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Non-covalent forces are essential for the formation of starch- Mesona chinensis polysaccharide (MCP) gels. In this paper, the effects of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions on the formation of rice starch (RS)-MCP gels. The addition of urea broke the hydrogen bonds and loosened the microstructure, reducing the gel viscosity, pasting temperature, and water molecule binding capacity. The decreased short-range ordering and double-helix structure corroborated the reduction of gel properties. Gaussian fitting showed that the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between RS and MCP was dominated by OH⋯π. Low concentrations of NaCl decreased the electrostatic repulsion between RS and MCP and promoted the formation of gel structure. The electrostatic shielding effect occurred with increasing NaCl concentration, and the storage modulus (G′) and melting enthalpy decreased. Compared to the changes in the electrostatic effect, the breaking of hydrogen bonds disrupted the gel structures obviously, therefore, hydrogen bonds were the main interaction force in gel formation. The research explored the effect on gel properties based on the changes in non-covalent force, which provided a new insight into starch-polysaccharide interactions. Concurrently, it also presented a novel entry point for research efforts to modulate the properties of gels. [Display omitted] • Gel formation involved hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions. • Hydrogen bonding promoted and maintained the formation of gel structures. • Intermolecular hydrogen bonds were dominated by OH⋯π. • Electrostatic repulsion existed in rice starch- Mesona chinensis polysaccharide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic asthma accounts for more than 50 percent of adult asthma in life. Glucocorticoids and leukotriene receptor antagonists are commonly used to treat asthma, but these drugs not only have high side effects but also cannot cure the disease. In contrast, natural active ingredients are relatively safe to the organism and show great potential for improving the organism. Polysaccharides, as the main active ingredient in aqueous extract, may be equally beneficial for biological activity. The aim of this study is to investigate the alleviating effect and mechanism of action of Ficus pumila fruit polysaccharide (FPP) and aqueous extract of Ficus pumila fruit (FPW) on mice with allergic asthma. The results showed that FPP and FPW could regulate the secretion of the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-γ. FPP and FPW also reduced the inflammation, mucus secretion, and collagen deposition in mouse lung tissue, and down-regulated the expression of matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) proteins. In addition, FPP and FPW modulated the intestinal microbiota by augmenting the alpha diversity and adjusting the taxonomic composition at the phylum and family levels, thereby ensured the sustenance of regular physiological processes in the body. This study demonstrated that FPP and FPW may attenuate asthma by inducing beneficial microbiota in the gut-lung axis and provide an effective basis for the future clinical treatment of allergic asthma with Ficus pumila and the development and utilization of new anti-asthma drugs. [Display omitted] • Ficus pumila fruit could effectively alleviate the symptoms of allergic asthma mice. • Ficus pumila fruit also reduced the inflammation, mucus secretion, and collagen deposition in mouse lung tissue. • Ficus pumila fruit polysaccharide maintained the balance of gut flora and promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids. • Ficus pumila fruit polysaccharide could upregulate the diversity of gut microbial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory disease with the process recurrent and chronic. Human milk oligosaccharide 2′ fucosyllactose (2′FL) possessed unique immune response and antioxidant activities, whereas its protective effect in colitis remains unexplored. Herein so as to track the beneficial effect of 2′FL in colitis, DSS-induced colitis was established and the inflammatory response, gut microbiota, intestinal tract barrier and molecular signaling pathway were measured. Results showed that 2′FL can alleviate the colitis symptoms, reduce the number of inflammatory cells, inhibit the overproduction of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, promote the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine such as interleukin-22 (IL-22) by TGF-β/SMAD2/SMAD3/SMAD4 pathways. Furthermore, 2′FL inhibited the production of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), restored intestinal barrier integrity by enhancing the levels of occluding, claudin-1, mucin mucin-2 (MUC-2), and zonulin occludin-1 (ZO-1) and further prevent harmful substance from escaping into the body, ultimately protected the liver against oxidative damage. Moreover, 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing analysis showed that 2′FL reversed the change of gut microbiota in colitis mice by reducing the abundance of the Bacteroides , Clostridium and Turicibacter , and enhancing the abundance of Coprococcus and Prevotella. In short, 2′FL supplementation could be a promising nutritional strategy for alleviating UC, and improving related diseases. [Display omitted] A potential mechanism of 2′FL-treatment on DSS-induced colitis mice. • Human milk oligosaccharide 2′-fucosyllactose (2′FL) alleviated the symptoms of colitis in mice. • 2′FL alleviated DSS-induced inflammation and strengthened intestinal barrier integrity. • 2′FL regulated the composition of gut microbiota and reversed microbiota dysbiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a novel oral nano-delivery system (CR-NPs) was designed for co-delivering curcumin and resveratrol to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) using Mesona chinensis polysaccharides and zein via antisolvent precipitation and continuous water evaporation crosslinking. It showed high encapsulation rates for both bioactives due to hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic forces. CR-NPs have favorable in vitro gastrointestinal stability and low pre-colonic release rates, resulting in increased accumulation in the colon. In vivo therapeutic effects of CR-NPs were confirmed through alleviation of UC symptoms and inflammation of UC mice. CR-NPs maintained the balance of intestinal flora and promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids in UC mice. Furthermore, CR-NPs intervention can alleviate the development of UC by modulating arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and tryptophan metabolism. This study provides some theoretical basis using a novel dietary protocol option that co-delivering natural bioactives to the colon for alleviation of UC. [Display omitted] • Nanoparticles prepared by MCP and zein can effectively co-encapsulate curcumin and resveratrol. • Favorable gastrointestinal stability of nanoparticles prepared based on the water evaporation cross-linking. • Co-delivery of curcumin and resveratrol can effectively alleviate the symptoms of ulcerative colitis. • CR-NPs maintained the balance of intestinal flora and promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids. • CR-NPs alleviate UC by modulating arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and tryptophan metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides, a major class of biomacromolecules, are known as ideal raw food supplements for health food due to their few side effects. Meanwhile, they are often used to change physicochemical and textural properties of food products in food industries. Carboxymethylation processing is increasingly used in the modifications of polysaccharide functionalities. Carboxymethylation introduces carboxymethyl functional groups into polysaccharides, which causes changes in the physicochemical properties and structure of polysaccharides, thus improving and even adding new bioactivities of polysaccharides for food applications. The review summarizes the recent progress about carboxymethylated polysaccharides, including i) synthetic methods, ii) structural characterization, iii) related bioactivities and structure-activity relationships, iv) mechanisms of action bioactivities, and v) food applications and safety evaluation. Structure of polysaccharides was changed after carboxymethylation, leading to the changes of their physicochemical and biological properties. Their bioactivities rely not only on the source of the polysaccharide but also on chemical structural features, such as degree of substitution, which was influenced by reagent concentration, reaction, solvent temperature of carboxymethylation. The carboxymethylated polysaccharides have been used in various fields of food application, such as food auxiliary agents, food packaging, carrier of food bioactive ingredients, sensors for analysis of food, functional food. Overall, Carboxymethylation has great potential to be used in food industries for improved functionalities of polysaccharides. • Carboxymethylated modification of polysaccharides has attracted extensive attention. • Methods of carboxymethylation are mainly the solvent and aqueous methods. • The biological activities of polysaccharide are closely related to its structure. • Perspective on food applications of carboxymethylated polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyacinth bean starch (HBS) was used to prepare nanocomposite films with the reinforcement agent of nanotitanium oxide (TiO 2 -N) and Mesona chinensis Benth polysaccharide (MCP). The effects of TiO 2 -N and MCP on the moisture combination, rheological properties of film-forming solutions (FFS) and physiochemical properties of films were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that HBS, TiO 2 -N and MCP had good compatibility, while no novel absorption peak in FTIR spectra, and characteristic peaks of TiO 2 -N were found in XRD patterns of composite films. Contact angle of HBS/TiO 2 -N/M3 film increased from 65.6° to 90.9°, which illustrated that TiO 2 -N and MCP effectively enhanced hydrophobicity of films. TiO 2 -N and MCP positively affected anti-UV light ability of HBS films by resisting most of invisible light. Furthermore, stable and compact network structures were formed by the synergistic effect of TiO 2 -N and MCP, thereby elongation to break was increased from 17.123% to 28.603% significantly, and heat resistance was enhanced clearly. This study prepared a nanocomposite HBS-based films based TiO 2 -N and MCP, which had guiding significance for development of functional films and combination of polysaccharides and metallic oxide. • Mesona chinensis Benth polysaccharide (MCP) was applied to enhance starch film. • Hyacinth bean starch (HBS) film was prepared incorporated with TiO 2 -N and MCP. • HBS, TiO 2 -N and MCP had good compatibility in the composite films. • HBS/TiO 2 -N/MCP films displayed good mechanical, heat and UV resistance properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ameliorate the limitations associated with the processing and utilization of corn starch (CS), Ficus pumila Linn. polysaccharide (FPP) was used to modulate the physicochemical properties of CS. In this study, the influence of FPP on gelatinization, structural properties, antioxidant capacity and digestibility of CS were evaluated. The results showed that the addition of FPP inhibited the short-term retrogradation of CS and delayed the gelation process of CS. Furthermore, FPP decreased the storage modulus and loss modulus, while diminishing the strength and hardness of the gel, and impeding moisture translocation. FPP reduced the formation of ordered structure and thermal stability of the gels by binding to amylose. Notably, in addition to the processing properties, FPP was found to enhance the antioxidant capacity and reduce the digestibility of CS, as demonstrated by the pronounced antioxidant activities in the CS-FPP composites and an increment in resistant starch (RS) content. Collectively, these insights furnish a significant contribution to the potential application of FPP in enhancing the quality of starch-based alimentary products. [Display omitted] • Ficus pumila Linn. polysaccharide (FPP) increased resistant starch content. • FPP delayed the migration of water and the retrogradation of gels. • FPP inhibited the formation of corn starch (CS) gel structure. • CS-FPP gels exhibited a solid-like behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the only natural cationic polysaccharide, chitosan (CH) have several bioactivities. Moreover, CH was the ideal biomaterial for the preparation of hydrogels that have desirable biocompatibility and biodegradability. CH-based hydrogels have been extensively reported for their applications in delivery system and tissue engineering. Furthermore, CH-based hydrogels have shown great potential and attracted considerable attention in recent years for biosensors and packaging materials. This review aims to discuss the favorable properties and advantage of CH-based hydrogels through introducing different types of CH-based hydrogels, and extend these properties to their application in biosensors. Finally, combining the above-mentioned advantages and characteristics (excellent bioactivities, stimuli responsiveness, embedding ability, swelling, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and low-cost), the potential of CH-based hydrogels for application in intelligent food packaging systems is analyzed. CH-based hydrogels, a hydrophilic, high-water content biomaterial, have a variety of applications, which are closely related to its excellent properties such as good swelling capacity and embedding ability. Different types of CH-based hydrogels have different working mechanism and extensive application prospect in delivery system and tissue engineering. Moreover, CH-based hydrogels can respond to external stimuli and convert environmental signal to a measurable signal output through its swelling behavior or embedding bioactive substance that can interact with an input element, which has been used as biosensors in various fields. Combining its favorable antibacterial, antioxidant activity and good biodegradability, CH-based hydrogels have great application potential in intelligent food packaging system. • CH-based hydrogels have attracted considerable attention as favorable biomaterial. • CH-based hydrogels have been divided four types to discuss its applications. • Applications of CH-based hydrogels as biosensor are reviewed. • Trends of CH-based hydrogels in intelligent food packaging systems were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sulfated Chinese yam polysaccharide (S-CYP) was obtained from non-starch Chinese yam polysaccharide (CYP) by chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine (CSA-Pyr) method. The physicochemical characteristics and immunological activity of S-CYP were evaluated in this study. Results showed that sulfated modification changed the physicochemical properties of Chinese yam polysaccharide. Body weights and thymus index of the mice in polysaccharides group were increased compared with the cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced immunosuppressed mice in model group, and could restore the splenomegaly that caused by Cy. It also showed that S-CYP could enhance the immunomodulatory activity on splenic lymphocytes since it could increase the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes and effectively cooperate with ConA to induce splenic lymphocytes differentiation into T lymphocytes. Meanwhile, the number of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T lymphocytes was elevated, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio was restored in polysaccharides group. The levels of splenic lymphocytes cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis (TNF)-α), and the levels of immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) secretion in serum were also increased by S-CYP significantly. These findings demonstrate that CYP and S-CYP can serve as a promising immunomodulator with potential application in functional food and nutraceutical industry. Preparation of sulfated yam polysaccharide and its immunological effects on immunosuppressed mice. Unlabelled Image • The sulfated derivative (S-CYP) was obtained from yam polysaccharide (CYP). • Physicochemical characteristics of CYP changed after sulfated. • S-CYP showed more obvious immunomodulatory activity in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharides (CP) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) induced mice and explore its underlying mechanism. Based on a mouse model of CCl 4 induced liver inflammation and pretreatment with CP. Results showed that CP significantly decreased the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines (NO, TNF-α, IL-1β) as well as the proteins expression levels of COX-2 and iNOS in the liver. TLR4 and MAPK pathways were down-regulated after CP administration. Furthermore, 16S rDNA showed that CP increased the Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes ratio and the abundance of probiotics (Unclassified Clostridiales) as well as decreased abundances of pathogenic bacteria (Proteobacteria , Helicobacter and Aerococcus) compared to model group. Moreover, CP treatment increased the SCFAs levels in CCl 4 induced mice. These findings suggested that CP act as prebiotics in ameliorating the liver inflammation in mice caused by CCl 4 through regulating the gut microbiota composition and increasing the concentration of SCFAs. • Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharide (CP) improved lipid metabolism disorders. • CP suppressed inflammatory cytokines production, iNOS and COX-2 expression. • CP protects liver inflammation via down-regulating TLR4/MAPK signaling pathways. • CP has effect on SCFAs produced by gut microbiota metabolism. • CP can change the diversity and composition of gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of Mesona chinensis polysaccharide (MCP) on the pasting, rheological properties, granule size, and water mobility of tapioca starch (TS) were investigated at different gelatinization temperatures (75 °C and 95 °C). The structures of tapioca starch- Mesona chinensis polysaccharide (TM) gels formed at different gelatinization temperatures were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that the peak, trough, and final viscosities of TM-95 mixtures were lower than that of TM-75 mixtures. Addition of MCP had a significant reduce (p < 0.05) on the granule size and transversal relaxation time of TM mixtures at the two gelatinization temperatures. Rheological analysis also showed that the addition of MCP increased the consistency indexes (K) and decreased the flow behavior indexes (n) of TM-95 and TM-75 gels. XRD results confirmed the diffraction peak of TM-95 gels became blunt and wider, and the diffraction peak at 17° and 23° of TM-75 gels could be observed after MCP added. In addition, the microstructures of TM-75 gels were more compact than that of TM-95 gels. These results can promote the development of TS-based products and application of MCP at different gelatinization temperatures. • High chaos degree of TM mixture exhibits fast retrogradation and rearrangement. • MCP had greater viscosity improvement effect for TM-75 mixtures than TM-95 mixtures. • MCP can partial retain the original crystalline area of starch gelatinized at 75 °C. • MCP restricts the free motion of water molecule in TS gels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the immune responses of Mesona chinensis Benth polysaccharides (MP) in vitro and in vivo were investigated. Results showed that MP presented immunomodulatory activities on macrophages and T lymphocytes in vitro. Compared with the cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced immunosuppressive mice, the body weights, spleen indexes (3.45 to 4.91) and thymus indexes (0.78 to 1.04) of the mice treated with MP were increased, and the peripheral blood levels were recovered. MP treatment also increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities, and reduced malondialdehyde levels to enhance the total antioxidant capacity of Cy-treated mice. In addition, MP significantly elevated IL-2, NO, and IFN-γ secretions of splenic lymphocytes and spleen, while MP mainly exerts an immune effect by regulating T lymphocytes. Furthermore, MP possessed the immunomodulatory activity by up-regulating the phosphorylation levels of proteins factors (c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular regulated protein kinase and p38 kinase) in mitogen activated protein kinases signaling pathways. This study suggested that MP may be explored as a natural immune stimulant for functional food and nutraceutical industries. • Mesona chinensis Benth polysaccharide (MP) activated macrophages and T lymphocytes in vitro. • MP protected mice against the immunosuppression effects caused by Cy. • MP ameliorated oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities. • MP regulated immune response via MAPKs signaling pathways in mice. • MP can be developed as a potential immunoregulatory agent in functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides are natural biomacromolecules that numerous applications particularly in food systems, owing to their remarkable properties including bioactivity, biocompatibility, and structural diversity. However, natural polysaccharides don't always meet the requirements of food systems. Chemical modifications are an efficient, novel, and straightforward strategy for altering natural polysaccharides, thereby conferring desirable properties and expanding their potential applications in food systems. Firstly, the chemical modification methods of polysaccharides and their advantage and disadvantage were comprehensively discussed. Next, the applications in advanced food fields of chemical modification polysaccharides and their safety for human health were reviewed. Furthermore, the future perspectives of chemical modification in polysaccharides used in food systems have been put forward, which provided a theoretical basis for the wider application of chemical modificated polysaccharides. Chemical modification alters the structures of polysaccharides, changing their physicochemical and biological properties, including solubility in water, capacity to bind to cell receptors, viscosity and solution conformation. The extent of these changes depends on site selectivity and degree of substitution. Furthermore, the applications in food system of polysaccharides were broadened by chemical modification, such as increase the ability of gut microbiota regulation, enhance the stability of the emulsion, improve the quality food product and the antibacterial activity of food-based biofilms, and expand the application of 3D printing in the field of food industry. Overall, chemical modified technology holds enormous promise for enhancing the functionality polysaccharides. • The advantages and disadvantages of chemical modification methods were discussed. • The chemical modification of natural polysaccharides has site selectivity. • Chemical modification could change polysaccharides' structure, furtherly impacts on bioactivities. • The chemical modification broadens the application of natural polysaccharides. • Future directions and new applications for researchers and in food industries were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides are natural macromolecular polymers that are widely distributed in various food resources and have attracted much attention due to their significant bioactivities. Sulfated polysaccharides refer to polysaccharides containing sulfate groups on sugar units. A large number of studies have characterized and evaluated the biological relevance of sulfated polysaccharides, which shows great potential in terms of immunological activity. Through a critical analysis of current research literature regarding sulfated polysaccharides, this review will give an overview of the immunomodulatory properties and signaling mechanisms of natural or modified sulfated polysaccharides. The effects of the degree of substitution (DS), molecular weight, and structure on immunomodulatory effects will also be discussed. The mechanisms by which sulfated polysaccharides exert their immunological activity is mainly due to the regulation of macrophage function, natural killer cells, and T/B lymphocytes, together with the stimulation of the immune responses of lymphocytes and the activation of the complement system. The immunological activity of sulfated polysaccharides depends not only on the source of the polysaccharide but also on structural characteristics, such as molecular weight and DS. Studies on the mechanisms of immune function have shown that the action of sulfated polysaccharides is a complex process that may be regulated by one or more pathways. Nevertheless, the link between the immunological mechanisms and structure of sulfated polysaccharides requires further exploration. • Sulfated polysaccharides have shown great potential for immunological activity. • Sulfated polysaccharides can bind to multiple receptors to regulate immune function. • Sulfated polysaccharides regulate immune function through multiple pathways. • Structure of sulfated polysaccharides affects its regulation of immune function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of calcium ions (Ca2+) on the rheological behavior, gel properties, and microstructure of Ca2+– Mesona blumes polysaccharide (MBP) gels was evaluated by using rheological, X-ray diffraction, and microstructure analysis. Ca2+ caused significant changes in the viscosity, elasticity, thixotropy, and thermal properties of MBP. Ca2+ increased the crystallinity of the Ca2+–MBP gel system, and induced new diffraction peaks appeared at approximately 12.4°. Microstructure analysis of Ca2+-MBP gels showed that Ca2+ could promote the formation of gel networks. The gel network became dense, and the surface became smooth. In the presence of Ca2+, electrostatic interactions played an important role in promoting gel formation and maintaining the three–dimensional structure of the gels. Based on the observed rheology–structure relationship, a general "egg box" gelling mechanism for Ca2+/MBP aqueous mixtures was proposed. Image 1 • Calcium ions have a significant effect on the gel properties of Ca2+-MBP gels. • Ca2+ affects elasticity, thixotropy, thermal and crystalline properties of Ca2+-MBP gels. • Electrostatic interaction plays a key role in maintaining the gel network structure. • Gelling mechanism of Ca2+-MBP gels is the formation of "egg box" through Ca2+ bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of tea polyphenols (TPs) on the physicochemical and structural properties of wheat starch (WS), potato starch (PS) and pea starch (PAS) were investigated. Rapid viscosity analysis showed that the pasting viscosity parameters of WS and PAS increased but the above pasting properties corresponding to PS decreased after complexing with TPs, which reflected TPs had different effects on pasting behavior of different starches. Dynamic rheological results manifested TPs could decline the G′ and G″ of starch-TPs complexes in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that the addition of TPs weakened the viscoelasticity of different starch gels. The decrease in thermal stability of the complex according to thermogravimetric data verified that TPs could interfere with the gel structure of different starches. Fourier infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction results revealed that TPs mainly altered the short-range ordered structure of starches through non-covalent interaction while showing little effect on long-range ordered structure. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed that the starch-TPs complexes had looser and more porous microstructures, further verifying the interaction between starch and TPs. The results in this study reveal that blending with TPs shows different regulation effects on physicochemical and structural properties of different starches effectively. [Display omitted] • Tea polyphenols (TPs) was introduced to prepare different starch gels. • TPs showed different effects on different crystal types of starch. • The rheological properties and thermodynamic stability of starch decreased after adding TPs. • TPs could loosen the network structure of starch gels through non-covalent bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Physicochemical characterization and antioxidant of MP and DMP were evaluated and compared. • MP and DMP exhibited antioxidant activities in a concentration-dependent manner. • DHPM treatment affects leads to changes in the physicochemical and morphology of MP. • DHPM treatment affects the antioxidant properties of MP. Abstract Dynamic high-pressure appears to be an alternative approach to physical modification of polysaccharides aimed to improve their functional characteristics. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) treatment on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of Mesona chinensis Benth polysaccharide (MP). The results indicated that the contents of total sugar and uronic acid in DHPM-treated polysaccharide samples (DMP) were increased, and protein content in DMP was significantly decreased after DHPM treatment. The molecular weights of MP and DMP were 1.58 × 105 Da and 1.64 × 105 Da. MP and DMP were composed of Gal, Xyl, and GalA in a molar ratio of 2.8: 5.5: 2.4 and 3.8: 7.4: 3.0, respectively. The antioxidant activities of MP were slightly promoted after DHPM treatment. Moreover, DHPM treatment leads to changes in the morphology of polysaccharide. The surface appearances of DHPM-treated polysaccharide samples showed a slightly curly surface compared to original polysaccharide by SEM analysis. No considerable changes were observed in the structure between the MP and DMP by FT-IR. The results provide useful information for future application of MP, and show DHPM treatment can improve the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of different salt ions on the gel properties and microstructure of Mesona blumes polysaccharide (MBP)-soy protein isolates (SPI) mixed gels were investigated. Sodium and calcium ions were chosen to explore their effects on the rheological behavior and gel properties of MBP-SPI mixed gels were evaluated by using rheological, X-ray diffraction, protein solubility determination, and microstructure analysis. Results showed that the addition of salt ions change the crystalline state of gels system, the crystal of gel was enhanced at low ion concentrations (0.005–0.01 M). The two peaks of gel characteristic at 8.9° and 19.9° almost disappeared at high salt ions concentrations (0.015–0.02 M), and new crystallization peaks appeared at around 30° and 45°. The elasticity, viscosity, gel strength, water holding capacity, and thermal stability of gel were increased at low ion concentration. Results showed that the main interactions which promoted gel formation and maintain the three-dimensional structure of the gel were electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and disulfide interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmacotherapy using natural substances can be currently regarded as a very promising future alternative to conventional therapy. As biological macromolecules, polysaccharide together with protein and polynucleotide, are extremely important biomacromoleules which play important roles in the growth and development of living organism. Polysaccharide is important component of higher plants, membrane of the animal cell and the cell wall of microbes. It is also closely related to the physiological functions. Recently, increasing attention has been paid on polysaccharides as an important class of bioactive natural products. Numerous researches have demonstrated the bioactivities of natural polysaccharides, which lead to the application of polysaccharides in the treatment of disease. In this paper, the various aspects of the investigation results of the bioactivities of polysaccharides were summarized, including its diversity pharmacological applications, such as immunoregulatory, anti-tumor, anti-virus, antioxidation, and hypoglycemic activity, and their application of polysaccharides in the treatment of disease are also discussed. We hope this review can offer some theoretical basis and inspiration for the mechanism study of the bioactivity of polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin has been shown a variety of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer properties. However, its poor water solubility and chemical instability limit the scope of its application. In the present work, a novel debranched waxy maize starch (DWMS)/ Mesona chinensis polysaccharide (MCP) complex wall material was developed to encapsulate curcumin, and the structural properties and in vitro release behaviors of microcapsules were evaluated. Rheological results showed that encapsulation of curcumin significantly reduced the dynamic modulus (G′ and G″) of the system. Particle size (from 1283.0 nm to 970.2 nm) and zeta potential (from −13.8 mV to −41.7 mV) of microcapsules decreased with the increase of MCP concentration in the wall material. DWMS, MCP, and Cur interacted through hydrogen bonding to form Cur-loaded microcapsules as FT-IR and XRD results demonstrated. Furthermore, the encapsulation efficiency of curcumin in DWMS-MCP microcapsules reached up to 63.2% when the MCP concentration was 2%. The antioxidant activity of the microcapsules was enhanced with the increase of MCP, which may be attributed to the increase of encapsulation efficiency and the intrinsic antioxidant activity of MCP. The in vitro release results proved that all microcapsules achieved sustained release in both intestinal and gastric fluids. [Display omitted] • Curcumin (Cur)-loaded debranched waxy maize starch microcapsules were prepared. • Mesona chinensis polysaccharide (MCP) enhanced the encapsulation efficiency. • Enhanced the DPPH free radical scavenging ability by incorporation of MCP. • MCP decreased the particle size and zeta potential of Cur-loaded microcapsules. • Microcapsules achieve sustained release in the in vitro gastrointestinal fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides MP-A, MP-U and MP-C were extracted from Mesona chinensis Benth by hot-alkali extraction (HAE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and cellulose-enzyme assisted extraction (CAE), respectively. The yields, physicochemical properties and antioxidant of polysaccharides were investigated. Results showed that the yields of MP-A (11.14%), MP-U (10.62%) and MP-C (9.70%) were similar, and they were all heteropolysaccharides with average molecular weights of 1.9 × 10 5 Da, 1.5 × 10 5 Da, 1.4 × 10 5 Da. Glucose, galactose, and galacturonic acid were the main monosaccharides in MP-A, MP-U and MP-C with molar ratios of 1.00:1.34:0.25, 1.00:2.49:0.19 and 1.00:2.95:0.84, respectively. MP-C extracted by CAE exhibited higher antioxidant activities in FRAP, DPPH, hydroxyl radical assays and the H 2 O 2 -induced injury cell model. The three extraction methods had only slight effects on chemical composition, while MP-C extracted by CAE exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, which could potentially be used for an addition ingredient as it was previously shown to have good gelling property in food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a sulfated polysaccharide (S-CP 1-8 ) was obtained from Cyclocarya paliurus by chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine method. S-CP 1-8 was chemical characterized and cultured with macrophage RAW264.7 cells to evaluate its immunomodulatory activity. Preliminary physicochemical analysis identified arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal) and glucose (Glc) were the major monosaccharides of S-CP 1-8 , with average Molecular weight ( Mw ) of 970 kDa and contained sulfate with degree of substitution (DS) of 0.12. Meanwhile, our findings demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 secretion levels were significantly increased by S-CP 1-8 treatment in RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, nitric oxide (NO) release and phagocytic activities of macrophages were significantly enhanced by the treatment of S-CP 1-8 compared with native Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharide (CP). The results indicated that S-CP 1-8 could enhance the immunomodulatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophages, as comparison with CP group. S-CP 1-8 could serve as potential immunomodulatory agents to be used as complementary medicine or functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Two natural plant polysaccharides alleviated the symptoms in mice with acute ulcerative colitis. • Natural plant polysaccharides alleviated DSS-induced inflammation and strengthened intestinal barrier integrity. • Natural plant polysaccharides regulated the composition and metabolism of gut microbiota and reversed microbiota dysbiosis. Ulcerative colitis (UC) treatment usually involves either drug therapy or surgery. Natural food polysaccharides have showed great potential for preventing UC. In this study, the therapeutic effects of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja polysaccharide (CP) and Chinese yam polysaccharide (CYP) on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mice UC model and their underlying mechanisms were explored. The results suggested that CP and CYP could improve colitis symptoms in DSS-induced mice, enhance the production of IL-10, inhibit cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) and reduce MPO activity. Furthermore, they maintained the integrity of intestine by improving the expression of mucin MUC-2, ZO-1 and occludin, which in turn reduced the contents of lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and endotoxin (ET) in serum and oxidative stress in liver. Finally, they modulated the composition and metabolism of gut microbiota. Notably, Alistipes and Bacteroides were the specific genera in CP and CYP groups, respectively. These findings indicated that polysaccharides might alleviate the development of colitis and inform other relevant studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duck circovirus (DuCV) is one of the most prevalent infectious viruses in the duck industry in China. Although the clinical symptoms vary, it often causes immunosuppression in the host and leads to secondary infection with other pathogens. Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) mainly infects chickens and causes hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome. However, the incidence of infection in ducks has increased in recent years, and the phenomenon of mixed infection with DuCV is very common, resulting in more severe clinical morbidity. However, there is no systematic study evaluating the presence of mixed infection. To explore the synergistic pathogenicity of DuCV and FAdV-4 co-infection in Cherry Valley ducks, a comparative experiment was established between DuCV and FAdV-4 co-infection and single infection animal models. It was found that DuCV and FAdV-4 co-infected ducks showed more pronounced clinical signs of pericardial effusion, hepatitis and immunosuppression; more severe tissue damage in target organs; and more significant levels of viral load, biochemical indicators and immune indicators in various organs compared with Cherry Valley ducks infected with just one virus. The results showed that co-infection with DuCV and FAdV-4 may promote greater viral replication, causing more severe tissue damage and immunosuppression than infection with just one virus. Therefore, the monitoring and prevention of the two viruses should be strengthened clinically, with a particular focus on the potential harm of DuCV as it carries the highest infection rate. • A model building method was used to simulate the pathogenicity of DuCV and FAdV-4 coinfection. • DuCV and FAdV-4 co-infection caused more severe pathogenicity than the presence of just one infection. • DuCV and FAdV-4 co-infection synergistically promotes the replication of both viruses. • DuCV and FAdV-4 co-infection causes more severe lymphocyte damage in the duck population than in the groups infected by either virus alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Purple red rice bran anthocyanins (PRBA) improved intestinal morphology. • PRBA restored the levels of cytokines, endotoxin and lipopolysaccharide binding protein. • PRBA upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins and NF-κB signaling pathway. • PRBA promoted the production of SCFAs and regulated the composition of gut microbiota. The regulatory effects of purple red rice bran anthocyanins (PRBA) on intestinal barrier function and gut microbiota in mice were investigated. Results showed that PRBA had an ameliorative effect on intestinal barrier damage, including restoration of villus length, improvement in the number of cupped cells and promotion of sIgA secretion. PRBA stimulated the production of cytokines, reduced the levels of endotoxin (ET) and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) in serum, as well as upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins (TJs) and NF-κB pathway proteins. Furthermore, PRBA not only promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), but also regulated the intestinal microbiota by increasing beneficial bacteria (Lachnospiraceae , Bacteroidaceae , Ruminococcaceae) and reducing pathogenic bacteria (Shigella) to maintained intestinal homeostasis. Above results indicated that PRBA could ameliorate cyclophosphamide-induced impairment of intestinal barrier function and dysregulation of the gut microbiota, which provides a new idea for broadening the exploitation of PRBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Mesona chinensis Benth polysaccharide (MP) regulated oxidative stress and recovered mitochondrial function in L02 cells. • MP attenuates H 2 O 2 -induced cellular oxidative damage possibly via modulation of PI3K, MAPK and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis signaling pathways. • MP may be used as a functional food targeted to overcome oxidative damage-involved chronic diseases. The homeostasis of oxidative stress is vital to the physiological behavior of normal human or animal cells, and its underlying molecular mechanism is contributed to the exploitation of functional food used in chronic diseases. Thus, the mechanism of protective effect of Mesona chinensis Benth polysaccharides (MP) in H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative damage was investigated thoroughly. Results showed that MP significantly recovered cell viability and elevated activity of antioxidant enzymes. Based on RNA-seq analysis, we found that MP mainly exhibited protection effect thought regulation mitochondrial function and affect PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, we found that MP affected mitochondrial function via improved mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), thereby elevating ATP biosynthesis. Moreover, western blot analysis verified that MP mitigated H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative damage via PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway. These findings provided a possible mechanism for MP on preventing and treating chronic diseases involved in oxidative stress, which was a benefit for development of functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, more and more hydrocolloids are explored and applied in the modification of native starch, Mesona chinensis Benth gum (MCG) is considered as an economical and novel starch-modification hydrocolloid like other businesses gum. In this study, the effects of xanthan gum (XG), guar gum (GG), and MCG on the pasting, rheological, texture, and thermal properties of PS were investigated. Pasting results showed that similar with XG and GG, MCG significantly increased the pasting temperature, and retarded starch water-absorption and disintegration in heating environment. The inhibitory effect of MCG on short-term retrogradation was more evident than other gums by increasing the effective concentration of starch. The strain resistibility, elastic property, and hardness of PS gels were enhanced after the addition of XG, GG, and MCG, given that more compact structure was formed by hydrogen bond in the PS-hydrocolloid matrix. Furthermore, PS-MCG gels exhibited more prominent viscoelasticity, hardness, chewiness, and thermal stability than other the PS-hydrocolloid gels, indicating that MCG effectively affected the gel properties of PS, which plays an important role in the field of starch modification. The information obtained in this paper will aid in further understanding the different effects on starch modification between MCG and other business gum, expanding the practical applications and increasing the economic effect of MCG and PS in the food industry. [Display omitted] • Comparatively investigated the modified effect of XG，GG and MCG on pea starch (PS). • XG, GG, and MCG both enhanced pasting stability and gel properties of PS gels. • Compact structure was formed by hydrogen bond in PS-hydrocolloid matrix. • PS-MCG gels exhibited stronger deformability, hardness, and thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of eggshell powder (EP) on the gel properties, rheological, and microstructural properties of pea starch (PS)- Mesona chinensis Benth polysaccharide (MCP) gel was investigated. Pasting results showed that the EP increased the PV of PS-MCP gel from 939.00 mPa s to 1198.50 mPa s, and promoted the short-term retrogradation of PS-MCP/EP gel owing to the interaction between EP and MCP. Rheological and SEM measurements revealed that PS-MCP/EP gels exhibited strong deformability and dynamic modulus (G′ and G″), given that more stable structure was forming by the interactions happened between PS, MCP and EP. Furthermore, the hardness of PS-MCP/EP gels was decreased from 8.23 N to 7.35 N, which ascribed to the interaction between MCP and starch granules was weakened with the addition of EP. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results suggested that EP was dispersed in the PS-MCP gels matrix uniformly, and the force of interaction between PS, MCP and EP was hydrogen bonds. These results indicated that the addition of EP had positive effect on the gel properties of PS-MCP gels, and facilitate the practical application of PS and EP in the food industry. [Display omitted] • Eggshell powder was successfully introduced to the preparation of PS-MCP gels. • Eggshell powder promoted the formation of stable structures in PS-MCP gel matrix. • PS/MCP/EP gels displayed good texture, rheological and microstructure properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3D printing technology is applied to digitally design and manufacture a 3D object by using a laser or an inkjet device controlled by a computer. 3D printing has extremely high requirements for raw materials with appropriate rheological properties that allow it to be extruded and maintain shapes. Starches are suitable for 3D printing due to their particular structural features, which make the gelatinised starch gel viscoelastic, resulting in shear thinning and rapid response to applied shear strain. Although starches have great potential to be used as a printing material, some obstacles must be overcome to realise the practical application of starch in 3D printing. The technical considerations of a starch-based 3D bioprinting product are summarised in this work. The physiochemical modifications and additives used to enhance the printability and nutritional function properties of starch-based printing products are discussed. Future perspectives of starch-based 3D printing are provided to support the promising spectrum that these materials can be used in biomedical research, including drug delivery and biopolymeric materials. The internal structures and composition of starch are highly related to its printing performance, the printing parameters significantly influence the printing stability and quality including the design of nozzle, printing speed, filling rate and printing temperature. Physiochemical modifications and additives effectively improve the printability and nutritional properties of starch inks. The 3D printing technology can customise starch products for personalised control of digestion and nutrition, satisfying the growing consumer and market demand for healthy food. [Display omitted] • Starch as an excellent printing material receives extensive attention and research. • Starch source and printing parameters affect the quality of printed starch product. • Additives effectively improve printability and quality of printed starch products. • Printed starch products can apply in drug delivery and bone and tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of debranched waxy corn starch (DWCS) on the pasting, rheological, gelatinization, and microstructural properties of native corn starch (NCS). Pasting properties showed a linear decrease (R2 > 0.98) in peak, trough, breakdown, setback and final viscosity after replacing NCS with DWCS. However, the stability ratio, peak time and peak temperature linearly increased. This could be explained that DWCS competed with NCS for water, thereby inhibiting NCS gelatinization process. The introduction of DWCS decreased the consistency coefficient (K) while increased the flow behavior index (n) of NCS gels. The gel hardness of NCS gels decreased linearly (R 2 = 0.98) with increasing DWCS fraction, while the adhesiveness gradually increased. Moreover, DWCS could effectively reduce the values of short-range ordered degree and relative crystallinity. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that a more disordered structure was appeared when DWCS was added to the NCS gel. Overall, this study reveals that DWCS is an effective agent for altering and regulation the physicochemical and structural properties of NCS. [Display omitted] • Normal corn starch (NCS)-debranched waxy corn starch (DWCS) gels were prepared. • DWCS linearly increased the gel stability ratio while reduced the pasting viscosity. • DWCS reduced gel hardness while increased adhesiveness of NCS-DWCS gels. • DWCS decreased short-range ordered structure and relative crystallinity of gels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Formation mechanisms of furosine, furfurals and AGEs in milk were explored. • Furosine, furfurals and AGEs in dairy products were quantified by HPLC and LC-MS/MS. • Some novel processing technology can reduce furosine, furfurals and AGEs in milk. • Polyphenols acts as effective inhibitors of furosine, furfurals and AGEs in milk. Various harmful Maillard reaction products such as lactulosyl-lysine (furosine), furfurals, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) could be formed during the thermal processing of dairy products, which could lead to various chronic diseases. In this review, the furosine, furfurals, and AGEs formation, occurrence, analysis methods, and toxicological and health aspects in various dairy products were summarized to better monitor and control the levels of harmful Maillard reaction products in processed dairy products. It was observed that all types of dairy products, including raw milk, contain harmful Maillard reaction products, with the highest in whey cheese and condensed milk. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is the common method for the determination of furosine and furfurals and AGEs in dairy products, respectively. However, the simple, rapid, environment-friendly, and accurate methods of determination are still to be developed. Incorporating resveratrol, pectin oligosaccharides (POS) in milk are effective methods to inhibit AGEs formation. This review provides a guide not only for consumers regarding the selection and consumption of dairy products, but also for monitoring and controlling the quality of dairy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]