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Sea-cage fish farms cause wild fish to aggregate nearby. Nevertheless, it is still not clear to what extent the attraction effect around sea-cage fish farms varies according to the type and size of the reared species. We examined this attraction effect in six sea-cage fish farms across the Aegean Sea using an integrated approach combining these variables with seasonal and spatial factors. Six 5-minute rapid visual counts were conducted on each farm complex for comparing the wild fish aggregations around the sea-cages concerning both cultivated species (seabass and seabream) and their sizes (adult and juvenile). We counted a total of 509,061 fishes, representing 36 species and 18 families. While 292,377 fish belonging to 34 species were counted in seabass cages, 216,684 fish belonging to 27 species were counted at seabream cages. In addition, 160,192 fish belonging to 28 species were counted around the juvenile cages, while 348,869 fish belonging to 34 species were counted at adult fish cages. The study shows that wild fish communities are formed around the sea-cages where seabass and seabream are reared in both adult and juvenile sizes in the Aegean Sea. According to our results, the fish species reared in the cages do not have a statistically significant effect on the wild fish community structure around the cages, whereas fish size, which was correlated with cage biomass and a longer history of feeding, had a strong effect. Other factors affecting the wild fish community structure around the cages are the season and the location of the cages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite playing a critical role in oligotrophic ocean food webs, relatively little is known about the diet of mesopelagic fishes in the Indian Ocean. These fishes are an abundant component of the micronekton assemblages and are a major energy- and nutrient-rich food source, linking the plankton which they feed on to marine predators at higher trophic levels. DNA metabarcoding, a molecular method to identify species from mixed assemblages, has not been commonly used in studies of mesopelagic fish diet, but using it to analyse gut contents can greatly improve the understanding of mesopelagic fish feeding ecology. In this study, we apply DNA metabarcoding (18S rRNA and COI) to gut contents from Stomiiformes and Myctophiformes species from 20 sampling stations covering 30° of latitude on the 110°E meridian in the Indian Ocean. In total, 174 fish specimens from 13 genera were examined. Differences in the gut contents among fish families, geographic areas and fish stages were identified. Specimens within the family Myctophidae had the most diverse diet, more so in the northern sampling stations than the south. Gonostomatidae had the least diverse diet. Overall, the most frequently identified prey items from the gut contents were calanoid copepods and halocyprid ostracods. The proportion of halocyprids were also identified to be significantly different among Myctophidae larvae and juvenile specimens, which is a potential ontogenic shift in diet towards a higher ostracod contribution in juveniles as mouth gape increases. In comparison with other plankton abundance data, Copepoda were the most abundant plankton in the gut contents of all fishes sampled throughout the latitudinal gradient, allowing them to be a potential food resource through the region. There are indications that other less abundant plankton, such as Ostracoda and Malacostraca, may be preferentially targeted by some mesopelagic fish families. • DNA metabarcoding captured a range of dietary items from mesopelagic fishes. • Gene region targeted substantially influenced taxa detection. • Fish families, geographic areas and fish stages have different diets. • Calanoid copepods and halocyprid ostracods were the most frequently consumed prey. • Halocyprids were significantly more frequent in myctophid juveniles than in larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal harvest restrictions are a common strategy in fisheries management, designed to mitigate fishing pressure on economically and recreationally valuable fish and invertebrate stocks. However, uncertainty regarding recreational fishing effort responses to seasonal closures can lead to unintended consequences for target and non-target species. This is especially true in the Gulf of Mexico reef fishery, where anglers can switch among multiple target species and discard mortality for co-occurring species is high. Therefore, understanding the drivers of recreational fishing effort is needed to support management decisions. This study addresses knowledge gaps by employing a statistical model to analyze the relationships between recreational reef fish effort (measured in angler-trips) and species-specific seasonal management in the Gulf of Mexico along the west coast of Florida. We focused on ecological and management variables surrounding gag (M. microlepis), red grouper (E. morio), and red snapper (L. campechanus), which are among the most recreationally sought-after species targeted along the west coast of Florida. We also considered environmental covariates such as seasonal patterns, inter-annual changes in species abundance, and socioeconomic factors (i.e., numbers of saltwater fishing licenses sold and economic trends). Our analysis indicated considerable variation in effects of seasonal, environmental, and management predictors on recreational effort that were region-specific. Notably, management predictors related to both red snapper and gag, such as the fraction of a month open to harvest (both species) and the length of the red snapper season, directly influenced recreational effort. Given recent substantial reductions in the Gulf of Mexico gag season, we were particularly interested in the effect of gag management on angler-trips, but we did not find strong evidence that effort concentration has taken place for this species at this time. This information provides foundational insights into the seasonal, biological, and anthropogenic drivers of recreational angler reef fish effort along the west coast of Florida. This model, or related frameworks, could be valuable in forecasting future trends in recreational effort along the west coast of Florida specifically and the Gulf of Mexico more generally, and may be instrumental for managers seeking to comprehend the consequences of changes to seasonal reef fishery management. • Red snapper and gag temporal management influenced recreational effort along the west coast of Florida. • The fraction of months open to harvest for both red snapper and gag were both positively associated with effort. • Red snapper season length was negatively associated with effort, suggesting effort concentration. • Gag season length was not correlated with effort, suggesting effort concentration is not (yet) occurring for this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia used to be an active law enforcer in the Southern Ocean in the 2000s and manifested its fulfillment of multiple roles and duties in exercising jurisdictions effectively to deter the Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing in this region. This paper provides an updated review of Australia's maritime enforcement against IUU fishing. Australia's approach to combating IUU fishing in the Southern waters has been reflected in its legislation, institutional arrangements, as well as judicial cases. This paper examines international and national laws relevant to Australia's jurisdictions in the Southern Ocean, as well as critically reviews Australia's institutional arrangements and availability of military resources in maritime enforcement. A analysis of enforcement programs and judicial practices is also provided by this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tracking large-scale movements of fishes in the ocean's midwaters, below the euphotic zone and above the seafloor, is extremely challenging. Archival satellite telemetry devices rely on light, sea surface temperature, or bottom depth data to estimate location. Consequently, geolocation of fishes inhabiting the twilight (mesopelagic: 200–1000 m) and midnight (bathypelagic: 1000–4000 m) zones has been restricted to hypothesized movement routes, thereby precluding a baseline ecological understanding against which to assess potential anthropogenic impacts. We assessed the viability of comparing depth-temperature profiles measured by animal-borne satellite tags against those from 3D ocean-resolving models and incorporated known locations from acoustic telemetry to enable a quantitative framework for deep-sea geolocation. Testing of alternative, data-driven likelihood scenarios on a deep-water shark species assemblage with marked variation in modal depth distributions confirmed that the methodological frontier of geolocation can be advanced into the twilight and midnight zones. We identify key limitations in deep-water geolocation, and ways to overcome them, identifying a viable path for robust location estimates that can help address the knowledge gap on fish movement ecology in the deep sea. Our findings suggest that leveraging state-of-the-art geolocation approaches, in combination with novel technologies, raises new opportunities for studying enigmatic deep-ocean ecosystems. • Methods for geolocation of fishes in the ocean's midwaters are assessed. • Alternative, data-driven likelihoods are tested as inputs to a movement model. • Results confirmed midwater geolocation as viable, but with key limitations. • Novel tracking methods and technologies can surmount deep-sea fish knowledge gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on fishing vessels worldwide began in the 1850s and continues to increase to this day. In Turkey, academic studies on fishing vessels commenced with the establishment of the Ata Nutku Ship Model Experiment Laboratory in 1953. Academic studies on fishing vessels in Turkey can be divided into three periods: the early period studies, the İTU fishing vessel series studies, and the Black Sea type fishing vessels studies. The early period studies started in the 1950s and continued until the 1970s, focusing on Taka, Çektirme, and Alametro type fishing vessels. The İTU fishing vessel series studies began in 1979 under the leadership of Prof. Dr. Kemal KAFALI, in collaboration with İTU and TÜBİTAK, based on fishing vessel forms developed through model experiments, and have continued to the present day. The third period, the Black Sea type fishing vessels studies, started in the 1990s and research on these forms is still ongoing. These fishing vessels, generally built in the Black Sea region, are now used in all seas and oceans. This study examined master's and doctoral theses, articles, and conference papers from these three periods. The subjects were analyzed in a cause-and-effect relationship, and the information contained was summarized. • Academic studies on fishing vessels in Turkey. • Doctoral and master's theses, articles and conference papers from 1950 to the present. • Studies on Taka, Çektirme, Alametro. • Studies on ITU fishing boats series. • Studies on the Black Sea type fishing vessel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding mercury (Hg) concentrations in mesopelagic and mid-trophic fishes is important for assessing Hg accumulation in oceanic ecosystems and higher-order predators. This study measured total Hg (THg) concentrations in the whole body of 16 abundant mesopelagic fish species sampled in two distinct sites within the Tasman Sea. Across all species, total Hg concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 0.48 μg g−1 dry weight (0.01 to 0.15 μg g−1 wet weight). Total Hg concentrations varied with vertical migration patterns, with shallower migrators exhibiting higher THg. Females typically had statistically higher THg concentrations than males. Positive correlations between THg concentration and standard length were observed for some but not all species. At the community level, THg concentrations correlated positively with estimated trophic position and foraging habitat, as inferred by stable isotope values. These findings contribute to our understanding of Hg cycling in oceanic ecosystems and the potential for biomagnification in oceanic top-order predators. [Display omitted] • Mesopelagic fish families exhibit variable total mercury (THg) concentrations. • Most examined species are considered by regulatory authorities to be low in THg <0.1 μg g−1 wet weight. • Species with shallower migration patterns (nyctoepipelagic migration from <500 m to 0–100 m) demonstrated higher accumulation of THg. • THg concentrations commonly increased with body size and trophic position. • The Tasman Sea is an area low in THg compared with other oceanic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pelagic fishes are a key trophic component of the Southern Ocean ecosystem. However, understanding the spatial and temporal changes in geographic distribution patterns of pelagic fishes in the context of climate change remains limited. This research applied the MaxEnt model to project the distributions of current and future (2100s) suitable habitats for ten major pelagic fish species in the Southern Ocean (two scenarios: RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Results suggested that the current spatial distribution of pelagic fishes is significantly correlated with their realized niche and that global warming will lead to significant changes in the spatial distribution of pelagic fishes in the Southern Ocean. Model predictions showed that eight out of ten pelagic fish species are likely to face a significant reduction in their ranges of suitable habitats under the RCP8.5 scenario by the 2100s. Except for the Bathylagus antarcticus , all of the other nine species were predicted to migrate toward South Pole by the 2100s. In addition, the community composition of pelagic fishes also may change significantly, mostly because of species loss. The results of this study clarify the impact of climate change on pelagic fishes in the Southern Ocean, and provide theoretical support for sustainable management and conservation efforts of these pelagic fishes. • The study predicts current and future distribution of ten major pelagic fish species in the Southern Ocean. • The spatial distribution of pelagic fishes is significantly correlated with their realized niche. • Suitable habitats of eight pelagic fishes are at serious risk from climate change. • Species loss is a major factor causing future shifts in the community composition of pelagic fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the oceans covering 70% of the world's surface, one might be under the illusion that every State might find sufficient space for their activities, nothing could be further from the truth. This was proven once more in January 2022 and August 2023 when Russian vessels sought to engage in military exercises within strategic areas of the Irish and Norwegian exclusive economic zones (EEZs), choosing some of the local fishermen's preferred locations in the process. Unlike their governments, the local fishermen refused to accept the Russian intrusions and via continuous protest through presence succeeded in forcing the Russian Navy to move the exercises to another area. This example is proof that to this day, the legal framework of the EEZ still gives rise to significant questions and uncertainties, often to the benefit of lawfare lawyers, especially in regards to foreign military activities and overlapping uses of the same area. Art. 56 LOSC awards sovereign resource rights to the coastal State, but arts. 58 and 87 LOSC grant the maritime user State the freedom to navigate. How to reconcile these different uses has for a long time occupied the minds of law of the sea lawyers. In this article, an attempt is made - utilizing a selection of national and international jurisprudence - to clarify the relation between these different uses of the EEZ, their permissibility and why the fishermen's success in these cases might not so easily be translated into general international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although recent work has examined how masculinities are performed through fishing work at sea, less research has focused on how femininities are performed in the gendered fisheries context. By focusing on a particular group of women in fisheries – the women entrepreneur – this study examines the performances of femininities in their entrepreneurialism. It explores whether women entrepreneurs can perform gender differently and, by effect, subvert the gender order in the fisheries context. I draw on Schippers' (2002, 2007) concepts of 'gender hegemony', 'gender maneuvering' and three forms of femininities: 'hegemonic femininity', 'pariah femininity' and 'alternative femininity'. My research found that women's performances of femininities are multiple and versatile as women adapted their gender performances to varying situated, relational and spatial contexts. All women entrepreneurs performed a type of hegemonic femininity that supported, confirmed and upheld hegemonic masculinity. Yet, through their entrepreneurial work in male-dominated fishing spaces, women also performed a form of pariah femininity which incorporated many features of hegemonic masculinity – such as getting dirty and displaying strength. In food spaces, on the other hand, women performed a type of 'alternative femininity', predicated on being sociable, skilled in cooking and being service minded, which was not predicated on their subordination to that of masculinity. The wider significance of these findings is that women fisheries entrepreneurs maneuver their gender by adopting versatility in their gender performances. This versatility allows them to simultaneously be 'good' female partners of fisher-men and tough fish workers, whilst also carving out a space for themselves in food entrepreneurship which was more liberating, enjoyable and self-fulfilling. • Focus on women's entrepreneurialism in the fisheries context of England and Wales. • Draws on three forms of femininities: 'hegemonic femininity', 'pariah femininity' and 'alternative femininity'. • Explores whether women entrepreneurs can perform gender differently and if they can subvert the gender order. • Identifies three femininity performances: the 'supportive wife', the 'tough fish worker', and 'the food entrepreneur'. • They confirm and move beyond the gender order by shifting their femininity performances in different socio-spatial contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food, especially animal origin food is the main source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) for human exposure. So, a simple, rapid and cheap bioassay method is needed for determination of dioxins in food samples. In this study, we used a new highly sensitive reporter cell line to determine the concentration of dioxins in 33 fish and seafood samples. The samples were extracted by shaking with water/isopropanol (1:1 v / v) and hexane and cleaned-up by a multi layered silica gel column and an alumina column, then analyzed using CBG 2.8D cell line. We compared the results obtained from the CBG 2.8D cell assay to those obtained from conventional High-Resolution Gas Chromatography–High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRGC–HRMS) analysis. Good correlations were observed between these two methods (r 2=0.93). While the slope of regression line was 1.76, the bioanalytical equivalent (BEQ) values were 1.76 folds higher than WHO-TEQ values and the conversion coefficient was 0.568 (the reciprocal of 1.76). In conclusion, CBG 2.8D cell assay was an applicable method to determine dioxins levels in fish and sea food samples. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fishing activities, at sea and on land, continue to raise serious concerns, particularly in the developing world. Practices at sea affect fish stocks, ecology, national economic benefits, and livelihoods, with the inherent inhuman treatment of crew and other workers presenting serious human-rights challenges. Human-rights abuses in the Pacific Island Countries' (PICs') fishing industry is alarming. We use a human-rights approach to explore the concerns and complexities of fishing activities with particular reference to the tuna industry. We examine the nature and drivers of human-rights violation in the industry and identify policy measures that can contribute to management efforts at addressing the challenge. Departing from the 'traditional' stock, revenue, environment, and ecology discourse, we point out that violation of human-rights in the industry is a concern, often overlooked by existing enforcement and regulatory policies. This paper further identifies the implications of criminal fishing activities on front-line players and stresses the need for socioeconomic justice in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Dietary exposure of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs using GC-HRMS has been estimated. • Fish and sea products were the main contributors to adults and children dioxin intake. • 19 % of adults could exceed the TWI for ∑PCDD/Fs + dl-PCBs according the UB approach. • 43 % of children could exceed the TWI for ∑PCDD/Fs + dl-PCBs according the UB approach. Polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) levels were measured in representative vegetable oils and animal origin foodstuffs collected in a Total Diet Study carried out in the Valencian Region (Spain). A total amount of 3,300 food samples were collected and grouped into 5 main food groups: vegetable oils, meat and meat products, eggs, milk and dairy products and fish and sea products. The samples were analysed using gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). The food group which presented the highest concentration in wet weight (ww) for the sum of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs was fish and sea products (0.5 pg TEQ g−1 ww), whereas meat and meat products (0.6 pg TEQ g−1 lipid) showed the highest levels expressed in lipid terms. Occurrence data of PCDD/F and dl-PCBs were combined with consumption data to estimate the dietary exposure of adults (>15 years) and children (6–15 years). Finally, the estimated weekly intake (EWI) was calculated using a deterministic approach and considering the food consumption of the population, with fish and sea products being the main food group contributor. Likewise, considering the worst-case scenario (Upper Bound, UB), average EWI were 1.8 and 3.4 pg TEQ kg−1 body weight (bw) week−1 for adults and children, respectively. For children, the average EWI was almost twice above the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 2 pg TEQ kg−1 bw week−1 set by EFSA in 2018. In terms of risk characterisation, the overall obtained results showed that 19 % of adults and 43 % of children may exceed the TWI when using UB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we provide evidence, along an 8-year period time-series based on multifaceted data from a Mediterranean marine protected area (MPA), whether protection can tackle invasive and range expanding herbivore fishes, and their effects on the algal resource availability, taking into account the population trends of predatory fishes, fisheries catches of herbivore fishes and sea surface temperature (SST) through time. Our findings pointed out that an ineffective in restoring top-down control process MPA may facilitate, rather than alleviate, the sudden and enduring population burst of invasive and range-expanding herbivorous fishes at tipping points of abrupt change. This subsequently results in the deterioration of rocky reef habitats and the depletion of algal resources, with the tipping points of abrupt change for algal and herbivore fish species not overlapping chronologically. As sea temperature increases, ineffective or recently established MPAs may inadvertently facilitate the proliferation of invasive and range-expanding species, posing a significant challenge to management effectiveness and conservation objectives. • MPA favors population outbreak of range expanding and invasive herbivorous fishes on the long term. • Fish herbivores and macroalgae presented time-lagged tipping points of abrupt change. • Outbreak of invasive herbivorous fish in MPAs is challenging management effectiveness and conservation outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mercury toxicity irreversibly inhibits selenium dependent enzymes in the fetal brain. • Health Benefit Values (HBVs) indicate relative abundance of selenium and mercury. • Negative HBVs of pilot whale and shark meats indicate risks due to high mercury. • Positive HBVs of commonly consumed ocean fish indicate improved Se status. • Seafood HBVs reliably indicate mercury-dependent risks vs seafood benefits. Methylmercury (CH 3 Hg) toxicity causes irreversible inhibition of selenium (Se)-dependent enzymes, including those that are required to prevent and reverse oxidative damage in the brain. Fish consumption provides numerous essential nutrients required for optimal health, but is also associated with CH 3 Hg exposure risks, especially during fetal development. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the amounts of both elements in seafood to evaluate relative risks or benefits. Consumption of ocean fish containing Se in molar excess of CH 3 Hg will prevent interruption of selenoenzyme activities, thereby alleviating Hg-exposure risks. Because dietary Se is a pivotal determinant of CH 3 Hg's effects, the Selenium Health Benefit Value (HBV) criterion was developed to predict risks or benefits as a result of seafood consumption. A negative HBV indicates Hg is present in molar excess of Se and may impair Se availability while a positive HBV indicates consumption will improve the Se status of the consumer, thus negating risks of Hg toxicity. This study examined the Hg and Se contents of varieties of seafood to establish those with positive HBV's offering benefits and those having negative HBVs indicating potential consumption risks. The Hg and Se molar concentrations in samples of meat from pilot whale, mako shark, thresher shark, swordfish, bigeye tuna, and skipjack tuna were used to determine their HBV's in relation to body weight. The HBVs of pilot whale, mako shark, and swordfish were typically negative and inversely related to body weight, indicating their consumption may impair Se availability. However, the HBV's of thresher shark, bigeye tuna, and skipjack tuna were uniformly positive regardless of body weights, indicating their consumption counteracts Hg-dependent risks of selenoenzyme impairment. The HBV criterion provides a reliable basis for differentiating seafoods whose intake should be limited during pregnancy from those that should be consumed to obtain health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater camera systems are commonly used for monitoring fish and fishing gear behaviours. More recently, camera systems have been applied to scientific trawl surveys for improved spatial resolution and less invasive sampling and to commercial fisheries for better catch control and reduced by-catch. A challenge when using cameras in demersal trawls is poor image clarity due to the door and ground gear generated sediment plume. In this study we have measured the height of the sediment plume produced by a large commercial trawl in the Barents Sea using acoustic methods and investigated its effect on in-trawl camera image clarity. The trawl extension was lengthened, and additional buoyancy added to lift the camera system in the aft end of the trawl. The camera system was tested at increasing heights above seabed until no sediment plume was visible in the images. Based on the acoustic data the sediment plume was measured to be on average 4–5 m (SD 1.7 m) above sea floor. Image clarity improved significantly as the camera system clearance from seabed increased from 4 to 11 m. No effect of sediment type on image clarity was identified. The trawl modifications did not affect the trawl's opening geometry or bottom contact. However, the increased length and angle of the under panel aft in the trawl and in the extension appears to have resulted in reduced water flow and may influence the passage and retention of fish. The feasibility of using camera systems in demersal trawls and this and other solutions for obtaining clear images are discussed. • The sediment plume generated by a demersal trawl can significantly reduce image clarity for in-trawl camera systems. • The sediment plume can be avoided by trawl modifications that raise the camera system above it. • Clear images were obtained when the camera system was about 8 m above seabed. • The implementation of in-trawl cameras requires further development of practical solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Highly-resolved vessel tracking data provide reliable indicators of fishing effort. • For passive gears, spatial indicators outperform time at sea indicators of fishing effort. • Gear soak time can be reliably estimated from vessel tracking data. • Suitable indicators are needed to appropriately represent fishers in marine spatial planning. Increasing competition for marine space requires the appropriate development of indicators to best represent the use of marine areas and the value (whether economic, social and/or cultural) derived from such use. Fishers (the largest group of users) are often under-represented in marine spatial planning processes. Highly-resolved vessel tracking data provide opportunities to map the activities of fishing vessels at a level of detail never before available. Most effort mapping methods have focused on active gears such as trawls or dredges in large scale fisheries. For these fisheries, the time spent fishing at sea (hours) is usually a representative indicator of fishing effort, enabling a straightforward mapping of the most important fishing grounds. However, for passive gears generally used in small-scale fisheries, we show that spatial indicators of effort (here, length of vessel track) greatly outperform time-at-sea as an indicator of fishing effort. We further demonstrate and validate a method to estimate gear soak time from vessel tracking data and show how maps of effort that account for soak time can be different from those solely based on time spent fishing at sea. The development of adequate methods to quantify the spatial distribution of passive gear effort is particularly relevant to fisheries management because globally about a fifth of all catches (by weight) are landed by passive gears. Appropriate, fine scale effort maps will provide better tools for spatial planning to support sustainable fishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black Sea type fishing vessels have been built on the shores of the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey for about 500 years. In recent years, this type of fishing vessel, which originated in the Black Sea, has become increasingly prevalent in the Marmara, Aegean, Mediterranean, and Atlantic Oceans. Modifications were implemented on the Black Sea fishing vessels to optimize their performance in accordance with the prevailing sea conditions during fishing operations. Nonetheless, these improvements were not grounded in scientific knowledge, but rather in accordance with the desires of the ship owners and the experience of the shipbuilding industry. Due to this factor, the production of such fishing vessels cannot be standardised, and their resistance performance cannot be equivalent. The present study aimed to develop a dimensionless offset table that can be utilised to ensure the standard production of Black Sea type fishing vessels with consistent quality. By utilising the standard dimensionless offset table, it is possible to generate Black Sea type fishing vessels with a length ranging from 40 m to 60 m, a depth of 4.0 m to 5.5 m, and a length-to-breadth ratio of 2.5 to 3.5. Also, this methodology enables the creation of the ship's line plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around two million people are engaged in marine fishing in the Bay of Bengal. Bites by sea snakes were common hazards feared by millions fishing at sea in earlier days. Current morbidity and mortality are also not known. This study was conducted to document and describe sea snake bites among selected communities of sea-going fishermen in Bangladesh. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from May to October 2019 among three communities of sea-going fishermen living along the coast of the Bay of Bengal in Cox's Bazar district. Fishermen were first asked by trained interviewers to recall any sea snakebites to themselves and among their fellows on board within the last year, then within the last 5 years and at any time before that. For any bite, related information including outcome was noted. Overall, 25.4% of respondents (62 out of 244) had been bitten by sea-snakes. Mean age was 37.6(±14) years; all males. 51.6% received some sort of treatment locally; 71% hot compress and 48% tourniquets. In 80.6% the affected limb was not immobilized. The bitten site was incised in 29%. 22.6% received treatment from traditional healers, 48.4% from local hospitals, 29% from district hospital. Six victims (9.7%) suffered from severe life-threatening consequences of the sea snakebite but none died. 32% of the fishermen had seen the offending snake. Sea snakebites are potentially dangerous; therefore, educating fishermen to avoid contact with sea snakes would dramatically reduce the incidence of sea snakebites. Most bites are treated initially by local measures which are often not scientific. Provision of proper first aid and treatment might reduce mortality and morbidity. A larger survey on sea snake bites among the fishermen in all coastal areas of Bangladesh is needed to determine the nationwide burden of morbidity and mortality related to sea snakebite. Conclusion: Sea snake bite is an important health hazard among sea going fishermen in southeast Bangladesh. Educating fishermen to avoid contact with sea snakes and provision of proper first aid and treatment might reduce the mortality and morbidity. A larger survey is needed. [Display omitted] • Sea snake bites happen but not being reported among sea going fishermen of south east Bangladesh • Venomous bites cause pain and swelling at site, dark urine and neurological features • Commonly treated by traditional methods • Building awareness to prevent bite and proper health care seeking is recommended [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sharks and rays are often caught as bycatch by commercial fisheries, and high incidences of bycatch are partially to blame for the declines in many populations of elasmobranchs. In an effort to reduce rates of bycatch, researchers have tested various deterrents that could benefit fisheries. Permanent magnets are one promising form of bycatch reduction device, yet their efficacy has only been tested for hook-and-line fisheries with variable results. Here, we examined the potential benefits of permanent magnets on an ocean fish trap fishery targeting snapper (Pagrus auratus) where more than 10% of the total catch is comprised of unwanted elasmobranchs and the presence of elasmobranchs reduces the catch of target species. Over 1000 fish traps were deployed in a fishery-dependent survey in New South Wales, Australia. Standardised catch rates indicate that the incorporation of magnets into fish traps significantly reduced incidences of elasmobranch bycatch (mainly Brachaelurus waddi) by over a third, while increasing the amount of target fish caught by an equivalent amount. Together these results suggest that magnets can be used as an effective bycatch reduction device that reduces incidences of elasmobranch bycatch while increasing the profitability of fish traps for fishermen. Future studies should aim to replicate these results in areas where different species of elasmobranchs occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Although the importance of Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) as a concept is know acknowledged and the legal framework is in place, the task of applying it remains a delicate one. One of the keys to success is having pertinent data. Knowing how maritime uses unfold in a spatio-temporal context, and what conflicting or synergistic interactions exist between activities, is crucial. However, this information is especially hard to obtain in a marine environment. As a result this information has often been identified as the missing layer in information systems developed by maritime stakeholders. Since 2002, the Automatic Identification System (AIS) has been undergoing a major development. Allowing for real time geo-tracking and identification for equipped vessels, the data that issues from AIS data promises to map and describe certain marine human activities. After recapitulating the main characteristics of AIS and the data it provides, this article proposes to evaluate how AIS is currently used in MSP at a European level, and to concisely present a series of methods and results obtained within the framework of several operational research projects. The objective is to illustrate how the AIS data processing and analysis can produce adequate information for MSP: maritime traffic density, shipping lanes and navigation flows, hierarchical network of maritime routes, alleged fishing zones, spatio-temporal interactions between activities (potential conflicting uses or synergies). The conclusion looks in particular at the legal questions concerning the use of AIS. Highlights • At European level, AIS data is tending to become an essential factor for MSP plans. • Identifying the main shipping lanes and highlighting a hierarchical network of maritime routes from AIS data is possible. • Identifying alleged fishing zone at a very local scale from AIS data is possible. • AIS data can contribute to highlighting spatio-temporal interactions between uses and exposing several types of interactions. • Legal framework concerning the use of AIS data need to be discussed and to be taken into account when exploiting AIS data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recreational (non-commercial) fishing licenses are used throughout the United States to contribute funding for the management of recreational fisheries and associated resources and help quantify participation. Non-commercial fishing license programs have aided habitat restoration and conservation, hatchery production, harvest regulations, education, and improving fishers overall experience and satisfaction with the resource. Contrastingly, Hawaiʻi is the only coastal US state that does not have a saltwater non-commercial fishing license program. The lack of a license program is problematic for several reasons, including its implications for baseline data regarding who or how many individuals utilize the resource. Given anecdotal information about recently changing fishers’ attitudes, the goal was to quantify knowledge, interest, and behavior of Hawaii's non-commercial fishing participants regarding the potential adoption of a state saltwater non-commercial fishing license. Specifically, under what circumstances would Hawaii's non-commercial fishing community support or not support a licensing program? Did the level of support and acceptance of a fishing license program vary with sociodemographic factors? Finally, what is an acceptable cost range for a license among Hawaii's non-commercial fishers? To answer these questions, an online survey of 101 self-identified non-commercial Hawai‘i fishers was conducted. The findings suggest that non-commercial fishers may support a fishing license program, but only if the funds generated from license fees are dedicated to improving the resource, particularly enforcement of current regulations. Correspondingly, a saltwater non-commercial fishing license costing between $11–19 was acceptable for 81% of survey participants. Our findings suggest provide a needed baseline on advancing fisheries management in Hawaiʻi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by trimethylamine N -oxide (TMAO) secreted by saltwater fish, a novel ultra-low fouling material of N -oxide zwitterion (PTMAO) was introduced to the membrane surface via a dual-biomimetic strategy for efficient oil–water separation at near "zero pressure". [Display omitted] • Synthesized a novel N -oxide zwitterionic (PTMAO) material with ultra-low fouling. • Direct linkage of positive and negative charges (N+-O−) in PTMAO provided excellent hydrophilicity. • Bioinspired PTMAO was introduced into the membrane surface by biomimetic co-deposition chemistry. • PTMAO was introduced to endow the membrane with super-hydrophilic and oil repellent properties. • Membrane prepared by dual-biomimetic strategy showed efficient oil–water separation property. Superwetting membranes have good prospective for treatment of oil-containing wastewaters. However, development of simple and environment-friendly membranes with efficient oil–water separation performance remains a great challenge that needs to be addressed urgently. In this study, inspired by the secretion of trimethylamine- N -oxide (TMAO) by saltwater fish, we report a novel N ‑oxide zwitterionic polymer (PTMAO) with ultralow fouling property possessing directly linked opposite charges in their molecules and superior hydrophilicity, as compared to conventional zwitterionic ones. Using biomimetic co-deposition technique of dopamine (DA) and PTMAO, a zwitterionic polymer network was formed via self-polymerization of DA and followed by hydrogen bonding and cation-π effects between the oxidatively generated polydopamine (PD) and PTMAO. As expected, the fabricated membrane exhibited excellent superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity. The M–PD/PT/2:2 membrane achieved high efficiency of oil–water separation performance under ultra-low-pressure conditions, with an oil–water emulsion flux of 1121.1 L/m2 h, a recovery rate of 93.1%, and oil rejection as high as 99.2% in the cyclic oil–water emulsion separation process. Meanwhile, the M–PD/PT/2:2 membrane showed excellent stability. Therefore, this work provides a new idea for the preparation of superwetting membranes using dual-biomimetic techniques for effective separation of oil–water emulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing evidence in the field of child labour has identified social norms among the key antecedents. Social norms regulate actions of people within the social order. Where social norms are institutionalized and legitimized, people conform to them out of a sense of duty. It is argued that legitimate, deep-rooted, and institutionalized social norms are difficult to change. Yet, there have been some significant improvements in research suggesting that normative change programs can effectively shift deep-rooted social norms. In this study, we explored a pathway to change social norms that underpin child labour practices in four major hubs of cocoa and sea fishing. We employed a bottom-up practice research approach to co-design the study, and implemented it through narrative vignette interviews. Using vignette stimulus, we interviewed parents (n = 40), with 20 of them perceived to have engaged their children in child labour, and stakeholders in the communities (n = 10). Findings from the narrative interviews revealed norms on informal apprenticeship, inheriting family business, and hard work, among the core child labour norms. We unraveled the constitutive procedural norms that legitimize and justify the child labour norms in the communities. Based on this, a normative change framework has been designed and supported with suggested intervention programs to shift the social norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to offshore fishing, high sea fishing has become another important supply channel for seafood. The pelagic catches of China, Japan, and Korea (CJK) account for 60% of the global total, and an analysis of their activities adds essential clarity regarding global fishery resources. This paper develops a framework for analyzing the activities of HSF vessels based on satellite AIS data from 2019, which is used to study the spatial-temporal characteristics of the lengths, speeds, trajectories, and trajectory densities of HSF vessels, the numbers of active vessels, and their average fishing times. The analysis results show that: 1) Chinese HSF vessels are mostly small, relative to Japanese and Korean ships; 2) The speed of Japanese HSF vessels is consistently the highest; 3) All HSF vessels mainly fish in the Northwest Pacific, Western Central Pacific, Eastern Central Pacific, Southeast Pacific, Eastern Central Atlantic, Southeast Atlantic, and Western Indian Oceans; 4) The trajectory distribution of Chinese and Japanese vessels are similar, and both are more widely distributed than Korean vessels; 5) Chinese and Korean HSF vessels mostly enter the Atlantic through the Drake Passage, while Japanese ships mostly enter through the Panama Canal; 6) Chinese HSF vessels fish in Antarctic fisheries all year, while Korean ships aim to fish in Antarctic fisheries in the Spring, Summer, and Winter; 7) China has the largest number of HSF vessels in all fisheries, but their average fishing time is the shortest; 8) The average fishing time of all HSF vessels in Spring and Summer is short, increases during the Autumn, and continues to rise in some fisheries during Winter. This study is not only of great significance for the management and conservation of marine resources, but is also a valuable reference for the promotion of international cooperation in safeguarding marine fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding fish-habitat associations is critical for ecosystem-based approaches to management and conservation. Kelp species, which are estimated to inhabit around 25% of the world's coastline and underpin highly productive and biodiverse ecosystems, are widely recognised as important nursery and foraging habitats for coastal fish species. However, quantitative assessments of fish assemblages within kelp forests are lacking for many regions. Here, we used Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV) and Underwater Visual Census (UVC) to quantify fish assemblages in Laminaria hyperborea forests at eight shallow subtidal rocky reefs that spanned 9° of latitude in the United Kingdom (UK). Fish assemblages were a ubiquitous and conspicuous component of kelp forest communities at all sites. BRUV surveys recorded marked regional-scale variability, with latitudinal shifts in assemblage structure and particularly distinct assemblages recorded in southwest England. These patterns were largely due to greater abundances of Pollachius spp. (i.e. saithe and pollock) in northern regions and higher numbers of Gobiusculus flavescens (two-spotted goby) and labrid species (i.e. rock cook, goldsinny and ballan wrasses) in southern regions. Unlike BRUVs, UVC surveys did not detect significant regional-scale variation in assemblage structure but did detect significant site-level differences, highlighting differences between the two techniques. BRUV surveys also recorded clear latitudinal trends in richness, with more taxa recorded at lower latitudes. Fish assemblages in the NE Atlantic have been, and will continue to be, impacted by ocean warming and fishing activities. Greater spatiotemporal coverage of kelp forest surveys and ongoing robust monitoring is needed to better understand and manage future ecological changes. • Kelp forests are important nursery and feeding grounds for fish species. • Habitat-fish associations are poorly understood in many regions. • We surveyed fish assemblages in 8 kelp forests across 1000 km in UK. • Fish assemblages showed regional structuring with greater richness at lower latitudes. • Continued and more-extensive monitoring is needed to detect future changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies adopted in June 2022 is potentially a step forward for ocean sustainability. Yet, its success in removing fisheries subsidies contributing to illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and overfishing more generally, will depend on its scope, its effective interpretation, and broad implementation. Here we focus on Article 5.1, which, in its narrowest interpretation prohibits fishing subsidies in areas not covered by Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) and Regional Fishery Management Organizations (RFMOs) but in its broadest interpretation prohibits subsidies for any unregulated fisheries in the high seas. This study finds that only ∼1.35% of the high seas are not spatially covered by at least one RFMO, and most of that area are frozen parts of the high seas with little to no fishing. This means that if Article 5.1 is interpreted to mean the area of the high seas not managed under RFMOs, then the effect of Article 5.1 will be minimal or non-existent even if the article is fully implemented. Many RFMOs, however, are only mandated to regulate a few species, such as tunas. Much of the potential impact of Article 5.1 thus could rest on the definition of the 'competence of a relevant RFMO,' which we argue should be defined based on both area and species of competence. To make the Article meaningful in terms of removing harmful subsidies that impact the sustainability of high seas fish stocks, additional clarifying provisions to Article 5.1 to reaffirm that it applies to both unregulated areas and species outside of the competence of relevant RFMOs are needed. • Article 5 prohibits subsidies provided to fishing outside national jurisdictions and the competence of RFMOS. • We find that only 1.35% of the area of the high seas are outside the geographical jurisdiction of RFMOs. • A geographical interpretation of Article 5.1 would achieve little for protecting fish against harmful subsidies. • Article 5 must be based on both species and areas not under the competence and relevance of RFMOs to reduce overfishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distant Water Fishing is a major concern for ocean sustainability and maritime geopolitics, especially for countries fearing incursions into their Exclusive Economic Zone. Whereas some high seas fisheries are overseen by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations, others lack even the most basic regulations. Here, we examine the case of under-regulated squid fishing in the high seas by Chinese Distant Water Fishing vessels operating in close proximity to the Exclusive Economic Zones of Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru. The rapid growth of Chinese squid fishing fleets and their controversial practices have led to tensions over stock management, as well as costly and geopolitically sensitive naval operations, not only by countries seeking to protect their EEZ, but also by a U.S. government placing Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated fishing within its national security agenda, with Chinese DWF a clear target. This paper examines how China has attempted to resolve these tensions while resisting stricter fisheries regulations, with so far limited results in terms of addressing sustainability and geopolitical concerns. Improving fisheries regulations on the high seas and implementing new WTO rules on fisheries subsidies could help alleviate some of these concerns, while a ban on fishing in the high seas would improve ocean sustainability and reduce maritime tensions over the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish body condition and growth are two interrelated traits closely associated with species life history and fitness, whose trade-off can ultimately impact population dynamics albeit seldom empirically demonstrated. They can intricately affect survival rates, which are particularly relevant for species under exploitation. Using individual spatiotemporal information in Northwestern Mediterranean, we document for the first time the existence of a trade-off between condition and growth in regulating survival dynamics in two important fish species for the Mediterranean fisheries that are characterized by contrasting life histories. For the European hake (Merluccius merluccius), a benthopelagic species, juveniles' body condition was detected to be positively linked to survival and negatively associated with the growth of this age group. For the red mullet (Mullus barbatus), the same pattern was observed for young adults. We also show that the observed patterns on a regional level have a clear spatial dependence as we found that observed body condition over a local scale had a broad effect on the population dynamics of the whole region, with the Ebro delta area emerging as the demographic engine of the two species. We discuss our results in the context of fisheries management and underline the importance of improving current stock assessment models and spatially based fishery management towards incorporating body condition and growth due to their influence on important parameters such as survival. • Little is known about the link between body condition and growth in marine taxa. • Spatiotemporal data on condition and growth were collected for European hake and red mullet in the NW Mediterranean. • Somatic growth was negatively related to body condition while body condition and/or growth were related to survival. • Certain key areas where the effects on survival of demersal species prevail were identified. • Condition- and growth-mediated survival should be incorporated into assessment frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Rare diadromous fish distribution modelled across eastern Atlantic waters. • Bycatch by different fishing gears was quantified using Bayesian models. • Most species had a shallow coastal distribution connecting with watershed presence. • Existing protected areas could protect species if specific measures implemented. • Limiting access of certain gears in protected areas may help protect these species. Anthropogenic pressures have resulted in declines in diadromous fish. Many diadromous fish which were commercially important are now threatened and protected. Little is known about their marine life history phases, and no observation-based Species Distribution Model exists for this group of species at sea. Yet, fisheries dependent and independent data could provide new insights into the distribution of diadromous fish at sea. We collated a database of 168 904 hauls from fisheries observer bycatch data and scientific fisheries surveys, from eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean waters. The distribution of eleven rare and data-poor diadromous fish (shads, lampreys, salmonids, the European eel, the thinlip mullet, smelt and the European flounder) were modelled. A Bayesian site occupancy model, that incorporates imperfect detection to account for repeat detections and non-detections, the non-random nature of fishing gear type and spatial autocorrelation was used. From the model outputs, we explored bycatch risk and the role of MPAs, required under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and Habitat Directive and assessed. Diadromous fish were observed within relatively shallow coastal areas. Species specific gear bycatch trends were observed. Core distribution areas corresponded to their known water basin presence, indicating connectivity with their freshwater habitats. Numerous Habitat Directive Marine Protected Areas were found to be of relevance. Given the coastal distribution of these species, they are exposed to higher anthropogenic pressures from both terrestrial and marine environments. Risk of bycatch at sea for most species appears to be low. Nonetheless, for threatened individuals, even a small amount of bycatch may impact their populations, especially since misreporting is likely to be high. Differences in catchability between gears highlight potential benefits of limiting access of certain gears within protected areas to reduce bycatch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2010 and 2018, the sea cucumber fishing in the Campeche Bank, Mexico, was a flourishing fishery showing increasing landings followed by a precipitous decline, where illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing (IUU) was an important factor to its deterioration. Currently, despite this fishery is under permanent fishing ban since 2019, the IUU fishing prevails. This work aims to reconstruct the past sea cucumber catch, and species composition, in this region based on seizures analyses, between 2010 and 2021, collected from official documents. We estimated the total IUU catch of sea cucumber at 8117.6 t and detected that fishery statistics, based on the sea cucumber fishery in the southern Gulf of Mexico reported to FAO, have information gaps indicating overexploitation of Isostichopus badionotus. Our current assessment must be used cautiously, and may serve to justify the need to conduct these analyses in order to understand the reality of IUU fishing in the region. We recommend incorporating fishers' community programs in order to deter the IUU fishing through active participation of legal fishing dealers, in agreement with fisher cooperatives or guilds, which are eager to support the sea cucumber fishery in the Yucatan and also implementing fishing refuge areas (FRAs) for the development of guided and supervised stock restoration campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used choice modeling to assess demand by saltwater anglers and non-anglers, visiting the South Carolina coast, for value-added experiences and services associated with charter boat trips. Diverse non-fishing trip attributes including onboard amenities, onshore activities, quality of captain and crew, onboard nature-based tourism, onboard culture-based tourism and interpretation and education services were tested. Sampling of saltwater, recreational fishing, license owners and coastal tourists in 2013 produced 544 surveys (anglers = 277, non-anglers = 267). Study results showed that both groups placed importance on Quality of Captain and Crew, Onboard Amenities and Boat Fee. Only non-anglers placed importance on Onboard Nature-based Tourism. The marginal willingness to pay of Quality of Captain and Crew (high level) was $115 for anglers and $69 for non-anglers and of Onboard Amenities (high level) was $41 for anglers and $63 for non-anglers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic impact assessment methodology was applied to UK fisheries data to better understand the implications of European Commission proposal for regulations to fishing for deep-sea stocks in the North-East Atlantic (EC COM 371 Final 2012) under the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). The aim was to inform the on-going debate to develop the EC proposal, and to assist the UK fishing industry and Government in evaluating the most effective options to manage deep sea fish stocks. Results indicate that enforcing the EC proposal as originally drafted results in a number of implications for the UK fleet. Because of the proposed changes to the list of species defined as being deep sea species, and a new definition of what constitutes a vessel targeting deep sea species, a total of 695 active UK fishing vessels would need a permit to fish for deep sea species. However, due to existing and capped capacity limits many vessels would potentially not be able to obtain such a permit. The economic impact of these changes from the status quo reveals that in the short term, landings would decrease by 6540 tonnes, reducing gross value added by £3.3 million. Alternative options were also assessed that provide mitigation measures to offset the impacts of the proposed regulations whilst at the same time providing more effective protection of deep sea Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs). The options include setting a 400 m depth rule that identifies a depth beyond which vessels would potentially be classified as fishing for deep sea species and designating ‘core areas’ for deep sea fishing at depths > 400 m to minimise the risk of further impacts of bottom fishing gear on deep sea habitats. Applying a 400 m depth limit and ‘core fishing’ area approach deeper than 400 m, the impact of the EC proposal would essentially be reduced to zero, that is, on average no vessels (using the status quo capacity baseline) would be impacted by the proposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the brackish lagoons located in coastal inshore areas around the German island of Rügen, pike Esox lucius is a highly sought after target species for recreational fishers. Yet, the pike stock is currently in decline, and conflicts with other user groups (specifically commercial fishers) have emerged. To inform future fisheries management, an improved understanding of the human dimensions of recreational fishers, including their preferences for catch outcomes and regulations, is relevant. Our objective was to better understand how German recreational pike fishers react to different types of harvest regulations in trade-off with risky or ambiguous catch outcomes for pike and other predators in the lagoon fishery. We conducted an online survey including choice experiments for angling experiences that differed in seven attributes. Data were analyzed using a latent class model. We found four distinct angler types differentiating resident and tourists and dependency on pike. Specifically, we identified a highly involved pike tourist (42 % average probability), a consumptive, generalist tourist angler type (18 %), a highly specialized local trophy pike angler type that readily engaged in catch-and-release (12 %), and a local generalist angler that also benefitted from the catch of other predators than pike (18 %). Despite heterogeneity in preferences, all four angler types generally accepted more restrictive regulations for pike removals than currently in place, and dispreferred low catch probabilities compared to catch ambiguity. Most angler types also revealed diminishing marginal utility returns for catch rates, where the first three pike in a day provide utility, while the marginal benefits of catch rate decrease to zero for more than three pike per day. Angler types varied more in their preferences for trophy pike, the general attractiveness of the pike as a target and the utility derived from catching fish other than pike. Particularly the more specialized angler types focused on size rather than catch rate. Despite preference heterogeneity, focusing management attention on maintaining a sufficiently high catch rate and increasing the number of trophy pike in the stock seems to satisfy the expectations of most angler types. To achieve such outcomes, the anglers of all types would overwhelmingly support implementing harvest slots of 50–85 cm that allow both small and large fish to be released (rather than the current minimum-length limit of 50 cm), and accept reductions in the daily bag limit to 1 pike per day (relative to the current of 3 pike per day). Implementing these policy measures would unlikely generate substantial conflict with anglers represented in our survey. • First application of risk and ambiguity related to catches in recreational fisheries. • Preference heterogeneity among anglers over catch outcomes. • Anglers prefer harvest slots over current minimum-size limits. • Diminishing marginal returns for catch rates of pike and other species. • High willingness-to-pay of local trophy anglers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish absorb dioxins from the environment through water and contact with sediments but the main source is food. These contaminants also enter the human body with food, including through the consumption of fish. This study presents the dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in 145 samples of four fish species (herring, sprat, sea trout, salmon) caught in the southern Baltic Sea. The study results permit assessing whether the efforts made in recent years to reduce dioxin and PCB emissions into the environment have translated into decreases in concentrations of these pollutants in Baltic Sea fishes and whether these raw fish materials meet food law requirements. The safest fish species with regard to dioxins were designated, as were those of which consumption should be limited. The influence of fish age (length) and weight on dioxin and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (dl-PCB) concentrations was investigated. The correlation between fat content and dioxin concentration was determined. The Baltic Sea region and fishing ports from which the least contaminated fish come were also determined. The studies indicated that dioxin and PCB concentrationsin fishes from Polish fishing areas are currently lower than they were twenty years ago. [Display omitted] • Dioxins and PCBs in fishes depend on the species and biometric characters. • Fatty fish and individuals of greater weight and length contain more dioxins and PCBs. • dl-PCBs and ndl-PCBs were slightly higher in herring and sprat from ICES subdivision 24. • Dioxins and dl-PCBs were significantly below limits in fishes from Polish ports. • Downward trend in dioxin and dl-PCB concentrations in Baltic fish in 2002–2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing efficient polymeric membranes for the purification of emulsified oily wastewater is of great significance but still challenging, restricted by low flux and severe membrane fouling. Endowing the intrinsically hydrophobic membranes with excellent hydrophilicity thus robust oil-fouling resistance in a facile and universal manner is highly desired. Herein, inspired by saltwater fish and mussel, we report a delicate zwitterionic surface design via co-assembly of 3-aminopropyldimethylamine oxide (APDMAO) and dopamine. Taking advantage of the direct connected positively charged and negatively charged moieties (N+-O-), APDMAO could strongly interact with water molecules via hydrogen bonds thus form a robust hydration barrier as revealed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. Besides, APDMAO could bond with dopamine via both covalent and noncovalent interactions to regulate coating behavior and improve coating stability. Owing to the superhydrophilicity of APDMAO and the distinct adhesion of polydopamine, the modified membrane exhibits robust superhydrophilicity, underwater superoleophobicity and anti-oil-fouling capability. Consequently, the resultant membrane achieves an ultra-high water permeability of 5163 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 accompanied with an excellent oil rejection of 99.7% for the separation of mineral oil-in-water emulsion. Additionally, the separation performance remains rather stable during 20 cycles of emulsion filtration. The modified membrane also exhibits desired durability and antibacterial property, demonstrating its great promise in practical oily sewage remediation. [Display omitted] • PVDF membrane was facilely modified via co-assembly of APDMAO and PDA. • Bioinspired zwitterionic superhydrophilic and antifouling surface was constructed. • The membrane exhibited excellent performance while treating oily emulsions. • The membrane possessed satisfactory reusability and antibacterial property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea fish contain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) which have been found to reduce triglyceride (TG) levels. However, sea fish may contain pollutants such as mercury which cause oxidative stress and increase TG levels. Therefore, the relationship between sea fish and TG remains unclear. We aimed to explore whether blood mercury (BHg) can affect the effect of sea fish consumption frequency on TG level among Chinese adults. A total of 10,780 participants were included in this study. BHg levels were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The associations of sea fish consumption frequency with BHg and TG levels as well as the association of BHg with TG levels were evaluated using multiple linear regression. Causal mediation analysis was used to evaluate the mediation effect of BHg levels on the association of sea fish consumption frequency with TG levels. The frequency of sea fish consumption showed a negative association with TG level. Compared with the participants who never ate sea fish, the TG level decreased by 0.193 mmol/L in those who ate sea fish once a week or more [β (95%CI): −0.193 (−0.370, −0.015)]. Significant positive associations were observed of BHg with TG levels. With one unit increase of log2-transformed BHg, the change of TG level was 0.030 mmol/L [0.030 (0.009, 0.051)]. The association between sea fish consumption and TG was mediated by log2-transformed BHg [total effect = −0.037 (−0.074, −0.001); indirect effect = 0.009 (0.004, 0.015)], and the proportion mediated by log2-transformed BHg was 24.25%. BHg may reduce the beneficial effect of sea fish consumption frequency on TG levels among Chinese adults. Overall, sea fish consumption has more benefits than harms to TG. Mercury may reduce the protective effect of sea fish consumption frequency on triglycerides. [Display omitted] • Sea fish consumption was negatively associated with TG and positively associated with BHg. • BHg was positively associated with TG levels. • BHg acts as a mediator in the relationship of sea fish consumption frequency with TG. • BHg may reduce the protective effect of sea fish consumption on serum TG levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding fish population oscillations is important for both fundamental population biology and for fisheries science. Much research has focused on the causes of population oscillations, but the eco-evolutionary consequences of population oscillations are unclear. Here, we used an empirically parametrised individual-based simulation model to explore the consequences of oscillations with different amplitudes and wavelengths. We show that oscillations with a wavelength shorter than the maximum lifespan of the fish produce marked differences in the evolutionary trajectories of asymptotic length. Wavelengths longer than the maximum lifespan of the fish, in turn, mainly manifest as ecological effects seen as the population biomass oscillation. The evolutionary and ecological differences increase with increasing amplitude, however, the two-year wavelength causes opposing results from all the other scenarios. This is likely facilitated by the relatively stable number of fish in the population as a poor year is always counteracted by the previous good year and vice versa. Our results highlight the evolutionary signatures and following ecological consequences that natural population oscillations can cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal contamination has become a serious issue in this century especially detected in fish organs. Due to the presence of radioactive compounds in agricultural and sewage effluent, which destroys aquatic ecosystems, threatening human livelihoods. Health hazards associated with low and high consumption consumers assessed in five commercial fish species collected from Hurghada City, Egypt, during winter and summer, 2020. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer technique used for determination heavy meals in different organs and expressed as μg/g wet weight. Heavy metal concentrations in muscle ranged between:(0.054–0.109), (0.260–1.043), (0.264–0.897), (5.895–11.898), (0.381–0.970), (13.582–29.133) and (0.332–0.589) µg/g for Cd, Pb, Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe and Ni respectively, which were lower than those of gills and liver. These concentrations were within WHO, FAO/WHO, and EU standards. Consumption of edible species was lower than the (TDIs) established by the (JECFA) and Egyptian Standards. Even though THQ and TTHQ values were < 1 while, in children with highly consumer were> 1. This study concluded that intake of Red Sea fish is safe for human health. It is critical for consumers to be aware of the consequences of excessive fish consumption, particularly children with highly consumer, which represent possible health risks. [Display omitted] • Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni and Cd concentration showed low level in fish muscle from Hurghada City, Red Sea, Egypt. • Metal concentrations in fish tissues were in the following order: Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Pb > Ni > Cd. • High levels of Pb were found in liver of two fish S. sordidus, L. lentjan, and M. vanicolensis from Hurghada City, Red Sea, Egypt. • High levels of Mn in S. sordidus that were in liver from Hurghada City, Red Sea, Egypt. • Pb, Cu and Cd mainly originate from anthropogenic sources. • Pronounced levels of metals in different organs were observed lower than permissible limits of (WHO), FAO/WHO and EU limits. • EDI in edible fish species from Hurghada City was below the (TDIs) suggested by (JECFA); and safety limits of Egyptian standards. • Human health hazard index yield an alarming for consumer health with increasing fish consumption rate especially in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doctrinal arguments and two examples illustrating the practice of the Spanish courts highlight two risk factors that can undermine the effectiveness of enforcement actions by States in matters involving high seas fishing. Firstly, the absence from treaty law of clearly defined conduct standards and unequivocal criminal enforcement routes to provide a positive basis for the exercise of extraterritorial criminal jurisdiction. Secondly, the transcendence of individual rights and constitutional principles enshrined in domestic constitutional and European Union law and safeguarded by national courts, and their potential for tension with international fisheries conservation objectives. Through a brief analysis of those tensions, the article leads to a reflection on the relevance of legal security considerations to inform the development of international and regional legal frameworks and decision-making mechanisms for addressing high seas illegal and unregulated fishing. • Two illustrations from the practice of the Spanish courts exemplify the potential for tension between international legal objectives and individual rights protected by the courts. • Positive international legal bases need to be clearly established for the successful exercise of criminal extraterritorial jurisdiction. • The need for legal predictability is potentially at odds with the de facto political nature of much of the activity that takes place in regional fisheries organisations. • Legal security and predictability considerations should inform the development of international legal frameworks to strengthen their effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine renewable energy (MRE), though a relative newcomer to the ocean and coastal commons, has become a significant driver of marine spatial planning in the US, posing particular challenges to commercial fisheries and fishing communities. State and federal agencies with primary oversight for MRE development have focused on the identification of places where MRE might proceed unhindered by other uses, most notably coastal fisheries. These agencies and MRE developers have focused on potential space-use conflict and standard mitigation measures for loss of access to that space. However, discussions with fishery participants and other community members, as well as observations of processes on the US West and East Coasts, reveal a complex, multi-faceted social–ecological system not easily parsed out among users, nor amenable to classic mitigation formulas. Recent ethnographic research on potential space-use conflicts and mitigation for MRE demonstrates that marine space use is dynamic and multi-dimensional, with important linkages among fisheries, communities and other interests. Although experiences vary within and across regions and fishing communities, this research illustrates the weak position of fishing communities in marine spatial planning in the context of MRE development. This paper considers the implications of MRE for US East and West Coast fisheries and fishing communities situated within the larger context of neoliberalism and commodification of the ocean commons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical hydrographic data (1984–2012) from the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) program and global reanalysis products were used to quantify recent water mass variability off the coast of Southern California. Dissolved oxygen concentrations continued to decline within the lower pycnocline, concurrent with strong increases in nitrate and phosphate that have spatial patterns matching those of dissolved oxygen. Silicic acid also shows an increasing trend in the offshore portion of the region, but has strong and opposing trends in the upper (increasing) and lower-pycnocline (decreasing) within the Southern California Bight. The varying rates of change in the inorganic nutrients yield a more complex pattern of variability in the nutrient ratios, resulting in large decreases in the N:P and Si:N ratios within the Southern California Bight at depths that provide source waters for upwelling. Basin-scale reanalysis products are consistent with low-frequency water mass changes observed off Southern California and suggest that advection of modified source waters is the cause of the variability. The biogeochemical changes described here may have important impacts on the regional ecosystem, including a reduction of viable pelagic habitat and community reorganization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Celtic Sea fishing fleet is the largest offshore fleet segment in Spain. Over the last three decades, this fleet has experienced a decrease in its number of vessels. This negative trend was intensified by another disruptive factor: The COVID-19 pandemic. Spain, one of the European countries most affected by this pandemic, implemented restrictive strategies in the handling of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis that also affected fishing activities. The aim of this article is to analyze the effects of the COVID-19 crisis on the profitability, revenues and employment of Spanish shipowning companies whose vessels operate in the Celtic Sea. Through a population sample of 64 companies, the performance of variables such as turnover, total assets, number of employees, return on assets, return on equity or profit margin before interest and taxes has been assessed. The results show a variation of − 25% in turnover, − 10% in the number of employees and − 80% in economic and financial profitability. This is a case of failure of collective action, in which the lack of a contingency plan at the public and private level accentuated the negative consequences of the pandemic, especially in the first state of alarm. In addition, a strong interdependence was detected between the catches of the most valuable species and the activity of the HORECA channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhino rays, such as guitarfishes, are increasingly targeted or retained as incidental catch and have become an economically important component in fisheries worldwide. Despite their importance, information about the catch and socioeconomics of these fisheries are virtually non-existent in West Africa. We address a significant knowledge gap about the characteristics and drivers of guitarfish fisheries in four key ray-fishing communities in the Western and Central Regions in Ghana. We conducted landing and market surveys of guitarfishes over 80 days from November 2020 to August 2021. We also interviewed 51 fishers actively involved in the guitarfish fishery across the four communities during this period using semi-structured interviews. The findings confirm the likely disappearance of sawfishes Pristis spp., as most fishers have not captured any in their lifetime. We also confirm no known catches of the African wedgefish Rhynchobatus luebberti. Our surveys documented 537 individuals from four guitarfish species across the various landing and market sites. The spineback guitarfish (Rhinobatos irvinei) was the most frequently landed species comprising 71 % (n = 383) of all guitarfishes, with 57 % of the specimens not yet sexually mature. Most fishers (71 %) stated that catches of the two larger guitarfishes (blackchin guitarfish Glaucostegus cemiculus and common guitarfish Rhinobatos rhinobatos) have declined by 80–90 % based on their recollection. At the same time, over half (59 %) of the fishers indicated that the catches of the smaller guitarfishes (spineback guitarfish and whitespotted guitarfish Rhinobatos albomaculatus) have declined by 40–60 %. The main drivers for the catch or retention of guitarfishes were for both international trade of their fins, and meat which are both traded locally (45 % of 51 fishers) and used as a source of food for local consumption (37 %). While we know high economic value drives the catch and trade of giant guitarfishes and wedgefishes, we show that this trade extends to the other guitarfish species. The interviews and contemporary pattern of catches are consistent with a serial depletion of rhino rays from the largest, most valuable species to the remaining smaller-bodied, less valuable guitarfishes. We recommend the development of national regulations for their protection complemented by education programs to ensure that fishers are aware of the threatened status of guitarfishes. • Fisher knowledge surveys reveal likely disappearance of sawfishes and a decline in guitarfishes in Ghana. • Trade is driving fisheries for guitarfishes, as the larger rhino rays have disappeared. • Guitarfish meat consumption was common among fishers in the study communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the most abundant mesopelagic fishes, the Antarctic deep-sea smelt Bathylagus antarcticus plays an important role in the Southern Ocean ecosystem. However, because of a lack of studies on this species, there are major gaps in our knowledge of its life history such as age and growth pattern. Fish were collected from the Ross and Amundsen seas in the southern part of the Pacific sector, and from the Cosmonaut Sea in the southwestern part of the Indian sector, in austral summer of 2020. Age determination was made from an analysis of otoliths, and growth curves were estimated through mixed-effects models based on back-calculated length-at-age data. Bathylagus antarcticus shows a positive allometric relationship between total length and wet weight; the results indicate that it can live to age 17 years; and the von Bertalanffy growth function was estimated on the population level with L ∞ = 143.83 mm, K = 0.14 year−1, and t 0 = −0.64 year. Fish in the Ross and Amundsen seas showed larger mean asymptotic length than that fish in the Cosmonaut Sea, and the K values and otolith growth increments in the first 6 years differed between regions. This work is the first to estimate the age and growth of B. antarcticus , and forms an important basis of forthcoming studies on population dynamics and ecosystems in the Southern Ocean. The long lifespan and slow growth of this species make it a potentially suitable environmental indicator, to be investigated through tools like otolith microchemistry analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 global pandemic-related restrictions during 2020 severely impacted the Australian seafood industry, including essential scientific monitoring to support stock assessment and to demonstrate sustainability. Here we detail a novel, collaborative monitoring program between scientists and the seafood industry to generate length and age compositions that were representative of one of the largest, most valuable, and controversial fisheries along eastern Australia, the pre-spawning ocean run fishery for Sea Mullet Mugil cephalus that is predominantly a roe fishery. The standard approach to monitoring this fishery has been to base trained scientific staff at the major processing facility for M. cephalus , where they access whole fish from entire catches to generate representative length and age compositions during the peak season, April to May. Covid-19 restrictions prevented this approach for 2020 in eastern Australia. In recognition that in addition to the high-value roe, all components of the female fish are utilized (heads and guts for bait, bodies for human consumption), a multi-stage, spatially stratified sampling design was investigated. Female heads were retained from randomly selected catches from each of the three major fishing zones and transported to the New South Wales Department of Primary Industries fish laboratory based in Sydney. Head lengths (HLs) were measured and converted to Fork Lengths (FLs) using a HL to FL relationship. The resulting fish length compositions from each catch were subsequently combined based on: (i) relative catch size of females within an ocean zone, and; (ii) the relative reported landings of females in each ocean fishing zone. Otoliths were randomly collected from heads sampled from each ocean zone and used to estimate age. The resulting ocean zone to age matrix was combined with the relative reported landings of female fish in each ocean fishing zone to generate a total female age composition for the fishery. The estimated age composition of females were typical in being mainly between ages 3 and 6, with a strong presence of 4-year olds. This stronger cohort was present as 3-year olds in 2018/19 and 5-year olds in 2020/21, thus providing confidence that our sampling was representative of the fishery. The study reinforces the positive outcomes that can be generated through co-management between scientists and the seafood industry. • Scientists and the fishing industry can overcome unforeseen impediments to monitoring such as the COVID-19 pandemic. • Byproduct from fish processing, in this case mullet heads, can be useful for monitoring the landed catch. • Conversion of partial to total lengths can be effective for monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overfishing is a widespread environmental issue that needs to be resolved to secure sustainable fishing practices over time. An additional and much less-discussed threat to sustainable fishing is represented by discards, that is, the accidentally caught species that are thrown back into the sea given their low market relevance. Fishermen often decide to discard some species mainly depending on their low market value. Therefore, supply-side regulations can only be partially effective in taking care of discarding practices given that they are mainly due to demand-side issues. One possible solution could involve the purchase of discarded species, provided that consumers are willing to change their habitual consumption patterns. In this paper, a discrete choice experiment is conducted to investigate whether consumers would be willing to pay for discarded species. The data are analyzed using a mixed logit model and a latent-class logit model. The results indicate that consumers tend to prefer the most commercialized species, although their interest in discarded species increases when they receive specific information on ecolabels and discarding. Our outcomes also underline that consumers could be divided into specific groups according to their preferences, which could be useful for enhancing discarded species' consumption effectively. [Display omitted] • Consumption of discarded species can be enhanced by providing specific information. • Purchase of discarded species is affected by previous experience and knowledge. • Different communication strategies can be promoted depending on market preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improved understanding of angling behavior in recreational fisheries can help managers account for partial controllability in systems in which angling effort is not directly regulated. Relevant aspects of angling behavior include fishing participation, site choice, and catch-and-release actions and can be considered at scales of both aggregate fishing effort and individual-decision-making. Using creel survey data collected across eight fishery seasons, we predicted aggregate angling effort (e.g., daily number of boating trips engaged in fishing) and characterized influences of individual trip-based site choice for recreational fisheries acting on fall-run Chinook salmon and coho salmon near the mouth of the Columbia River, United States of America. We applied an overdispersed Poisson likelihood-based generalized linear model with an autoregressive structure to aggregate boating effort and a multinomial logit model to trip-based site choice decisions among separate ocean and estuary fishing zones. Predictive models explained 71% and 79% of out-of-sample and in-sample variability in aggregate effort, respectively, and included the covariates weekend status, Chinook salmon catch rate, tidal range, and pre-season expectations of fish abundance. In addition to reinforcing the importance of Chinook salmon catch rate and tidal range, site choice model selection revealed influences of weather, fishery restrictions, expected fishery season lengths, and the individual-specific characteristics of boat length and guide status on decision-making. Model results provide predictive models for short-term fishery planning, highlight heterogeneity in individual decision-making, and illustrate the value of standardized creel data for evaluating angling behavior. • Historical creel survey data can improve understanding of angler dynamics in recreational fisheries. • Phenomenological models of angling effort in a Pacific salmon recreational fishery predicted effort trends using creel data. • Predictors of angling effort included weekend status, lagged catch rates, tidal range, and pre-season fishery expectations. • Mechanistic site choice models revealed both fishery- and individual-based influences on trip-specific decision-making. • Comparison of effort and site choice models revealed complex interactions of fishery attributes on angling behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dynamic modelling of radionuclides accumulation in commercial species in the Barents Sea is performed for hypothetical SCR accident with the dumped submarine K-27 at the Stepovogo Bay. Box radioecological model is employed for calculating the radionuclides dynamics in water, bottom sediments and marine biota. The model takes into account the seasonal fish migrations in the Barents Sea. The model allows predicting the dynamic effects of the radionuclide transfer in fish in case of an accidental water contamination. Maximum 137Cs activity concentrations in bottom sediments from the eastern part of the Barents Sea could be reached as late as 5–6 years after the accidental release. Based on the results of model calculations, assessment was made of doses to humans from consumption of seafood contaminated after a hypothetical SCR accident with K-27 at the Stepovogo Bay. The peak activity concentration of the released 137Cs in fish from the Stepovogo Bay is calculated to be 109 Bq∙kg−1, 90Sr – 12 Bq∙kg−1; both estimates are below the permissible activity concentrations of these radionuclides in commercial fish. Predicted maximum annual dose from consumption of fish from the Stepovogo Bay is 47 ± 18 μSv∙year−1, the Barents Sea fish – less than 3∙10−6 μSv∙year−1.137Cs is the major dose contributor; it provides more than 99% to the annual dose Radiation risks from consumption of the Barents Sea commercial fish are evaluated to be negligible in case of a hypothetical SCR accident with the submerged submarine K-27 in Stepovogo Bay of Novaya Zemlya. • Dynamic model is employed to estimate the Barents Sea fish contamination following the hypothetical accident. • Accumulation of the accidental radionuclides in fish depends on the seasonal fish migrations across the Barents Sea. • Maximum concentration of 137Cs in the Barents Sea cod is predicted to be reached at 3–7 years after the accidental release. • Peak concentration of 137Cs in fish from the Stepovogo Bay are estimated to be lower than the Russian permissible level. • Radiation risk from the Barents Sea fish consumption is negligible for the considered accidental scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Artificial reefs were deployed in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) by the state of Florida's marine fisheries agency but not reported to the public in an attempt to create no-harvest refuges for exploited fishes. As part of a broader examination of the efficacy of this approach, a tagging study was conducted at a subset (n =9) of these unreported artificial reefs to examine the likelihood that reef fishes would remain associated with them and to test factors affecting species-specific movement. Quarterly tagging trips (n =12) were made between March 2005 and December 2007 during which 3109 fish among 12 species were tagged with internal anchor tags. Red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus, n =2114), gray triggerfish (Balistes capriscus, n =267), and groupers (Family: Serranidae, n =148), were among the most frequently tagged fishes. Eighty-six fish were recaptured on subsequent tagging trips and fishermen reported 249 recaptures caught away from study sites. Mean (SD) distance moved among recaptures with reported recapture location was 37.1 (6.6) km for red snapper (n =173), 8.8 (3.1)km for gray triggerfish (n =47), and 25.2 (14.9)km for groupers (n =26). During the study, a hurricane passed over the study area, thus adding an unplanned factor to movement analyses. Fish size, reef depth, time free, and hurricane exposure significantly affected the likelihood of red snapper movement (p <0.020), but only fish size significantly affected distance moved (p =0.036). No factors significantly affected gray triggerfish movement, and low sample size precluded statistical tests of grouper movement. Overall, results indicate that large scale (>100km) red snapper movement was not dependent on hurricane occurrence, while gray triggerfish displayed mostly limited (<10km) movement irrespective of factors tested. The scale of movement observed suggests the efficacy of unreported artificial reefs to serve as no-harvest refuges is doubtful, especially when regional fishing mortality is high. Marine protected areas may be an effective alternative approach to facilitate the recovery of overfished stocks, but would need to be expansive to account for reef fish movement. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]