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Fish experiencing harvest mortality often evolve a fast life-history that prioritizes investment in current versus future reproduction, thereby potentially limiting energetic investment in the brain. Fisheries may also select for shy fish that are less willing to learn, or directly select fish with poor cognitive ability. The resulting evolutionary changes can alter the cognitive performance of individuals and affect fish populations and fisheries quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The potential of viscoelastic liquids for enhancing heat transfer in electric vehicle battery packs and electronics cooling is explored. • CFD simulations, validated with experiments, identify key factors for cooling enhancement. • Viscoelastic instabilities enhance the heat transfer in constricted flow paths with obstacles. • Higher Weissenberg number, polymer viscosity, and Reynolds number improve thermal performance. Effective thermal management plays a critical role in ensuring peak performance for heavy-duty electric vehicle battery packs and high-performance electronics. To address the need for effective heat dissipation, liquid coolants are employed, which exhibit higher heat transfer performance compared to traditional air-cooled systems. However, the associated increased viscosity of such liquid coolants and constricted flow path lead to reduced mixing, thereby deteriorating the thermal performance of the system. Here, we explore the potential of utilizing viscoelastic liquid coolants for enhancing heat transfer from the heated walls of a constricted flow path with obstacles, modeling features of battery coolant channels. At low-Reynolds number regime, viscoelastic fluids exhibit instabilities which can disrupt the thermal boundary layer and enhance fluid mixing in the domain, thereby facilitating wall heat transfer. We employed computational fluid dynamics simulations, validated with experimental observations, to explore the effect of the flow geometry, Weissenberg number, solvent viscosity ratio, polymer extensibility, and Reynolds number on thermal performance. Our study indicates that the heat transfer is enhanced with flow instabilities in viscoelastic fluids, which can be generated exclusively in the flow channel with obstacles by increasing the Weissenberg number, reducing the solvent viscosity ratio, increasing the polymer extensibility, and increasing the Reynolds number. The enhancement in the heat transfer can exclusively be attributed to the elastic properties of the fluid in contrast to the inelastic shear-thinning fluids exhibiting no instability. The insights from the study can play an important role in the development of advanced, high-efficiency battery cooling systems, combining surface engineering and synthesis of optimized heat transfer liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MK-7246 is a potent and selective antagonist for chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T h 2 cells (CRTH2). Within the pancreas CRTH2 is selectively expressed in pancreatic β-cells where it is believed to play a role in insulin release. Reduction in β-cell mass and insufficient insulin secretion in response to elevated blood glucose levels is a hallmark for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Reported here is the synthesis of [11C]MK-7246 and initial preclinical evaluation towards CRTH2 imaging. The aim is to develop a method to quantify β-cell mass with PET and facilitate non-invasive studies of disease progression in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The precursor N -desmethyl- O -methyl MK-7246 was synthesized in seven steps and subjected to methylation with [11C]methyl iodide followed by hydrolysis to obtain [11C]MK-7246 labelled in the N -methyl position. Preclinical evaluation included in vitro radiography and immune-staining performed in human pancreatic biopsies. Biodistribution studies were performed in rat by PET-MRI and in pig by PET-CT imaging. Saturable tracer binding was examined in pig by scanning before and after administration of MK-7246 (1 mg/kg). Predicted dosimetry of [11C]MK-7246 in human males was estimated based on the biodistribution in rat. [11C]MK-7246 was obtained with activities sufficient for the current investigations (270 ± 120 MBq) and a radiochemical purity of 93 ± 2%. The tracer displayed focal binding in areas with insulin positive islet of Langerhans in human pancreas sections. Baseline uptake in pig was reduced in tissues with known expression of CRTH2 after administration of MK-7246; pancreas (66% reduction) and spleen (88% reduction). [11C]MK-7246 exhibited a safe human predicted dosimetry profile as extrapolated from the rat biodistribution data. Initial preclinical in vitro and in vivo evaluations of [11C]MK-7246 show binding and biodistribution properties suitable for PET imaging of CRTH2. Further studies are warranted to assess its potential in β-cell mass imaging and CRTH2 drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social learning facilitates informed decision making about foraging, mating and anti-predatory tactics among animals. We investigated the occurrence of social learning through performance in a spatial task among wild-caught zebrafish. Individual fish (demonstrators) were trained through a novel food finding task in a maze for 8 days. Demonstrators were paired with naïve individuals (observers) and subjected to trials through maze for 4 days followed by removal of the demonstrators and further training of observers for 4 more days. Paired naïve individuals were subjected to trials through the maze in similar fashion separately and the performance of observers were compared with theirs. Our results showed that observers associated with knowledgeable conspecifics did not perform the task better than naïve-paired individuals. Performances across trials improved for both sets while number of mistakes committed increased indicating no learning. The presence of a demonstrator could have increased the observer’s activity, increasing the chances for the observer to come in contact with the stimulus. Performance of observers and naïve-paired fish were probably affected by social distraction. Sex and body-size of the dyads (demonstrator-observer pairs and naïve pairs) could also have interfered with information transfer among individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A palladium-catalyzed, microwave assisted carbonylative reaction is described for the synthesis of benzamides from aryl bromides and primary or secondary amines. The developed method uses bis(cyclopentadienyldicarbonyliron) as a solid source of carbon monoxide to produce a diverse set of secondary and tertiary amides in 42–82% yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Ligands comprising a benzimidazole rather than the imidazole ring that is common in AT 2 R ligands e.g. in the AT 2 R agonist C21, can provide both high affinity and receptor selectivity. In particular, compounds encompassing benzimidazoles, substituted in the 2-position with small bulky groups such as an isopropyl (K i = 4.0 nM) or a tert -butyl (K i = 5.3 nM) or alternatively a thiazole heterocycle (K i = 5.1 nM) demonstrate high affinity and AT 2 R selectivity. An n -butyl chain, as found in the AT 1 R selective sartans, makes the ligand less receptor selective. The isobutyl group on the biaryl scaffold present in most AT 2 R selective ligands reported so far was originally derived from the nonselective potent AT 1 R/AT 2 R ligand L-162,313. Notably, in all ligands discussed herein, the isobutyl group was substituted by an n -propyl group and ligands with high affinity to AT 2 R were provided and in addition the majority of them demonstrate a favorable AT 2 R/AT 1 R selectivity. The introduction of fluoro atoms in various positions had no pronounced effect on the affinity data. Ligands with a thiazole or a tert -butyl group attached to the 2-position and with a terminal trifluoromethyl butoxycarbonyl sidechain exhibited a similar stability as C21 in human liver microsomes, while other ligands examined were less stable in the microsome assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Chiral dimeric Mn(III) salen complex with 1R, 2R-(−)-diaminocyclohexane collar was immobilized on short channel large pore sized silica through a long linker of {(CH2)3–NH–melamine–piperazine} to investigate its performance in enantioselective epoxidation of chromenes, indene, styrene and cis β-methyl styrene in the presence of pyridine N-oxide (PyNO) as an axial base using aqueous NaOCl as an oxidant at 0 °C. The immobilized catalyst system showed high turnover frequency (TOF) and enantioselectivity for the smaller and bulkier alkenes like styrene, indene, 2,2-dimethylchromene and 6-cyano-2,2-dimethylchromene (ee up to 98%). These results are the best reported for heterogeneous catalyst under biphasic reaction conditions and were comparable to the dimeric Mn(III) salen system under homogeneous condition. The performance of the immobilized catalyst was retained for six reuse experiments. This protocol was extended to the synthesis of an antihypertensive drug (S)-Levchromakalim (ee 98%) at 1 g level. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The likelihood of spousal violence is higher among families who belonged to the poorest living standard. • The prevalence of IPV is higher among those women whose husbands are currently unemployed due to the COVID-19 lockdown. • The women whose husbands have a loan were at more risk for experiencing IPV. • Partner's daily liquor consumption nature is also associated with IPV. Worldwide the incidents of intimate partner violence (IPV) have increased due to lockdowns related to the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper aims to identify the association between IPV and different socio-economic factors of women & their most recent partner during the COVID-19 pandemic in returnee migrant worker families in Balurghat Block (area 363.9 sq. km), Dakshin Dinajpur district, West Bengal, India. A total of 159 ever-married women were included in this present study, whose husbands were engaged as workers elsewhere at least two years before the lockdown. The result of the multinomial logistic regression model revealed that, after controlling for other variables, the women who had the poorest wealth background were 37% more likely (RRR: 1.37; 95% CI [1.18, 1.47]) to experience IPV almost every day in a week than those who had a middle wealth background. Conversely, the women who had the poorest wealth background were 37% (95% CI [0.57, 0.82]) less likely to experience IPV for three to four days in a week. Furthermore, the women whose partners were currently unemployed were 21% more likely (RRR: 1.21; 95% CI [1.16, 1.36]) to experience IPV almost every day in a week than those whose husbands were currently employed. The women whose husband's had a loan were 26% more likely (RRR: 1.26; 95% CI [1.25, 1.33]) to experience IPV for three to four days in a week than those whose husbands did not have any loans. The likelihood to experience IPV almost every day in a week is higher among those women whose husbands attain weekly (31%) loan instalment pattern and consume alcohol daily (31%). Interventions are needed at the grassroots level and some economic planning is required at an urgent basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Girl's educational attainment status strongly associated with their age at first marriage in the Empowered Action Group states (EAG) of India. • The likelihood of girl child marriage is higher among those families who belongs to poorest and poorer wealth quintile in the EAG states. • The probability of girl child marriage is higher among those girls who reside in rural areas. • Girl child marriage is higher among those families who belongs to Hindu religion and affiliated to general category. Practice of child marriage in India still is not an uncommon event and considered as one of the social evil that should be addressed properly. Enactment of law is still far from eliminating the practices of girl child marriage and it remains a widespread practice in the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states in India. The study examines the effect of selected time varying and time constant coefficients on the prevalence of girl child marriage in the EAG states. In this regard the study has incorporated 4th round (2015–2016) of National Family Health Survey data. Cox regression hazard model were employed to assess how likelihood of hazard (girl's child marriage) vary in different socio-economic domains. Girls's are susceptible to get marriage prior to completion of 18 years age, considered as a hazard or failure otherwise survived from the hazard. Findings consolidated and revealed the ground truth that there has a significant association between girl child marriage and respondent's wealth status, level of education, place of residence, as well as their religious belief and caste/tribe affiliation. Girls with no education or primary level of education, living in rural areas belong to poorest or poorer wealth quintile are more likely to be married at an early age. The likelihood of marriage of girl child is also higher among those girls whose religious belief is Hindu and affiliated to general category. Findings suggest that by facilitating the educational opportunity for girls, economic support to families belongs to poorest categories, increasing awareness in rural area about the adverse effect of early childhood marriage are the key and effective steps to mitigate the issue with a coordinated way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Impact of bicomponent droplets on superheated substrates studied experimentally. • Contact boiling, transition boiling, and Leidenfrost levitation regimes observed. • Scaling analysis for stable dynamic Leidenfrost state post-impact presented. • New explosive boiling regime found within temperature and concentration ranges. • Possible explanation for the existence of the explosive boiling regime proposed. Droplet impact on superheated smooth solids has attracted enormous attention since Leidenfrost reported the eponymous phenomenon over 250 years ago. The related literature has almost exclusively focused on pure liquids, which maintain their volume integrity even under disruptive nucleate boiling (characterized by the vigorous ejection of tiny droplets from the parent droplet). This study provides evidence of the existence of a new regime – termed explosive boiling – for impact of binary (composed of two miscible liquids) droplets on superheated substrates at temperatures between the respective Leidenfrost temperatures of the two liquid constituents. The distinct characteristic of this regime is a violent breakup of the parent droplet, and is observed only for the lower concentrations of the more volatile component of the mixture. These concentrations seem to maximize the instability of the vapor layer between the droplet and the wall. We explore this previously-unseen behavior, considering the different volatilities of the two liquid constituents and their relative volume ratios in the impacting droplet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Single and Diagonal Double Thrust Failure Assessment of Quad-copter at Starting. • Thrust failure assessment using PD and PID controller based stability analysis. • Algorithm proposed for thrust failure assessment. • Practical authentication of the proposed method. • Rigorous suggested literature reviews with comprehensive reviewer compliance. This papers deals with the thrust failure assessment of quad-copter at starting. This has been achieved by performing stability and fault analysis of quad-rotor helicopter wherein PD and PID controllers used for analysis of an advanced nonlinear cross-coupled dynamic system at normal and fault conditions. Normal, single thrust and diagonal double thrust failure conditions have been introduced in the system. Response of the system has been studied for different types of reference input at normal as well as at both types of thrust failure conditions. Specific changes have been observed in output pattern due to the presence of fault. Based on comparative study, an algorithm has been proposed to verify whether the system is normal or suffering from thrust failure at starting. Practical validation of algorithm has been pursued to authenticate the effectiveness of the approach. As the test is performed at starting, it is less affected by external extremities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied the critical phenomena in a single crystal of a ferromagnetic manganite (Sm 1 − x Nd x) 0.52 Sr 0.48 MnO 3 with x = 0.6, which is in the vicinity of a tricritical point ( x ∗ ≈ 0.4), separating first-(x < 0.4) from second-order (x > 0.4) phase transition. Through magnetization scaling analysis, we have determined the critical exponents (β = 0.23 ± 0.01, γ = 1.30 ± 0.01, and δ = 6.63 ± 0.03) and critical amplitudes, which are also in accordance with the results obtained from the magnetic field dependence of magnetic entropy change. The exponents obey the scaling laws but they do not belong to any existing universality class − a clear violation of universality hypothesis. The occurrence of such unusual critical behavior has qualitatively been explained through mean-field theory, which reveals that for a system in the vicinity of tricritical point, the critical exponents may substantially differ from conventional universality. • Tricritical point separates first- from second-order phase transition. • Unusual critical behavior in the vicinity of tricritical point. • Tricritical point is consistent with mean-field theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Jet impingement is compared against other cooling methods for electronic devices. • Role of wettability engineering in enhancing heat flux removal is analyzed. • Experiments with various cooling fluids on nonuniform surfaces are summarized. • Effects of wettability and surface science on jet impingement cooling are discussed. • Industrial retrofits and methods to make more durable surfaces are reviewed. The rising requirements of computing capability with an ever-declining packaging volume has triggered a global surge in the thermal management industry of electronic devices over the past several years. It is of utmost importance to maintain the electronic chip temperature below a specified limit, as overheating may lead to performance degradation, chip failure, and even operational hazards in extreme situations. Numerous attempts to meet the high cooling requirements of the heat-dissipating chips have been made using various devices and techniques, like heat pipes, pool boiling, microchannel heat sinks, spray cooling, jet impingement (JI), etc. Among these, the JI technique has several advantages in the efficient removal of heat in comparison to other approaches. Certain parameters play significant roles in heat removal by jet impingement. For example, coolant (working liquid) properties, flow arrangement (single-phase/multi-phase, laminar/turbulent flow), and target surface thermal and chemical properties are important actors. For both direct and indirect types of JI cooling, the surface properties of the target substrate are among the most essential and controllable features for enhancing heat removal. This paper emphasizes the importance of wettability engineering of the target substrate and presents a critical and comprehensive review of several possible surface engineering techniques that have been adopted by researchers to enhance heat transfer rates from electronic devices via JI cooling. A futuristic outlook on why and how the JI technology can be used in industry is also presented. Challenges abound and in view of this realization, intense R&D efforts are required in this arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the environmental, economic, and technological viability of sustainable energy production from food waste in Bangladesh through anaerobic digestion (AD) technology along with the challenges in developing such biogas plants. The tri-fold criteria of technical feasibility, economic viability, and environmental sustainability—all of which were examined in this research work. Results indicate that the amount of food waste is 40.86 million tons in 2021 and is projected as 62.82 million tons in the year 2043 in Bangladesh. The power generation potential from the food waste is estimated at 2667.40 MW and 4466.24 MW for the same period. The net present value of the project in Bangladesh is 55,234.93 million dollars. The investment payback period and internal rate of return are 6.73 yr And 11 %, respectively. Techno-economic and environmental feasibility is also calculated for the eight major cities in Bangladesh for the year 2021. The biogas-based power plant substantially reduces CO 2 emissions as compared to coal-based and a diesel-based power plant. Additionally, 4.93 million tons of bio-fertilizer, could be produced from food waste. This study will offer scientific guidance for the investment in biogas-based electricity-generating projects in Bangladesh. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]