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This study examined whether spontaneously strategic children from two age groups differed in the capacity required to execute a strategy. The strategic behavior of younger (grades K and 1) and older (grades 4 and 5) children (N = 104) was assessed on a selective memory task. Children selected objects to view from a larger pool of objects. The most mature strategy (i.e., selectivity) involves opening doors that reveal objects to be remembered and not opening those that do not. In a dual-task procedure in a second session, children performed a finger tapping task simultaneously with the selective strategy. The reduction of rate of finger tapping from the finger baseline to the dual-task trials provided an assessment of the capacity required to execute the strategy. A control group followed the same procedure, but with a simpler door opening selective strategy. A significant age difference in the capacity required for the strategy, even among spontaneously strategic children, suggested that there is further development of strategies even after children spontaneously produce them. Results were discussed in terms of increased strategy effectiveness during development.

Aggressive or restricted perioperative fluid management has been shown to increase complications in patients undergoing microsurgery. Goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) aims to administer fluid, vasoactive agents, and inotropes according to each patient's hemodynamic indices. This study assesses GDFT impact on perioperative outcomes of autologous breast reconstruction (ABR) patients, as there remains a gap in management understanding. We hypothesize that GDFT will have lower fluid administration and equivocal outcomes compared to patients not on GDFT. A single-center retrospective review was conducted on ABR patients from January 2010-April 2017. An enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) using GDFT was implemented in April 2015. With GDFT, patients were administered intraoperative fluids and vasoactive agents according to hemodynamic indices. Patients prior to April 2015 were included in the pre-ERAS cohort. Primary outcomes included the amount and rate of fluid delivery, urine output (UOP), vasopressor administration, major (i.e., flap failure) and minor (i.e., seroma) complications, and length of stay (LOS). Overall, 777 patients underwent ABR (ERAS: 312 and pre-ERAS: 465). ERAS patients received significantly less total fluid volume (ERAS median: 3750 mL [IQR: 3000–4500 mL]; pre-ERAS median: 5000 mL [IQR 4000–6400 mL]; and p <0.001), had lower UOP, were more likely to receive vasopressor agents (47% vs 35% and p <0.001), and had lower LOS (ERAS: 4 days [4–5]; pre-ERAS: 5 [4–6]; and p <0.001) as compared to pre-ERAS patients. Complications did not differ between cohorts. GDFT, as part of ERAS, and the prudent use of vasopressors were found to be safe and did not increase morbidity in ABR patients. GDFT provides individualized perioperative care to the ABR patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Neoadjuvant imatinib (Neo-IM) therapy may facilitate R0 resection in primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) that are large or in difficult anatomic locations. While response to preoperative tyrosine kinase inhibitors is associated with better outcome in metastatic GIST, little is known about prognostic factors after Neo-IM in primary GIST. Study Design: Patients with primary GIST with or without synchronous metastases who underwent Neo-IM were retrospectively analyzed from a prospective maintained institutional database for Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), tumor viability, and mitotic rate. Overall survival (OS) was estimated by Kaplan-Meier and compared by log-rank test. Cox proportionate hazard models were used for univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: One hundred and fifty patients were treated for a median of 7.1 months (range 0.2–160). By RECIST, partial response, stable disease, and progressive disease were seen in 40%, 51%, and 9%, respectively. By pathologic analysis, ≤ 50% of the tumor was viable in 72%, and the mitotic rate was ≤ 5/50HPF in 74%. On multivariate analysis, RECIST response and tumor viability were not associated with OS, while post-treatment high mitotic rate (hazard ratio (HR) for death 5.3, CI 2.3–12.4), R2 margins (HR 6.0, CI 2.3–15.5), and adjuvant imatinib (HR 0.4, CI 0.2–0.9) were (p < 0.05). Five-year OS was 81 vs. 38% for low vs. high mitotic rate; 81, 59, and 39% for R0, R1, and R2 margins; and 75 vs 61% for adjuvant vs. no adjuvant imatinib therapy (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In primary GIST undergoing Neo-IM therapy, progression was uncommon, but substantial down-sizing occurred in the minority. High tumor mitotic rate and incomplete resection following Neo-IM were associated with poor outcome, while adjuvant imatinib was associated with prolonged survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to describe practice patterns of anesthetic management during pericardial window creation. Retrospective observational cohort study. Single tertiary cancer center. A total of 150 patients treated for cancer between 2011 and 2015 were included in the study. The primary objective was to evaluate anesthetic management in pericardial window creation. Secondary outcomes were 30-day mortality and overall survival after pericardial window creation. Thirty-day mortality was 19.3%, and median survival was 5.84 months. Higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of patients was associated with preinduction arterial line placement (51% ASA 3 v 79% ASA 4; p = 0.002) and use of etomidate for anesthetic induction (34% ASA 3 v 60% ASA 4; p = 0.003). However, there was no association between anesthetic management and presence of tamponade in these patients. Cardiac aspirate volume (per 10 mL: odds ratio [OR], 1.02 [95% CI, 1.0-1.04]; p = 0.026) and intraoperative arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation: OR, 6.76 [95% CI, 1.2-37.49]; p = 0.029; sinus tachycardia: OR, 4.59 [95% CI, 1.25-16.90]; p = 0.022) were associated independently with increased 30-day mortality. High initial heart rate (per 10 beats per minute: hazard ratio [HR], 1.18 [95% CI, 1.05-1.33]; p = 0.005) in the operating room and intraoperative sinus tachycardia (HR, 1.86 [95% CI, 1.15-3.03]; p = 0.012) were associated independently with worse overall survival. Risk of death after pericardial window creation remains high in patients with cancer. Variations in anesthetic management did not affect survival in oncologic patients with pericardial effusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low central venous pressure (LCVP) anesthesia reduces blood loss during hepatic resection and historically has required a central venous catheter (CVC) for intra-operative monitoring. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an evolution of practice to CVP monitoring without CVC on the perioperative outcomes after liver resection. A retrospective study of partial hepatectomy patients from 2007 to 2016 who were over 18 years of age was performed. Of 3903 patients having partial hepatectomy, 2445 (62%) met inclusion criteria, and 404 (16%) had a CVC. Overall morbidity (33% non-CVC vs 38% CVC P = 0.076), major morbidity (16% vs 20% P = 0.067), and infective complications (superficial wound infection) 3% vs 4% P = 0.429; deep wound infection (5% vs 6% P = 0.720) did not differ between the two groups. In multivariate analysis, superficial wound infection, deep wound infection, and major complications were not associated with the presence of a CVC. All-cause mortality at 90 days was associated with CVC presence (OR 3.45, CI 1.74–6.85, P = 0.001) and age (OR 1.05, CI 1.02–1.08, P < 0.001). Since the adoption of non-invasive CVP monitoring, there has been no increase in adverse peri-operative outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosthetic rehabilitation in patients undergoing reconstructive surgery using vascularized free flaps is challenging, and functional rehabilitation of the patient with a fixed prosthesis is rare. Virtually planned maxillofacial reconstruction including simultaneous dental implantation according to the prosthodontic ideal position of the implants could further enhance dental rehabilitation. The data of 21 patients undergoing fibula free flap reconstructive surgery with CAD/CAM patient-specific reconstruction plates during the years 2015–2018 were analysed, including the applicability of the virtual plan, flap survival, duration of surgery, ischemia time, simultaneous dental implantation, implant exposure, and postoperative complications. The virtual plan could be translated to surgery in all cases. In total, 76 dental implants were simultaneously placed during primary reconstruction in the 21 patients. For 38.1% of these patients, the implants could be uncovered in secondary surgery; the mean duration until exposure was 7.6 months. The implant survival rate was 97.4% (74/76). Wound infection requiring a secondary intervention occurred in 23.8% of patients during follow-up. Virtually planned reconstruction with a fibula free flap, simultaneous dental implantation, and CAD/CAM plates allows early and functional dental rehabilitation. A dental workflow should be integrated into the virtual planning, and prosthetically favourable implant positions should determine the position of the fibula segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to report the outcomes of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of the tongue over a 10-year period with the aim of testing the hypothesis that the lymph node ratio (LNR) has a significant influence on loco-regional recurrence. The charts of 227 patients with OSCC of the mobile tongue treated at the University Hospital of Zurich from 2003 to 2012 were screened. Following the application of the exclusion criteria (prior chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgery, perioperative death, N3 disease, unresectable disease, synchronous second primary, no signed informed consent, and follow-up <3 years), prospective data were collected and a retrospective analysis performed for 88 of these patients who were treated with selective neck dissection. During a mean follow-up period of 78 months (standard deviation 37 months), loco-regional recurrence was diagnosed in 25 patients (28%). The overall and disease-specific survival rates for the study population were 72% and 80%, respectively. Perineural invasion was identified as an independent risk factor for decreased disease-specific survival, whereas LNR was not. LNR did not show an influence on disease recurrence. Thus, its prognostic value in patients with tongue cancer remains uncertain and the decision regarding adjuvant therapy should not be made solely on the basis of LNR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study was performed to report the usage of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in clinical stage I or II tongue cancer patients with cN0 necks seen over a 14-year period. Data were collected prospectively, and a retrospective analysis was performed of 41 patients with early stage oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and a cN0 neck. Sentinel lymph node (SLN)-positive patients underwent elective neck dissection, whereas SLN-negative patients were kept under careful observation. Seven of the 41 (17%) patients enrolled in the study were found to have occult metastases. The patients were followed up for a mean duration of 92 months (range 60–144 months). The neck recurrence rate for SLN-positive patients was 0% and for SLN-negative patients was 3%. The authors recommend the routine use of SLNB in patients with early stage oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and a cN0 neck. Furthermore, special focus should be placed on isolated tumour cells, as their presence is of high clinical relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy systems with a high share of renewable electricity generation face a challenge associated with surplus electricity generation. Flexibility options may help to integrate renewable electricity and reduce the need for electricity from fossil fuels. Load shifting is one of the flexibility options that lead to residual load smoothing in energy systems. In this paper, the effects of load shifting by dynamic electricity purchase on future residual load smoothing was assessed using wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Germany as a case study. As dynamic electricity purchase is motivated economically, a consumer’s demand for supplying flexibility options needs a price signal. Therefore, electricity wholesale prices on an hourly basis were modeled for 2030 using a merit order simulation for two scenarios. Relevant data for WWTPs was obtained from primary data suppliers, which was then aggregated. The effects on residual load smoothing were assessed by optimizing WWTPs electricity purchase costs on a daily basis. Our results show that German WWTPs have a potential to integrate 120 MW el of surplus electric power. The developed methodology has a high potential to be applied to other potential load shifting actors when assessing the potential of residual load smoothing and renewable electricity integration. This can be achieved by adapting boundary constraints to other electricity consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnancy does not often occur in the setting of Parkinson's disease (PD) as the most common age of onset is beyond the childbearing years, yet management of these two conditions is crucial for the health of both mother and child. Here we review treatment data of PD during pregnancy, primarily from case reports and drug registries, and focus on available evidence regarding the pregnancy risks for patient and fetus. Historically, it was reported that many women had worsening of symptoms during pregnancy but this may be because anti-parkinsonian medications were not recommended or were under dosed. Levodopa has the best safety data for use in pregnancy and amantadine should be avoided in women who are pregnant or trying to become pregnant. The data for other pharmacological and surgical treatments is less clear. There is no evidence that women with PD have higher rates of birth or fetal complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testosterone has in recent years been proven essential for normal growth and maturation of small growing follicles. Concomitantly, low functional ovarian reserve (LFOR), characterized by a small growing follicle pool, has been associated with low testosterone levels, which can be of ovarian and/or adrenal origin. In this study we, therefore, investigated whether peripheral sex steroid precursors and testosterone levels potentially reflect on adrenal function. In a retrospective cohort study of 355 consecutive infertile women, who presented to an academically affiliated fertility center in New York City, we investigated in a series of statistical models whether low peripheral sex steroid precursors and testosterone are associated with peripheral cortisol (C) levels, reflecting adrenal function. To determine potential correlations, we investigated the dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), androstenedione (AD), total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT); sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and C in a series of multivariate and logistic regression analyses, utilizing C either as a continuous variable or with cut off <5.0 μg/dL, and TT only as a continuous variable. Practically all models demonstrated significant predictability of peripheral sex hormone precursors for C levels, with DHEA demonstrating the strongest and most consistent predictability as an individual parameter and as part of the DHEAS/DHEA ratio. We conclude that in infertile women peripheral sex hormone precursors, especially DHEA, reflect C levels and, therefore, adrenal function. In infertile women, at all ages low levels of sex hormone precursors, therefore, should be considered indications for further adrenal assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impairment of translation can lead to collisions of ribosomes, which constitute an activation platform for several ribosomal stress-surveillance pathways. Among these is the ribotoxic stress response (RSR), where ribosomal sensing by the MAP3K ZAKα leads to activation of p38 and JNK kinases. Despite these insights, the physiological ramifications of ribosomal impairment and downstream RSR signaling remain elusive. Here, we show that stalling of ribosomes is sufficient to activate ZAKα. In response to amino acid deprivation and full nutrient starvation, RSR impacts on the ensuing metabolic responses in cells, nematodes, and mice. The RSR-regulated responses in these model systems include regulation of AMPK and mTOR signaling, survival under starvation conditions, stress hormone production, and regulation of blood sugar control. In addition, ZAK−/− male mice present a lean phenotype. Our work highlights impaired ribosomes as metabolic signals and demonstrates a role for RSR signaling in metabolic regulation. [Display omitted] • ZAKα is activated by nutrient starvation and amino acid deprivation • Ribotoxic stress signaling intersects with signaling through AMPK and mTOR kinases • ZAK−/− mice are deficient for hepatic FGF21 induction following leucine starvation • ZAK−/− mice present with a number of basal metabolic phenotypes Stalling and collision of ribosomes activate ZAKα and the ribotoxic stress response with poorly understood physiological ramifications. Here, Snieckute et al. show that ZAKα is activated upon amino acid deprivation and intersects with AMPK and mTOR signaling. In addition, ZAK−/− mice display basal as well as leucine starvation-induced metabolic phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The taxonomic relationship between two microcyclic rust species, Puccinia melampodii and Puccinia xanthii, recorded from a number of Asteraceae hosts, was explored by comparing teliospore morphology, host specificity and sequence data. Teliospore morphology varied between and within individual rust accessions but, in general, teliospores of P. xanthii were larger than those of P. melampodii. Field observations and cross-inoculation greenhouse studies showed that P. melampodii accessions were highly specific to their original host species and unable to establish compatible interactions with related Asteraceae species. Though small amounts of genetic variation were detected between P. melampodii and P. xanthii accessions, the ITS and TEF phylogenetic analyses comprising several other rust species grouped these accessions within a well supported clade. Our data indicate that despite differences between P. xanthii and P. melampodii accessions these rusts cannot readily be separated at the species level, supporting earlier taxonomic conclusions and the recent proposal to group them into a morphospecies. Based on host-specificity data, the name Puccinia xanthii var. parthenii-hysterophorae is proposed to accommodate all Mesoamerican records of P. melampodii associated with the host Parthenium hysterophorus. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measurement of antibodies to pertussis toxin (PT) is a widely used method for diagnosis of whooping cough and is also frequently used for seroprevalence studies and for assessment of antibodies after vaccinations against whooping cough. The recommended ELISA procedure for assessment of PT antibodies in human serum does, however, have a serious problem with false-positive results when heat-treated sera are analyzed. Historic sera might have been exposed to routine heat treatment, and diagnostic sera from warm geographic regions are at risk of unintentional exposure to heat. A modified version of the PT ELISA, incorporating a blocking step with 1% milk and addition of 0.1% milk to the dilution buffer, eliminates the false-positive phenomenon occurring with heat-treated sera. Results for serum antibody concentrations correlate well with the currently recommended method. This ELISA modification is straightforward and cheap, and it should be recommended at all analyses incorporating sera with unknown history of heat exposure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: While the share of renewables has been growing rapidly since the 1990s, at present electricity generation in Germany is still based on coal and nuclear energy, with nuclear power and lignite covering almost the whole base load electricity generation, and hard coal serving as the main energy carrier for medium-load generation. However, both coal and nuclear energy are facing major challenges. The future of coal in Germany is uncertain against the background of strong climate policy regulations and issues of public acceptance. In line with current legislation, nuclear power is being phased out. In its strategy for CO2 emissions reduction, the German government has identified the carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies as one of the options. Major government papers highlight the importance of further research and development (R&D) in the field of CCS technologies. German industry supports R&D activities on CCS by participating in the work of public–private partnerships (PPP), e.g. the COORETEC initiative, the GEOTECHNOLOGIEN programme, as well as by implementing CCS demonstration projects. In view of the difficulties coal has been facing with regard to public acceptance in Germany, the public acceptance of CCS technologies is recognised as an important precondition for their large-scale deployment. Thus, research on public acceptance of CCS is one of the priorities accompanying R&D on these technologies. Besides the strategy of fostering national R&D activities on CCS, Germany is actively participating in international networks and organisations dealing with the CCS issues. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: IL-17–producing TH (TH17) cells are key mediators of chronic inflammation in mice. Recent studies have implicated TH17-mediated inflammation in the pathogenesis of human autoimmune diseases; however, the involvement of TH17 cells in allergic disorders remains largely elusive. Objective: To investigate TH17-mediated inflammation in human beings with allergic contact dermatitis; in particular, the innate response of keratinocytes to contact allergen, the induction of allergen-specific TH17 cells, and the presence of TH17-related effector cells in inflamed skin. Methods: Human keratinocytes were stimulated with nickel in vitro followed by measurements of IL-23 and IL-12 production by quantitative PCR and ELISA. Allergen-specific memory T cells from the blood of individuals with nickel allergy and healthy controls were identified and characterized by using a short-term ex vivo assay. Nickel patch test lesions and normal skin were analyzed for the expression of TH17-related cells and molecules by using immunohistochemistry. Results: Keratinocytes were found to produce IL-23, but no detectable IL-12, in a response to nickel stimulation. Memory T cells isolated from peripheral blood of individuals with nickel allergy, but not healthy controls, contained TH17 and TH1 cells proliferating in response to nickel-pulsed DCs. Inflamed skin of nickel-challenged allergic individuals contained infiltrating neutrophils and cells expressing IL-17, IL-22, CCR6, and IL-22R. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the involvement of TH17-mediated immunopathology in human allergic contact dermatitis, including both innate and adaptive immune responses to contact allergens. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We quantified confidence intervals (CIs) for T-scores for the lumbar spine and hip and determined the practical effect (impact on diagnosis) of variability around the T-score cutpoint of −2.5. Using precision data from the literature for GE Lunar Prodigy dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) systems, the 95% CI for the T-score was ±0.23 at the lumbar spine (L1–L4), ± 0.20 at the total hip, and ±0.41 at the femoral neck. Thus, T-score variations of ±0.23 or less at the spine, ±0.20 at the total hip, and ±0.41 at the femoral neck are not statistically significant. When diagnosing osteoporosis, T-scores in the interval −2.3 to −2.7 for spine or total hip (after rounding to conform to guidelines from the International Society for Clinical Densitometry) and −2.1 to −2.9 for femoral neck are not statistically different from −2.5. Better precision values resulted in smaller 95% CIs. This concept was applied to actual clinical data using Hologic DXA systems. The study cohort comprised 2388 white women with either normal or osteopenic spines in whom the densitometric diagnosis of osteoporosis would be determined by hip T-scores. When evaluating actual patient T-scores in the range −2.5±95% CI, we found that the diagnosis was indeterminate in approximately 12% of women when T-scores for femoral neck were used and in 4% of women when T-scores for total hip were used, with uncertainty as to whether the classification was osteopenia or osteoporosis. We conclude that precision influences the variability around T-scores and that this variability affects the reliability of diagnostic classification. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present work introduces a simple and robust in vitro method for enzymatic characterisation of surface properties of lipid dispersions in aqueous media. The initial lipolysis rate in biorelevant media, using pancreatic lipase and a self-microemulsifying formulation (SMEDDS) containing digestible lipids as substrate, was determined. The impact of incorporating two sparingly water soluble model drugs, probucol and halofantrine, into the SMEDDS was studied. It was found that both model drugs reduced the initial rate of lipolysis compared with the vehicle, probucol having a larger effect than halofantrine. The reduction of initial lipolysis rate indicates that probucol and halofantrine are bound in the water/emulsion interface limiting the substrate availability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Primates reared in captivity may display stereotypic behaviors. These behaviors are arguably reminiscent of human obsessive–compulsive or posttraumatic symptoms, which respond to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Captive primates with marked stereotypic behaviors were entered into a randomized controlled study of the SSRI, fluoxetine. Methods: A sample of 10 vervet monkeys with behaviors such as marked saluting, somersaulting, weaving, or head tossing was selected. Subjects were randomized to receive fluoxetine 1 mg/kg for 6 weeks (n=5) or no treatment (n=5). A rater blind to the medication status of subjects noted the frequency of the stereotypic behaviors. Results: Repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) demonstrated a significant Group×Time difference with significantly fewer stereotypic symptoms in the fluoxetine group by endpoint. At this time, three of the five fluoxetine-treated subjects (but none of the no-treatment subjects) were responders on the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) change item (CGI ≤2). Conclusions: Stereotypic behaviors in captive vervets gradually and partially decrease in response to administration of an SSRI, paralleling research on human anxiety symptoms. Further research on animal stereotypies may be useful in providing appropriate veterinary care, and in exploring the underlying neurobiology of certain psychiatric disorders. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The ease of use and availability of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) recently pervaded a wide range of topics and applications. In nature conservation and for the management of protected areas (PAs), UAS are still not an established approach compared to other methods such as satellite-based remote sensing, although several research articles have already discussed their use. In this context, UAS are even denoted as 'conservation drones', suggesting that their use is beneficial in terms of accomplishing various tasks such as land-cover mapping, vegetation monitoring, biomass estimation, and animal detection. However, although disturbance of wildlife or other issues caused by UAS are debated and guidelines for the use of UAS in wildlife studies suggest precautionary measures, the implications of the use of UAS in PAs has not been analyzed in detail yet. Therefore, by reviewing research articles, the present paper aims to show whether the use of UAS in PAs is relevant or irrelevant for the PA management in terms of biodiversity conservation, considers a controversial debate of the potential threats, and investigates whether the type of PA concerned matters in this context. We showed that a majority (73%) of selected articles (89) report the use of UAS in PAs as relevant for the PA management in terms of biodiversity. However, most of these studies did not consider impacts of UAS on wildlife or the environment. The possibility of disturbances was discussed in 15 (approx. 17%) of the reviewed works, of which most concluded that the effects were negligible or non-existent. Only in three articles (approx. 3%) an impact has been demonstrated. While most research studies discussing UAS in PAs do not report nor mention any impacts, UAS are banned in many PAs. Therefore, the use of UAS in PAs as 'conservation drones' and the related pros and cons need to be carefully considered by the PA managers and stakeholders concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]