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Interest in perovskite solar cell (PSC) research is increasing because PSC has a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE), which has notably risen to 28.3 %. However, commercialization of PSCs faces a significant obstacle due to their stability issues. This review article primarily focuses on several key aspects of PSCs, including different types of solar cells, their construction and operational mechanisms, efficiency, and overall stability. It explains the structure and functioning of PSCs, covering materials and components used for absorber layer, electron-transport layer, hole-transport layer, and electrodes. This review emphasized stability challenges associated with PSCs and discussed various factors and issues contributing to the degradation of these solar cells over time. It then provided a concise overview of different strategies and ongoing efforts taken to enhance the stability of PSCs. It also summarized various approaches used to improve their durability. In summary, this article offers a comprehensive exploration of PSCs, encompassing their construction, operation, improvement in efficiency, and obstacles related to their long-term stability. Furthermore, it addresses factors influencing PSC stability and outlines future challenges, focusing on prolonging their lifespan and enhancing stability for broader applications. Finally, this article has tackled various possible solutions to address the challenges encountered by the PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnFe 2 O 4 thin film has been synthesized by a simple and low cost successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method without the use of surfactant or template. The nanoplate composed of nanoparticles with porous surface morphology has been revealed which is beneficial towards supercapacitor application. Formed ZnFe 2 O 4 thin film has been tested as an electrode material for supercapacitor through electrochemical analysis. First attempt for SILAR synthesized ZnFe 2 O 4 thin film exhibited a specific capacitance of 471 Fg −1 at a scan rate of 5 mVs −1 in 1 M NaOH aqueous solution. Further, ZnFe 2 O 4 solid-state symmetric (SSS) supercapacitor device demonstrated voltage window of 1.0 V with specific capacitance of 32 Fg −1 , energy density of 4.47 Whkg −1 and power density of 277 Wkg −1 at 1 Ag −1 current density. Such high performance capacitive behavior indicates ZnFe 2 O 4 thin film is promising and low cost electrode material towards energy storage devices for various portable electronic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin films of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanodots decorated onto the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were prepared by simple and inexpensive two-step chemical method which includes ‘dip and dry’ process followed by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. The as-prepared ZnO/MWNTs (ZCN) composite films were characterized with different physicochemical techniques. The surface morphological analysis shows that the ZnO nanodots with average size less than 15 nm get uniformly decorated onto the MWNT walls. Furthermore, the electrochemical analysis carried out for ZCN composites suggests that these are the efficient electrodes for electrochemical charge-storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed phase of iron telluride based thin films consisting of nanopebbles has been grown successfully over conducting stainless steel (SS) substrate through successive ionic layer adsorption reaction (SILAR) process. Crystal structural and elemental states through XPS revealed clear indication of FeTe: Fe 2 TeO 5 mixed phase growth and well supported through FTIR studies. Agglomeration of embedded quantum dots forming nanopebbles like surface architecture resulting in enhanced hydrophilic nature evident through contact angle and higher surface roughness by atomic force micrographs found beneficial as more electroactive surface area for electrolyte ions to interact. This helped to achieve a significant specific capacitance of 591 F/g (166 mF/cm2) @3 mV/s potential scan rate and, 107 F/g (30 mF/cm2) @0.4 mA/cm2 in NaCl electrolyte. Performed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies explored clear insight of the solution and charge transfer resistances, and relaxation time constant. Iron telluride based thin film clearly demonstrates very high value of pseudo capacitive contribution than the electric double layer due to the intrinsic pseudocapacitive behavior of mixed phase. [Display omitted] • First report on iron telluride based (FeTe: Fe 2 TeO 5) thin film synthesis using simple SILAR method and successfully employed as supercapacitor electrode. • Nanopebbles embedded with quantum dots agglomeration responsible for more electrochemical active sites. • Notable specific capacitance of 591 F/g (426 C/g or 166 mF/g) at 3 mV/s by CV and 107 F/g (30 mF/cm2) at 0.4 mA/cm2 by GCD studies. • Enhanced inner (pseudo q p) charge storage contributions than outer (EDLC q d l ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design of nanostructured surface architecture is currently playing a vital role to enhance the energy storage capability of electrode materials and opening up a new era for future technologies through electrochemical supercapacitors. Present effort portrays the growth of nanostructured bismuth vanadate (BiVO 4) as an active electrode for supercapacitor application by using ease and industry scalable successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. Structural analysis reveals the development of orthorhombic structured BiVO 4 with spongy nano-pebbles like surface architecture. Synthesized BiVO 4 electrode yields remarkable capacitance of 707 F/g @3 mV/s scan rate. Faradaic and capacitive type contributions have been evaluated for in-depth understanding along with the estimation of electrochemical active surface area. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis of BiVO 4 electrode exhibits 5.723 and 0.89 Ω cm2 values of series and charge transfer resistances, respectively. Interestingly, BiVO 4 electrode delivers outstanding capacitive retention of 102% even at 3500 cycles, indicating its potential candidature for the advancement in high capability supercapacitors with excellent stability for the future technologies. [Display omitted] • Bismuth vanadate (BiVO 4) thin film consisting of sponge-like nano-pebbles synthesized by the SILAR-chemical route. • BiVO 4 demonstrated the highest specific capacitance of 707 F/g at a 3 mV/s scan rate. • Outstanding electrochemical capacitive retention of 102% @ 3500 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Through simple chemical route, nanoheterojunction has been developed between CdS-nanowires (NWs) as core with PbS nanoparticles as a shell for photoelectrochemical solar cell application. The use of simple, cost effective and industry scalable chemical bath deposition (CBD) and successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) approaches for the deposition of CdS NWs and PbS nanoparticles, respectively has the added advantage. Well-tuned nano particle size of PbS through number of SILAR cycles over wide band gap CdS resulted into optical red shift which maximize the absorption region of solar spectrum responsible for yielding enhancement in light conversion efficiency than bare CdS. Device configured solar cell yields 15 fold enhancement in the power conversion efficiency in liquid configuration due to the well aligned nanoheterojunction between CdS and PbS analysed through photoelectron X-ray spectroscopy. This enhancement in efficiency has been correlated through flat band potential, electron life time, rate of recombination and external quantum efficiency. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Very easy and low cost method to synthesis CdS NWs/PbS core-shell structure for designing photoelectrochemical solar cell. • 15 fold enhancement in power conversion efficiency for the optimized CdS/PbS core-shell has been achieved successfully. • An in-depth discussion regarding the higher efficiency has been properly correlated with the different characterizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first report, on tuberose surface morphology of strontium hydroxide (Sr(OH) 2 ) has been achieved on stainless-steel (SS) substrate in the form of thin film by easy, economical efficient and less time consuming successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique at room temperature. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals polycrystalline nature of film with orthorhombic crystal structure. Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Raman analyses reveal the composition and phase purity of the active material. The morphology of the prepared sample was characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Higher Resolution Transmission Emission Microscopy (HR-TEM) which confirms the tuberose morphology of the Sr(OH) 2 thin film. Furthermore, tuberose surface architecture has been successfully utilized as supercapacitive electrode with high specific capacity of 413C g −1 in 1 M NaOH aqueous electrolyte at 2 Ag −1 current density. Also, the electrode has emerged with 45.95 Whkg −1 of energy density and 2.6 kWkg −1 as power density at 2 Ag −1 current density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we utilized a successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) route to attach bismuth selenide (Bi 2 Se 3) nanoparticles on one dimensional (1D) cadmium sulfide nanowires (CdS NWs) at ambient temperature (27 °C) to design CdS@Bi 2 Se 3 core-shell nanostructure towards active electrode for supercapacitor application. To verify and explore the retrieved surface configuration, structural, elemental, compositional, and surface morphological investigations were performed. The designed CdS@Bi 2 Se 3 core-shell nanostructure not only offers the tremendous number of active areas, but also a continuous and quick one directional electron transport channels, demonstrating noticeable electrochemical performance with specific capacitance of 198 F g−1 (aerial capacitance 59.5 mF/cm2) with 80% cyclic retention @ 2000 cycles. Superior electrochemical activity was enhanced through the mutualistic involvement of Na+ ion insertion/extraction via non-stoichiometric bismuth selenide, which was well supported through electrochemical impedance (EIS) studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]