The rise of online shopping has intensified focus on the dual-channel supply chain, highlighting the need to balance profitability and eco-friendliness under competition and disruptions. This study investigates how cap-and-trade regulations affect the performance of a dual-channel green supply chain amidst disruptions. It explores the interplay between pricing and greening strategies under cap-and-trade conditions and varying market demand disruptions. The model features a Stackelberg game between a manufacturer of eco-friendly products and a retailer, applied to both centralized and decentralized systems. Findings reveal that cap-and-trade regulations affect centralized and decentralized supply chains differently. Centralized systems show higher sensitivity in greenness levels to disruptions compared to decentralized ones. Lower greening cost coefficients lead to higher greenness levels in both models, but centralized systems outperform decentralized ones when cap-and-trade regulations are absent. However, the performance of centralized systems deteriorates significantly during severe disruptions, whereas decentralized systems maintain profitability growth. Additionally, the study finds that increased greening costs reduce the optimal greenness level, impacting wholesale and sale prices. Centralized supply chains exhibit greater variability in carbon emissions and profits under disruption conditions, while decentralized systems show more stability and higher profitability, particularly in severe disruptions. The findings also indicate that a dynamic cap-and-trade system can enhance adaptability and efficiency in managing emissions during disruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]