few reports available on the DNA polymorphism of T. natans. In this study, we have screened RAPD based marker to estimate the DNA polymorphism among 14 germplasms of water chestnut. 180 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker were tested to investigate DNA polymorphism among 14 germplasms of T.natans. Out of 180 RAPD primers, 16 primers gave reproducible bands and are selected for further investigation. A total number of 220 bands were detected, among which 151 bands were polymorphic. The percentage polymorphism varied from 37.5 to 93.75. The average polymorphism across all the fourteen germplasms was found to be 68.63%, while average number of polymorphic band was 9.4. Jaccard's similarity coefficient ranged from 0.45 to 0.93. The analysis of DNA polymorphism is useful for crop improvement and may be helpful for future plant breeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of anthocyanin-rich Queen Garnet plum juice (QGPJ) on body weight and expression of leptin and adiponectin. Queen Garnet plum is a Japanese plum ( Prunus salicina ) cultivar developed through a Queensland Government breeding program with very high levels of anthocyanins (272 mg/100 g). Twenty healthy volunteers were supplemented with 200 ml/day of QGPJ and placebo drink for 4 weeks. Supplementation with QGPJ significantly reduces body weight and BMI ( p  < 0.05) with the average decrease of 0.6 kg in body weight and 0.2 units in BMI over the period of 4 weeks. Furthermore, consumption of QGPJ significantly increases adiponectin blood levels ( p  < 0.05) (average increase of 3.83 µg/mL) and decreases leptin blood levels (average decrease of 1.31 ng/mL). QGPJ may have potential to be used as a functional food for preventing obesity and obesity related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent and progressive metabolic conditions affecting approximately 8.5% of the global population. Individuals with T2DM have a significantly increased risk of developing chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its associated complications, therefore, it is of great importance to establish strategies for combatting T2DM and its associated chronic conditions. Current literature has identified several biomarkers that are known to play a key role in the pathogenesis of CVD. Many of these biomarkers affecting CVD are influenced by an increase in oxidative stress as seen in T2DM. The purpose of this review is to analyse and correlate the oxidative stress-related biomarkers that have been identified in the literature to provide an updated summary of their significance in CVD risk factors. Data synthesis This review has analysed current research on T2DM, CVD, and oxidative stress. Four key cardiovascular risk factors: thrombosis, inflammation, vascular homeostasis and cellular proliferation were searched to identify potential biomarkers for this review. These biomarkers stem from seven major cellular pathways; NF-κB, Keap1-Nrf2, protein kinase-C, macrophage activation, arachidonic acid mobilisation, endothelial dysfunction and advanced glycation end products. Conclusions The pathways and biomarkers were analysed to show their role as contributing factors to CVD development and a summary is made regarding the assessment of cardiovascular risk in T2DM individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to evaluate the effect of anthocyanin (ACN) supplementation in reducing thrombogenesis and maintaining hemostasis in pro-thrombotic overweight and obese individuals. Twenty-six (M = 9, F = 17) overweight/obese (BMI > 25) individuals participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design dietary intervention trial. Volunteers consumed ACN (320 mg/day) or placebo capsules for 28-days followed by a two-week wash-out period. ACN supplementation inhibited adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet activation-related conformational change and degranulation by reducing PAC-1 expression by 12% and P-selectin expression by 9% respectively. ACN supplementation also alleviated thrombogenic progression by reducing monocyte-platelet aggregate formation by 29% and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) expression by 21%. Platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen and arachidonic acid was reduced by 36%, 17%, and 24% respectively. ACN supplementation has the potential to reduce the risk of thrombosis in overweight/obese population by targeting specific pathways of platelet activation/aggregation and endothelial dysfunction associated leucocyte migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrombosis as the main complication of coronary heart disease (CHD) represents the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). In the course of diabetes mellitus some coagulation abnormalities occur, that may result in a thrombogenic propensity. Aspirin (ASA) as a platelet-inhibiting agent through inactivation of Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) is mostly used for the prevention and treatment of atherothrombotic disorders. ASA inhibits the COX-1 enzyme and therefore blocks platelet thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthesis. However, some of the serious vascular events in high-risk vascular patients are attributable to a failure of ASA to suppress platelet aggregation. The consumption of antioxidant or antioxidant rich foods such as vitamin C, E, and polyphenols might impart anti-thrombotic and cardiovascular protective effects via their inhibition of platelet hyper-activation or aggregation similar to the action of aspirin. This review will discuss the risk of thrombosis in diabetes, what aspirin resistance means, and the effectiveness of antioxidant therapy in the prevention and possible treatment of atherothrombotic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a new video stabilization algorithm for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) has been presented which is used to stabilize the video being transmitted from UAV to the ground station. First, the corner points are extracted using Good Features to Track corner detection algorithm and the extracted points are used to compute the optical flow between two consecutive frames. Next, the points detected from optical flow are used to estimate the motion parameters using an affine transform model. Subsequently, a hybrid filter consisting of Kalman and low pass filter is used to smooth the estimated motion parameters and the frames are warped using the smoothed parameters to obtain a stabilized video sequence. The experimental results show that the algorithm can remove the unwanted vibration more effectively than the one that only uses either a Kalman Filter or a low pass filter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins have been reported to induce the expression of enzymes involved in both cellular antioxidant defenses and attenuating inflammation-associated pathogenesis. Induction of such enzymes by edible anthocyanin largely accounts for their atherosclerosis chemo-protective activities. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays an essential role in the coordinated induction of those genes encoding redox-responsive and cellular defense antioxidant enzyme termed antioxidant response element (ARE). Current studies have revealed that Nrf2–ARE signaling is involved in attenuating inflammation-associated pathogenesis such as atherosclerosis. Conversely, reduction in Nrf2 signaling leads to enhanced susceptibility to oxidative stress and inflammatory tissue injuries. The activation of Nrf2–ARE might inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory mediator including cyclooxygenase-2, chemokines, cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and induction nitric oxide synthase. This review highlights the gene expression induced by dietary anthocyanin via Nrf2 signaling on redox-regulated transcription factor in atherosclerosis disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipidic systems are considered to be the most promising carrier for drug delivery to brain. Metabolic substrates like carbohydrates and amino acids are able to traverse the blood–brain barrier (BBB) by specific carrier-mediated transport systems like glucose transporters present on the both luminal and abluminal side of the BBB. With this objective, the docetaxel (DTX) loaded solid lipidic nanoparticles were formulated and surface modified with a mannose derived ligand p -aminophenyl-α- d -mannopyranoside (MAN) to develop MAN conjugated lipidic nanoparticles for targeting DTX to brain. Lipidic nanoparticles were prepared using emulsification and solvent evaporation method using stearic acid as charge modifying lipid and conjugated with MAN using carbodimide coupling. These lipidic nanoparticles were successfully characterized using various techniques like DLS, TEM, DSC and FTIR spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity and cell uptake unveiled enhanced efficacy of conjugated lipidic nanoparticles. Pharmacokinetic and brain distribution studies demonstrated increased DTX concentrations using lipidic nanoparticles in brain and conjugating MAN on surface of lipidic nanoparticles further augmented the inflow of the drug to brain. Present study revealed the prospective of mannose analog, MAN-conjugated lipidic nanoparticles as efficient vehicle for anticancer drug delivery to brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased oxidant production in humans induces a number of thrombotic consequences; including platelet hyperactivity/aggregability, which could be countered through specifically developed functional foods. We sought to determine the antithrombotic properties of anthocyanin-rich Queen Garnet plum juice (QGPJ) supplementation with and without exercise-induced oxidative stress. Thirteen healthy participants were investigated in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Participants consumed 200 mL/day of QGPJ and placebo juice for 28-days, with treatments separated by a two-week wash-out period. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 1 h of exercise (70% peak-O 2 uptake) both before and after oral supplementation and evaluated for platelet function and haemostatic activity. QGPJ supplementation inhibited adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation both without and under exercise-induced oxidative stress by 10.7% (P < 0.01) and 12.7% (P < 0.001) respectively; arachidonic acid-induced aggregation under oxidative stress by 28.8% (P < 0.05); reduced platelet activation-dependant P-selectin expression by 32.9% (P < 0.01) and 38.7% (P < 0.001) both without and under oxidative stress respectively; and exhibited favourable effects on coagulation parameters both with and without oxidative stress. The anti-thrombotic activity exhibited by anthocyanin-rich QGPJ suggests a potential for cardiovascular disease risk reduction and may be considered as complementary anti-platelet nutritional therapy in pro-thrombotic population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gilbert's syndrome (GS) is a relatively common condition, inducing a benign, non-hemolytic, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Gilbert's Syndrome is associated with mutation in the Uridine Glucuronosyl Transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) gene promoter, reducing UGT1A1 activity, which normally conjugates bilirubin allowing its elimination from the blood. Individuals with GS demonstrate mildly elevated plasma antioxidant capacity caused by elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), reduced thiols and glutathione. Interestingly, the development of, and risk of mortality from, cardiovascular disease is remarkably reduced in GS individuals. An explanation for this protection may be explained by bilirubin's ability to inhibit multiple processes that induce platelet hyper-reactivity and thrombosis, thus far under-appreciated in the literature. Reactive oxygen species are produced continuously via metabolic processes and have the potential to oxidatively modify proteins and lipids within cell membranes, which may encourage the development of thrombosis and CVDs. Oxidative stress induced platelet hyper-reactivity significantly increases the risk of thrombosis, which can potentially lead to tissue infarction. Here, we discuss the possible mechanisms by which increased antioxidant status might influence platelet function and link this to cardiovascular protection in GS. In summary, this is the first article to discuss the possible role of bilirubin as an anti-thrombotic agent, which inhibits platelet activation and potentially, organ infarction, which could contribute to the reduced mortality rate in mildly hyperbilirbinemic individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anti-thrombotic properties of an anthocyanin-rich Queen Garnet plum juice (QGPJ) and anthocyanin-free prune juice (PJ) were studied in this randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Twenty-one healthy subjects (M = 10, F = 11) consumed QGPJ, PJ or placebo, 200 mL/day for 28-days followed by a 2-week wash-out period. Only QGPJ supplementation inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP (<5%, P  = 0.02), collagen (<2.7%, P  < 0.001) and arachidonic acid (<4%, P  < 0.001); reduced platelet activation-dependent surface-marker P-selectin expression of activated de-granulated platelets (<17.2%, P  = 0.04); prolonged activated-partial thromboplastin clotting time (>2.1 s, P  = 0.03); reduced plasma-fibrinogen (<7.5%, P  = 0.02) and malondialdehyde levels, a plasma biomarker of oxidative stress ( P  = 0.016). PJ supplementation increased plasma hippuric acid content ( P  = 0.018). QGPJ or PJ supplementation did not affect blood cell counts, lipid profile, or inflammation markers. Our findings suggest that QGPJ but not PJ has the potential to significantly attenuate thrombosis by reducing platelet activation/hyper-coagulability and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Introduction: The phenolic compounds of olive leaves and olive oils in the Mediterranean diet have been associated with a reduced incidence of heart disease. Accordingly, antioxidant-rich diets may prevent the deleterious effects of oxidative metabolism by scavenging free radicals, thus inhibiting oxidation and delaying atherosclerosis. The process involves phospholipase C activation and arachidonic acid metabolism, and is thought to reduce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In our study, an extract of Olea europaea L. leaves was used. The active phenolic compounds in this extract are part of the secoiridoid family, known for their capacity to scavenge H2O2. The results from this study will help to improve our understanding of effects of polyphenol antioxidants in olive leaf extract on platelet function. Methods: Full blood examination (FBE), platelet aggregation, and ATP release were performed on samples from fasting, normal, healthy male subjects. Platelet function at increasing concentrations of oleuropein was investigated through measures of platelet aggregation and ATP release from activated platelets. Results: Blood analysis (n = 11) revealed a significant dose-dependant reduction in platelet activity with olive extract concentrations of 1.0% v/v (P <0.001). ATP Release showed a similar pattern (P = 0.02). Conclusions: Olive leaf polyphenols derived from O. europaea L. leaves inhibited in vitro platelet activation in healthy, non-smoking males. Further bioavailability studies need to be undertaken to determine the in vivo effect of extract on platelet function and to validate the present results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Flavonoids may be partly responsible for some health benefits, including antiinflammatory action and a decreased tendency for the blood to clot. An acute dose of flavanols and oligomeric procyanidins from cocoa powder inhibits platelet activation and function over 6 h in humans. Objective: This study sought to evaluate whether 28 d of supplementation with cocoa flavanols and related procyanidin oligomers would modulate human platelet reactivity and primary hemostasis and reduce oxidative markers in vivo. Design: Thirty-two healthy subjects were assigned to consume active (234 mg cocoa flavanols and procyanidins/d) or placebo (= 6 mg cocoa flavanols and procyanidins/d) tablets in a blinded parallel-designed study. Platelet function was determined by measuring platelet aggregation, ATP release, and expression of activation-dependent platelet antigens by using flow cytometry. Plasma was analyzed for oxidation markers and antioxidant status. Results: Plasma concentrations of epicatechin and catechin in the active group increased by 81% and 28%, respectively, during the intervention period. The active group had significantly lower P selectin expression and significantly lower ADP-induced aggregation and collagen-induced aggregation than did the placebo group. Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations were significantly higher in the active than in the placebo group (P < 0.05), whereas plasma oxidation markers and antioxidant status did not change in either group. Conclusions: Cocoa flavanol and procyanidin supplementation for 28 d significantly increased plasma epicatechin and catechin concentrations and significantly decreased platelet function. These data support the results of acute studies that used higher doses of cocoa flavanols and procyanidins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present-day organizations continue to expose their critical information infrastructures over the Internet for facilitating accessibility; substantially raising concerns about the security of data from both outsiders and insiders. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for detecting intrusive attacks on databases by assessing the risk for incoming transaction based upon the conflation of multiple behavior-based components for the user. In a database intrusion detection system for a role-based access (RBAC) environment, it is not sufficient to focus on role-based features as every user within the same role has a degree of uniqueness. Moreover, traditional database intrusion detection systems classify the incoming transactions into two classes (Malicious or Non-malicious), taking the same action for all transactions that are labeled as malicious irrespective of the damage it can cause to the system. Our approach, Role and User Behavior-based Risk Assessment (RUBRA) uses both role-behavior and user-behavior based features for detecting an intrusive attack. Further, we also quantify the risk associated with the incoming transaction, streamlining the countermeasure process. Experiments on stochastic datasets show promising results on both detection and labeling of malicious transactions. • A robust algorithm for DIDS which assesses risk associated with incoming transaction and selects the response from a suite of countermeasures. • A novel framework for creating user profiles based upon fingerprinting legitimate transactions for a user. • A novel method for agglomeration of different behavioral checks, i.e combining results of the user, role and temporal analysis as one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes is associated with oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation resulting in endothelial dysfunction (ED). This study determined to explore the protective effects of berry-derived anthocyanins (AC) with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in human diabetic endothelial cells upon oxidative and inflammatory stressors. Cultured healthy human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) and diabetic human aortic endothelial cells (D-HAEC) exposed to oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 , 75 μM) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/mL) as an inflammatory inducer before treatment with AC (50 μl/ml). The results from cytotoxicity assays showed that AC had no significant effects in cell viability (P-value < 0.0001), and exposure to H 2 O 2 75 μM had a less toxic effect (P-value < 0.05). Although, AC significantly decreased H 2 O 2 -induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in both HAEC and D-HAEC cell lines (P-value < 0.0001), no positive impact of AC was found on the GSSG/GSH ratios (P-value < 0.05). Exposure to the LPS increased the production of IL-6 in both HAEC and D-HAEC cell lines (P-value < 0.0001), whereas AC treatment reduced LPS‐induced IL‐6 production in both cell lines with a more robust impact on D-HAEC (P-value < 0.0001). While LPS increased inflammasome assembling and caspase-1 activation, AC treatment inhibited caspase-1 activation in D-HAEC (P ≤ 0.05). This study indicated that berry anthocyanins reduced oxidative stress and inflammation via the inhibition of the NF-ƙB signaling pathway, which contributes to mitigating the diabetes-induced up-regulation of NF-ƙB. • T2DM is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation resulting in ED. • Anthocyanins (AC) decreased H 2 O 2 -induced cytotoxicity in both HAEC & D-HAEC. • AC reduced LPS‐induced IL‐6 production in the diabetic endothelial cell line. • AC treatment inhibited LPS‐induced caspase-1 activation in D-HEAC. • AC protected D-HAECs via anti-inflammatory mechanisms to prevent diabetic ED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Anthocyanin's anti-inflammatory properties were investigated. • ACN supplementation significantly decreases blood plasma levels of CCL2. • ACN supplementation significantly decreases blood plasma levels of IL-6. • ACN displays potential as a complementary anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent. Chronic low-grade inflammation in obese and overweight individuals is associated with an increased risk of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The current trial investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of anthocyanin (ACN) supplementation in lean, overweight and obese individuals. Fifteen lean, ten overweight and ten obese participants consumed ACN (320 mg/day) for 28 days along with their usual diet. ACN supplementation significantly decreased blood plasma levels of CCL2 in the lean, overweight and obese groups (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001 and p < 0.01 respectively). Additionally, significantly decreased levels of IL-6 in the obese group (p < 0.05) were also observed post-ACN supplementation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the anti-inflammatory potential of ACN and suggest the supplementation of ACN as a complementary therapeutic agent for reducing chronic inflammation in obese and overweight individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The extraction of indium(III) and gallium(III) along with the associated metal ions from hydrochloric acid medium by bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272) has been studied. The extraction profiles of indium(III) and gallium(III) have been investigated as a function of type and molarity of the acid, nature of organic diluent and concentration of the metal ion and the extractant. The extracting species have been identified as In(OH)R2, Ga(OH)R2 and H+GaCl4·2R. It has been possible to strip In(III) and Ga(III) from the organic phase by appropriate molarity of HCl. Conditions for a number of binary and ternary separations of analytical interest have been optimized. The developed conditions have been extended to recover pure In(III) from sphalerite and galena and Ga(III) from bottom ash and electronic waste. Loading capacity of the extractant was evaluated and the results reveal that Cyanex 272 can hold indium(III) up to one-fifteenth and gallium(III) up to one-twentieth of its molar concentration. The hydrolytic stability and regeneration capacity of the extractant has been assessed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a global challenge for atherosclerosis. It was hypothesized that a four-week consumption of anthocyanin supplements by MetS patients who had three or more risk factors linked with metabolic syndrome would have a greater improvement in cardiometabolic biomarkers and would also reduce the risk of thrombosis. A total of 55 participants in two groups of Normal healthy and MetS (age 25-75y) were given 320 mg anthocyanin supplements twice daily for 4 weeks. Platelet coagulant activities, lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose, and inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured before and after supplementation to evaluate the atheroprotective effects of anthocyanins in the study subjects. Four weeks of anthocyanin supplementation significantly decreased cardiometabolic risk factors including the average serum fasting blood glucose (FBG) (by 13.3%, P <.05) and lipid profiles by significant reduction in triglyceride (by 24.9%, P <.05) and LDL-C (by 33.1%, P <.05) in the MetS group. Anthocyanin supplementation also decreased high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level (by 28%, P <.05) in females. However, no significant differences in serum UA (uric acid) and HDL-C were observed between anthocyanin pre- and post-treatment in both groups. Moreover, Anthocyanin supplements decreased ADP-induced platelet activation configuration expressed as P-selectin by 40% (P <.05). There was a positive correlation between decreased hs-CRP values and the levels of LDL-C and FBG in the MetS group (P <.05). These results support the hypothesis that anthocyanin supplementation exerts anti-atherogenicity effects by improving cardiometabolic risk factors and reducing thrombogenicity in the MetS population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most commonly identified chronic illnesses in many countries is type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM denotes an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Heart disease is one of the causes of mortality in patients with diabetes, mainly due to the macrovascular complications. One of these macrovascular complications in diabetes is atherosclerosis, which involves a complicated pathophysiological process. Besides hyperglycemia, oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its associated risk of CVD. There are many other factors including molecular, metabolic, lipid, fibrinolytic, and platelet function disorders precipitate to thrombotic and CVD risks in T2DM. Also, Platelets have an increased response to procoagulants in patients with diabetes. Platelet hyperactivity, in the presence of oxidative stress, has a major effect on the progression of thrombotic and CVD events. This review will discuss the impact of the above factors and the potential effects of platelet hyperactivity on thrombotic and cardiovascular risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]