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Analysing hydrogen supply chains is of utmost importance to adequately understand future energy systems with a high degree of sector coupling. Here, a multi-modal energy system model is set up as linear programme incorporating electricity, natural gas as well as hydrogen transportation options for Germany in 2050. Further, different hydrogen import routes and optimised inland electrolysis are included. In a sensitivity analysis, hydrogen demands are varied to cover uncertainties and to provide scenarios for future requirements of a hydrogen supply and transportation infrastructure. 80% of the overall hydrogen demand of 150 TWh/a emerge in Northern Germany due to optimised electrolyser locations and imports, which subsequently need to be transported southwards. Therefore, a central hydrogen pipeline connection from Schleswig-Holstein to the region of Darmstadt evolves already for moderate demands and appears to be a no-regret investment. Furthermore, a natural gas pipeline reassignment potential of 46% is identified. [Display omitted] • Multi-modal hydrogen supply chain modelling under varying demand scenarios for 2050. • 80% of hydrogen imports and generation available in North Germany (base scenario). • 46% of existing inter-regional gas grid connections with potential to be reassigned. • 73 GW pipeline and 11 GW trailer capacity built in base scenario for German supply. • Two no-regret pipeline routes are identified starting in Schleswig-Holstein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flexible coupling of sectors in the energy system, for example via battery electric vehicles, electric heating or electric fuel production, can contribute significantly to the integration of variable renewable electricity generation. For the implementation of the energy system transformation, however, there are numerous options for the design of sector coupling, each of which is accompanied by different infrastructure requirements. This paper presents the extension of the REMix energy system modelling framework to include the gas sector and its application for investigating the cost-optimal design of sector coupling in Germany's energy system. Considering an integrated optimisation of all relevant technologies in their capacities and hourly use, a path to a climate-neutral system in 2050 is analysed. We show that the different options for flexible sector coupling are all needed and perform different functions. Even though flexible electrolytic production of hydrogen takes on a very dominant role in 2050, it does not displace other technologies. Hydrogen also plays a central role in the seasonal balancing of generation and demand. Thus, large-scale underground storage is part of the optimal system in addition to a hydrogen transport network. These results provide valuable guidance for the implementation of the energy system transformation in Germany. • Combination of all options for flexible sector coupling has high synergy potential. • Flexible hydrogen production is a key enabler of renewable energy system integration. • Hydrogen storage and transport networks are important future energy infrastructures. • Climate targets require a timely acceleration of sector coupling implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]