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[Display omitted] The discriminatory and racist policy of historical redlining in the United States during the 1930s played a role in perpetuating contemporary environmental health disparities. Our objectives were to determine associations between home and school pollutant exposure (fine particulate matter [PM 2.5 ], NO 2) and respiratory outcomes (Composite Asthma Severity Index, lung function) among school-aged children with asthma and examine whether associations differed between children who resided and/or attended school in historically redlined compared to non-redlined neighborhoods. Children ages 6 to 17 with moderate-to-severe asthma (N = 240) from 9 US cities were included. Combined home and school exposure to PM 2.5 and NO 2 was calculated based on geospatially assessed monthly averaged outdoor pollutant concentrations. Repeated measures of Composite Asthma Severity Index and lung function were collected. Overall, 37.5% of children resided and/or attended schools in historically redlined neighborhoods. Children in historically redlined neighborhoods had greater exposure to NO 2 (median: 15.4 vs 12.1 parts per billion) and closer distance to a highway (median: 0.86 vs 1.23 km), compared to those in non-redlined neighborhoods (P <.01). Overall, PM 2.5 was not associated with asthma severity or lung function. However, among children in redlined neighborhoods, higher PM 2.5 was associated with worse asthma severity (P <.005). No association was observed between pollutants and lung function or asthma severity among children in non-redlined neighborhoods (P >.005). Our findings highlight the significance of historical redlining and current environmental health disparities among school-aged children with asthma, specifically, the environmental injustice of PM 2.5 exposure and its associations with respiratory health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sentinel lymph node (SLN) procedure for vulva cancer is a safe alternative to a radical inguino-femoral lymphadenectomy (IFLN) for small unifocal tumours. SLN evaluation through biopsy and ultra-staging has helped gynaecological oncology surgeons improve operative morbidity with no cost to oncologic safety. Established techniques for groin SLN detection and excision in vulvar cancer use 99mTc-nanocolloid radiotracer and blue dye (BD) for identification of the SLN. Indocyanine green (ICG)-near infrared (ICG-NIR) techniques for SLN mapping have proven utility in other gynaecological cancer sites and is gaining interest as a technique for SLN mapping in vulvar cancer Fifty consecutive patients with unifocal vulvar squamous cell cancers of <40 mm lateral diameter and with depth of invasion > 1 mm underwent SLN mapping and excision using a combination of 99mTc-nanocolloid, BD and ICG. SLN detection results were recorded on a per-patient and per-groin basis. The success rates SLN for detection by individual tracer substance or combinations of tracer were determined by presence of one or more tracer, detectable in the SLN specimen. 92% of patients had a successful SLN procedure. The per-groin detection rate was 84%. All successfully mapped SLN were identified with the combination of ICG-NIR and 99mTc-nanocolloid compared to 69% with BD 99mTc-nanocolloid. Success rates for the SLN procedure were not dependent on prior excision of the primary lesion or operator experience. Incorporation of ICG-NIR into standard SLN mapping protocols may allow for the abandonment of routine use of BD and its poor side effect profile. • Indocyanine green near infra-red (ICG-NIR) fluorescence is an effective adjunct to 99mTc for the intra-operative detection of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) in early stage vulvar cancer. • ICG-NIR out-performed Blue-Dye (BD) in combination with 99mTc for SLN detection. • Incorporation of ICG-NIR into standard SLN mapping protocols may allow for the abandonment of routine use of BD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as a disturbance in brain functioning caused by an external force. The development of post traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a serious risk associated with TBI. Indeed, other neurological impairments are also common following TBI. In this review, we analyze and discuss the most widely used and best validated rodent models of TBI, with a particular focus on their contribution to the understanding of the PTE development. Furthermore, we explore the importance of these models for the study of other neurobehavioral comorbidities associated with brain injury. The efficient and accurate diagnosis of epilepsy and other neurological comorbidities as a consequence of brain trauma should improve the survival and quality of life of patients after TBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic ecosystems are deteriorating, with the most impacted species and populations having insufficient data to inform conservation and management. Monitoring aquatic biodiversity and evaluating anthropogenic impacts typically rely on time-consuming, logistically challenging, and invasive methods (e.g., seining, trawling or electrofishing). Environmental DNA (eDNA) methods have been touted as an important advancement, especially in fish biodiversity assessment. We compare eDNA metabarcoding and seining methods along a 350 km section of the Upper St. Lawrence River (Canada) for: i) mapping the distribution of invasive and threatened fish species, ii) describing species richness and fish community structure, and iii) assessing the effect of habitat type and anthropogenic degradation of riparian zones on fish community composition and richness. eDNA detected more fish species (n = 67) than seining (n = 38) and revealed higher fish diversity in samples adjacent to intact, natural riparian zones. Fish assemblages were influenced by habitat type according to analyses using eDNA, while no effect of any environmental predictor on fish community composition was found using seining. Altogether, our results support eDNA metabarcoding as a powerful, complementary tool in fish monitoring and testing for the impacts of anthropogenic disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent findings show a detrimental impact of the minimally invasive approach on patients with early stage cervical cancer (ECC). Reasons beyond these results are unclear. The aim of the present article is to investigate the possible role of peritoneal contamination during intracorporeal colpotomy. patients with early stage cervical cancer were divided into 2 groups: no intraperitoneal exposure (N-IPE) intraperitoneal exposure (IPE) during minimally invasive surgery. Patients of the 2 groups were propensity-matched according to the major risk factors. 226 cases of the IPE group had a significant worst prognosis than the 142 cases of the N-IPE group (4.5-years disease free survival: 86.6% vs 95.9% respectively, p = 0.005), while N-IPE had similar survival to open surgery (4.5-years disease free survival: 95.0% vs 90.5% respectively, p = 0.164). Distant recurrence was more frequent among IPE patients with a borderline significance (3.5% vs 0.4% among IPE and N-IPE respectively, p = 0.083). On multivariate analysis, intraperitoneal tumor exposure was an independent prognostic factors for worse survival; patients belonging to the N-IPE group had a risk of recurrence of about 3-fold lower compared to patients of the IPE group (hazard ratio: 0.37, 95% confidence interval: 0.15–0.88, p = 0.025). it would be advisable that further prospective studies investigating the efficacy of different surgical approach in ECC take into consideration of this issue. Moreover, all other measures that could potentially prevent peritoneal exposure of tumor should be adopted during minimally invasive surgery for early stage cervical cancer to provide higher survival outcomes. ∙ Minimally invasive surgery showed a detrimental oncological effect only in the subset of cervical cancer. ∙ The particular grow of cervical cancer could be connected with a higher probability of tumor spread during colpotomy. ∙ Tumor peritoneal contamination could explain worse outcomes of minimally invasive in respect to open surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in increased hand hygiene and hand cleansing awareness. To prevent virus transmission, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends frequent hand washing with soap and water. Hand hygiene products are available in a variety of forms, and while each of these formulations may be effective against COVID-19, they may also alter skin barrier integrity and function. As health care workers and the general population focus on stringent hand hygiene, the American Contact Dermatitis Society anticipates an increase in both irritant contact and allergic contact hand dermatitis. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers with moisturizers have the least sensitizing and irritancy potential when compared to soaps and synthetic detergents. This article provides an overview of the most frequently used hand hygiene products and their associations with contact dermatitis as well as recommendations from the American Contact Dermatitis Society on how to treat and prevent further dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale reintroduction programs for landlocked Atlantic salmon Salmo salar are ongoing in Lakes Ontario and Champlain. Commonly, these programs involve stocking hatchery reared juveniles into streams and thus, quantifying the in situ habitat use of stocked fish can help support these efforts. To examine habitat use, we stocked young-of-the-year (YOY) Atlantic salmon into 14 reaches of the Boquet River in the Lake Champlain Basin. The habitat used by YOY Atlantic salmon, measured from microhabitats that were used versus not used, differed between early and late summer for water depth. In early summer, YOY Atlantic salmon used a more narrow range of habitats compared to late summer. However, in both early and late summer, YOY most often used intermediate values in habitat variables except for water velocity in early summer. In early summer, YOY Atlantic salmon had the highest probability of using a water depth of 26 cm, a water velocity of 1 cm/sec, and a pebble substrate. In late summer, the probability of use was highest at a water depth of 61 cm, a water velocity of 11 cm/sec, and a pebble substrate. Our results show that stocked landlocked YOY Atlantic salmon use similar habitats to anadromous populations and may help managers when determining stocking locations or habitat alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium is a known carcinogen that has been implicated in prostate cancer, but how it affects prostate carcinogenesis in humans remains unclear. Evidence from basic science suggests that cadmium can bind to the androgen receptor causing endocrine disruption. The androgen receptor is required for normal prostate development and is the key driver of prostate cancer progression. In this study, we examined the association between cadmium content and androgen receptor protein expression in prostate cancer tissue of African American (N = 22) and European American (N = 30) men. Although neither overall tumor cadmium content (log transformed) nor androgen receptor protein expression level differed by race, we observed a race-cadmium interaction with regard to androgen receptor expression ( P  = 0.003) even after accounting for age at prostatectomy, smoking history, and Gleason score. African American men had a significant positive correlation between tumor tissue cadmium content and androgen receptor expression (Pearson correlation = 0.52, P  = 0.013), while European Americans showed a non-significant negative correlation between the two (Pearson correlation = −0.19, P  = 0.31). These results were unchanged after further accounting for tissue zinc content or dietary zinc or selenium intake. African American cases with high-cadmium content (>median) in tumor tissue had more than double the androgen receptor expression (0.021 vs. 0.008, P  = 0.014) of African American men with low-cadmium level. No difference in androgen receptor expression was observed in European Americans by cadmium level (high 0.015 vs. low 0.011, P  = 0.30). Larger studies are needed to confirm these results and if upheld, determine the biologic mechanism by which cadmium increases androgen receptor protein expression in a race-dependent manner. Our results suggest that cadmium may play a role in race disparities observed in prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited research has been undertaken to ascertain whether researcher-driven segmentation strategies match the types of tourists targeted by destination marketing organisations (DMOs) in their marketing plans. This omission provided the impetus for this regional spotlight. Based on a sample of 634 self-drive tourists to a regional destination, three valid segments were produced. Comparison of the segments identified using the researcher-driven approach indicated significant differences in age, travel party composition (TPC) and origin. DMOs may be missing the mark, given that the researcher-driven approach identified the proximal mid-aged family segment as the primary segment, even though this segment is not being prioritised by the DMO. • Compares DMO and researcher Fraser Coast drive tourism segmentation approaches. • DMO and researcher prioritise three segments and one segment respectively. • DMOs may be missing the mark. A priority researcher drive segment is ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Among numerous health benefits, sports participation has been shown to reduce the risk of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Schools represent an ideal environment for increasing sports participation, but it is unclear how access and choice influence participation and whether characteristics of the school sports program differentially influence boys' and girls' participation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of high school athletic programs and determine the extent to which these characteristics influenced boys' and girls' sports team participation. Methods Longitudinal telephone surveys were conducted with 1244 New Hampshire and Vermont students. Students self-reported their sports team participation at baseline (elementary school) and follow-up (high school). High school personnel were surveyed to assess sports opportunities, which were defined for this analysis as the number of sports offered per 100 students (i.e., choice) and the percent of sports offered that did not restrict the number of players (i.e., access). Results Approximately 70% of children participated on at least one sports team, including 73% of boys and 66% of girls. We detected statistically significant interactions between sex and two school opportunity variables: 1) the number of sports offered per 100 students (i.e., choice) and 2) the percent of sports offered that did not restrict the number of players (i.e., access). After controlling for children's baseline sports participation and other covariates, boys were more likely to play on at least one sports team per year if their school did not restrict participation in the most popular sports (relative risk, RR = 1.12, p < 0.01); in contrast, girls were more likely to play on at least one sports team per year if their school offered a wider variety of sports (RR = 1.47, p < 0.001). Conclusion Sports participation has previously been shown to confer a number of health benefits; as such, school sports programs may be an important, effective, and underused target for public health efforts, including obesity prevention programs. Efforts to increase physical activity among youth should consider both access and choice in school athletic programs. Schools may need to use different strategies to increase sports participation in boys and girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The role of internal marketing on building employee satisfaction has been empirically established. More than 200 internal marketing studies are evident in the literature yet few consider the role of an employee's own cultural background with no quantitative exploration to date. In response to this gap in the literature, this research seeks to understand whether cultural congruence (the degree to which an organisation meets an employee's cultural needs) moderates the internal marketing practice and employee satisfaction relationship in a culturally diverse work setting. A sample of 458 valid responses was received from English and Traditional Chinese online and face to face surveys of tourism employees in Australia who were both Australian and Taiwanese born. The data were analysed using confirmatory factor analysis and multi-group analysis. The results confirmed the positive internal marketing and employee satisfaction relationship. Further, this research contributes both applied and theoretical outcomes with empirical evidence establishing that cultural congruence can further strengthen the internal marketing and employee satisfaction relationship. Limitations and future research directions are outlined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Virtual audit of observed neighborhood physical disorder via Google street view. • Spatio-temporal regression Kriging to predict physical disorder. • Model accuracy and concurrent validity with space-time lagged perceived disorder. • Greater validity nearest spaces and times of perceived disorder responses. • Using spatio-temporal model depends on space-time precision of epidemiologic data. This study tested spatio-temporal model prediction accuracy and concurrent validity of observed neighborhood physical disorder collected from virtual audits of Google Street View streetscapes. We predicted physical disorder from spatio-temporal regression Kriging models based on measures at three dates per each of 256 streestscapes (n = 768 data points) across an urban area. We assessed model internal validity through cross validation and external validity through Pearson correlations with respondent-reported perceptions of physical disorder from a breast cancer survivor cohort. We compared validity among full models (both large- and small-scale spatio-temporal trends) versus large-scale only. Full models yielded lower prediction error compared to large-scale only models. Physical disorder predictions were lagged at uniform distances and dates away from the respondent-reported perceptions of physical disorder. Correlations between perceived and observed physical disorder predicted from the full model were higher compared to that of the large-scale only model, but only at locations and times closest to the respondent's exact residential address and questionnaire date. A spatio-temporal Kriging model of observed physical disorder is valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Atria are becoming an increasingly common feature of new buildings. They are often included for their aesthetic appeal; however, their effect on building indoor environment can be significant. Building simulation tools have the potential to assist designers in enhancing energy efficiency by providing information on the temperature and velocity fields inside the atrium for specified geometries and ambient conditions. The unique nature of the physical phenomena that govern the complex flows in atria, however, are not usually considered in traditional building energy simulation programs. These physical phenomena include turbulent natural convection, radiative heat transfer and conjugate heat transfer. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has the potential for modeling fluid flow and heat transfer resulting from the phenomena; however, careful validation is required in order to establish the accuracy of predictions. This paper provides a systematic validation of a commercial CFD code against experimental measurements of the underlying physical phenomena. The validation culminates in the simulation of an existing atrium. This work indicates that CFD can be used to successfully simulate the heat transfer and fluid flow in atria geometries and provides recommendations regarding turbulence and radiative heat transfer modeling. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Event academics and practitioners have long recognized the importance of segmenting event attendees. Despite a relatively long level of enquiry into event segmentation, there is little consistency in the methods, data analysis techniques and segmentation variables that are used. A review of 120 event segmentation studies incorporating an attendee-orientated approach was conducted to identify how event attendees are currently segmented. This study will serve as a reference guide to current event segmentation researchers on the segmentation approach/s and data analysis techniques utilized in previous studies. Recommendations for future research are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We investigated the effect of CO2 acidified sea water (S =35, 22 and 10PSU) on embryonic development of the intertidal amphipod Echinogammarus marinus (Leach). Low pH, but not low salinity (22PSU), resulted in a more protracted embryonic development in situ although the effect was only evident at low salinity. However reduced salinity, not pH, exerted a strong significant effect, on numbers and calcium content of hatchlings. Females exposed to low salinity (10PSU) did not carry eggs through to hatching. There was no significant difference in the number of viable hatchlings between females cultured in 22 and 35PSU but the exoskeleton of the juveniles at 22PSU contained significantly less calcium. Ocean acidification may affect aspects of E. marinus development but exposure to realistic low salinities appear, in the short term, to be more important in impacting development than exposure to CO2 acidified sea water at levels predicted for 300years time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Tourism segmentation research has focused on (1) developing tourist segment profiles using primary and secondary tourist data and (2) understanding which segmentation bases can accurately predict future tourist behaviour. Researchers have not considered how tourism stakeholders are segmenting their tourist markets. This paper presents evidence to suggest that the use of combined segmentation variables to develop tourism profiles is warranted and that a ‘one size fits all’ approach is not suitable because different tourism stakeholders within a single destination attract different tourists. Furthermore, this research identified that the segments used by the destination marketing organisation failed to holistically describe the tourist groups using the different services provided by tourism stakeholders within a single destination. Destination marketing is complex involving many stakeholders each likely to be attracting different tourist segments and future research endeavours must acknowledge this complexity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background & Aims: Screening guidelines for colorectal cancer include colonoscopy starting at age 50 years based on the prevalence of adenomas and the incidence of colon cancer at that age. However, only one prior study has investigated the prevalence of colorectal neoplasia with colonoscopic screening in asymptomatic average-risk individuals ages 40–49 years in the United States. Methods: We analyzed the results of screening colonoscopies offered to patients of a health care provider that offers screening services as part of an employer-provided wellness program. The primary end points were prevalence of adenomas and cancers for those aged 40–49 years vs those 50–59 years. Results: We analyzed 553 screening colonoscopies for patients ages 40–49 years and 352 screening colonoscopies for patients ages 50–59 years. In the 40–49 years age group, 79 patients (14%) had 1 or more adenomas, of which 11 (2% of screened) had an advanced neoplasm (>1 cm). In the 50–59 years age group, 56 patients (16%) had 1 or more adenomas detected. Of those patients, 13 (3.7% of screened) had an advanced neoplasm, and 1 patient (0.3%) had an adenocarcinoma detected. Conclusions: We found on colonoscopic screening that the prevalence of total adenomas was similar in individuals ages 40–49 and in those 50–59 years, although the prevalence of advanced neoplasia in the 50–59 years age group may be higher than that in the 40–49 years age group. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Little attention has been directed towards investigating how senior managers and boards approach strategic decision-making when dealing with shock events as compared to strategic decision-making in a stable environment. This paper presents evidence to suggest that strategic decision-making following a shock event involves a more intuitive, less analytical and less consultative approach, while decision-making in a stable environment is characterised by a more cooperative, formal and analytical process. Decision-making following a shock event tends to be simplified and fast, whereas decision-making in a stable environment tends to be comprehensive and slow. Furthermore, the strategic role of the board transforms following a shock event from a limited involvement in strategy setting to a strong involvement in the setting of strategy. This research has important management implications signifying that crisis management must increasingly focus on building an organisation''s ability to reach swift decisions in crisis situations and avoid analysis paralysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Determines the effect of a ten-day period of fetal hypoxemia induced by umbilical-placental hypoperfusion on tissue deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis rates in the 0.84 to 0.91 of gestation ovine fetus and placenta. Placental insufficiency; Fetal placental embolization; Adaptive mechanisms of fetal growth; Fetal myocardial function; Placental vascular resistance.

Problems related to unknown or imprecisely measured populations at risk are common in epidemiologic studies of disease frequency. The size of the population at risk is typically conceptualized as a denominator to be used in combination with a count of disease cases (a numerator) to calculate incidence or prevalence. However, the size of the population at risk can take other epidemiologic properties in relation to an exposure of interest and the count outcome, including confounding, modification, and mediation. Using spatial ecological studies of injury incidence as an example, we identify and evaluate five approaches that researchers have used to address "unknown denominator problems": ignoring, controlling for a proxy, approximating, controlling by study design, and measuring the population at risk. We present a case example and recommendations for selecting a solution given the data and the hypothesized relationship between an exposure of interest, a count outcome, and the population at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism, whilst delivering economic benefits, can deliver environmental harm. Although several measures to mitigate tourism's environmental effects have been documented, a shared responsibility that encompasses the tourism industry and tourists themselves is needed to limit environmental damage. This paper demonstrates how social marketing can be applied to gain insights that can be used by the tourism industry to promote pro-environmental behaviours of targeted tourists to contribute positively to the environment. Social benchmarks that were applied resulted in the identification of two segments, one of which was examined in more detail using a follow-up interview format to gain insights for intervention planning, design and implementation. Implications for the role that tourism may play in delivering changes that benefit our planet are outlined and opportunities for future research are provided. • Applies social marketing to promote pro-environmental behaviour of tourists. • Andreasen's (2002) social benchmarks are applied to identify two segments. • One is examined to provide insights for future social marketing interventions. • Identifies how tourists can be engaged and interested in conserving the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]